Studies on arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) in the Alentejo (Portugal) using pea mutants resistant to AM fungi as a control tool for field conditions

The utilization and management of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) symbiosis may improve production and sustainability of the cropping system. For this purpose, native AM fungi (AMF) were sought and tested for their efficiency to increase plant growth by enhanced P uptake and by alleviation of drought stress. Pot experiments with safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) and pea (Pisum sativum) in five soils (mostly sandy loamy Luvisols) and field experiments with peas were carried out during three years at four different sites. Host plants were grown in heated soils inoculated with AMF or the respective heat sterilized inoculum. In the case of peas, mutants resistant to AMF colonization were used as non-mycorrhizal controls. The mycorrhizal impact on yields and its components, transpiration, and P and N uptake was studied in several experiments, partly under varying P and N levels and water supply. Screening of native AMF by most probable number bioassays was not very meaningful. Soil monoliths were placed in the open to simulate field conditions. Inoculation with a native AMF mix improved grain yield, shoot and leaf growth variables as compared to control. Exposed to drought, higher soil water depletion of mycorrhizal plants resulted in a haying-off effect. The growth response to this inoculum could not be significantly reproduced in a subsequent open air pot experiment at two levels of irrigation and P fertilization, however, safflower grew better at higher P and water supply by multiples. The water use efficiency concerning biomass was improved by the AMF inoculum in the two experiments. Transpiration rates were not significantly affected by AM but as a tendency were higher in non-mycorrhizal safflower. A fundamental methodological problem in mycorrhiza field research is providing an appropriate (negative) control for the experimental factor arbuscular mycorrhiza. Soil sterilization or fungicide treatment have undesirable side effects in field and greenhouse settings. Furthermore, artificial rooting, temperature and light conditions in pot experiments may interfere with the interpretation of mycorrhiza effects. Therefore, the myc- pea mutant P2 was tested as a non-mycorrhizal control in a bioassay to evaluate AMF under field conditions in comparison to the symbiotic isogenetic wild type of var. FRISSON as a new integrative approach. However, mutant P2 is also of nod- phenotype and therefore unable to fix N2. A 3-factorial experiment was carried out in a climate chamber at high NPK fertilization to examine the two isolines under non-symbiotic and symbiotic conditions. P2 achieved the same (or higher) biomass as wild type both under good and poor water supply. However, inoculation with the AMF Glomus manihot did not improve plant growth. Differences of grain and straw yields in field trials were large (up to 80 per cent) between those isogenetic pea lines mainly due to higher P uptake under P and water limited conditions. The lacking N2 fixation in mutants was compensated for by high mineral N supply as indicated by the high N status of the pea mutant plants. This finding was corroborated by the results of a major field experiment at three sites with two levels of N fertilization. The higher N rate did not affect grain or straw yields of the non-fixing mutants. Very efficient AMF were detected in a Ferric Luvisol on pasture land as revealed by yield levels of the evaluation crop and by functional vital staining of highly colonized roots. Generally, levels of grain yield were low, at between 40 and 980 kg ha-1. An additional pot trial was carried out to elucidate the strong mycorrhizal effect in the Ferric Luvisol. A triplication of the plant equivalent field P fertilization was necessary to compensate for the mycorrhizal benefit which was with five times higher grain yield very similar to that found in the field experiment. However, the yield differences between the two isolines were not always plausible as the evaluation variable because they were also found in (small) field test trials with apparently sufficient P and N supply and in a soil of almost no AMF potential. This similarly occurred for pea lines of var. SPARKLE and its non-fixing mycorrhizal (E135) and non-symbiotic (R25) isomutants, which were tested in order to exclude experimentally undesirable benefits by N2 fixation. In contrast to var. FRISSON, SPARKLE was not a suitable variety for Mediterranean field conditions. This raises suspicion putative genetic defects other than symbiotic ones may be effective under field conditions, which would conflict with the concept of an appropriate control. It was concluded that AMF resistant plants may help to overcome fundamental problems of present research on arbuscular mycorrhiza, but may create new ones.

Quantifying rock fabrics: a test of autocorrelation of the spatial distribution of cristals

A novel test of spatial independence of the distribution of crystals or phases in rocks based on compositional statistics is introduced. It improves and generalizes the common joins-count statistics known from map analysis in geographic information systems. Assigning phases independently to objects in RD is modelled by a single-trial multinomial random function Z(x), where the probabilities of phases add to one and are explicitly modelled as compositions in the K-part simplex SK. Thus, apparent inconsistencies of the tests based on the conventional joins{count statistics and their possibly contradictory interpretations are avoided. In practical applications we assume that the probabilities of phases do not depend on the location but are identical everywhere in the domain of de nition. Thus, the model involves the sum of r independent identical multinomial distributed 1-trial random variables which is an r-trial multinomial distributed random variable. The probabilities of the distribution of the r counts can be considered as a composition in the Q-part simplex SQ. They span the so called Hardy-Weinberg manifold H that is proved to be a K-1-affine subspace of SQ. This is a generalisation of the well-known Hardy-Weinberg law of genetics. If the assignment of phases accounts for some kind of spatial dependence, then the r-trial probabilities do not remain on H. This suggests the use of the Aitchison distance between observed probabilities to H to test dependence. Moreover, when there is a spatial uctuation of the multinomial probabilities, the observed r-trial probabilities move on H. This shift can be used as to check for these uctuations. A practical procedure and an algorithm to perform the test have been developed. Some cases applied to simulated and real data are presented. Key words: Spatial distribution of crystals in rocks, spatial distribution of phases, joins-count statistics, multinomial distribution, Hardy-Weinberg law, Hardy-Weinberg manifold, Aitchison geometry

Análisis de la incidencia de la política pública musical de Bogotá “Festival Rock al Parque 2008-2009” sobre la cultura democrática

El Festival Rock al Parque es un evento de interés cultural desarrollado y ejecutado por la Administración Distrital de Bogotá, a través del cual se fomenta la creación de propuestas artísticas y se intervienen diversas problemáticas sociales utilizando la música rock como un medio directo para llegar a los jóvenes de la ciudad. Este Festival nace en 1995 y se ha desarrollado ininterrumpidamente hasta el día de hoy. Aunque ha pasado por diversas dificultades, el Festival es un ícono representativo de identidad de las bogotanas y los bogotanos. En este Trabajo de investigación se analiza el Festival Rock al Parque como política pública liderada por la Orquesta Filarmónica de Bogotá y su incidencia en tres aspectos de la cultura democrática, a saber la cultura ciudadana, la participación ciudadana y la apropiación del espacio público.

¡Ush éstas nenas hablan como manes!: Una aproximación etnográfica a las relaciones de género en la escena del rock transgresivo en Bogotá

Investigación de carácter etnografico que buscó comprender cómo se naturaliza y se recionaliza una relación de actividad masculina sobre pasividad femenina sin imponerse de manera violenta. El soporte teórico de la investigación fueron las nociones de juventud, género y rock y la metodología cualitativa se enfocó en observaciones participantes, entrevistas a profundidad, toma de fotografías y análisis de discurso de letras de canciones.

La Influencia de la Cultura Rock sobre los Movimientos de Protesta gestados en la década de los sesenta en los Estados Unidos

El rock, como elemento cultural, jugó un papel importante en la transformación política y social de los Estados Unidos en la década de los sesentas. El escrito busca la conexión entre la música y la política, el poder y la cultura.

Català rock i papers d'ortografia.'Catalán rock y papeles de ortografía'.

Se expone una unidad didáctica dedicada a la lengua catalana y a la ortografía. Se estructura en una presentación de objetivos, contenidos, criterios de evaluación, actividades de aprendizaje y, posteriormente, se adjuntan una serie de actividades dedicadas al aprendizaje del catalán a partir del trabajo individualizado como por ejemplo: conocer y saber separar sílabas, acentuación, signos de puntuación y mayúsculas.

A Rock In The Sea

The Celtic culture pervades life in Cape Breton, though it has been seasoned with French, Irish and Aboriginal influences, and is just one of the unique features of the “rock in the sea”.

Estética del rock

El objetivo del presente artículo es el de analizar la estética del Rock en términos de la experiencia que ofrece este género musical. En primer lugar se construirá una relación entre el Nacimiento de la tragedia de Nietzsche y el surgimiento del Rock, bajo la premisa de que el origen del Rock es eminentemente dionisíaco; luego se mostrará una forma de la experiencia en la vida cotidiana de quien escucha Rock, en donde se da cuenta de la necesidad de expresar los sentimientos de placer y displacer en el individuo; por último, se verá el concierto como expresión última del Rock, expresión que se enmarca dentro de la característica de una celebración-ritual que guarda semejanzas con la tragedia griega. Estos elementos terminan por dar cuenta de una forma de ver el mundo en la que se constituye la individualidad dentro de la comunidad electiva

Simbologia en la literatura i el rock. 'Simbología en la literatura y el rock'.

Resumen basado en el del autor en catalán

El ritme i l'expressió : de la marxa al rock and roll. 'El ritmo y la expresión : de la marcha al rock and roll'.

Crédito del área de música y educación física para alumnos de 14-16 años. Se pretende que el alumno desarrolle sus posibilidades expresivas utilizando elementos y acciones que formen parte de su vida cotidiana como el baile. Los objetivos son que el alumno sea capaz de: identificar y utilizar formas de comunicación expresivas con su propio cuerpo; tener una visión integradora del área artística; conseguir trasladar la experiencia entre música, color, forma y movimiento; expresar intereses latentes referentes a la expresión artística. Se trabajan los sigientes contenidos: cualidades del sonido; elementos del lenguaje musical; danza y música; la música jazz; elementos técnicos que configuran el balet clásico y la danza jazz.

La poética del rock urbano español de los 70.

Se analiza el rock urbano español como forma de arte y de comunicación para los jóvenes. Se citan treinta grupos surgidos entre 1974 y 1982: Ñu, Asfalto, Obús, Burning, Barón Rojo, Leño, Barricada, entre otros. Se hace un recorrido temático a través de la labor musical y poética de estos autores que quisieron ser un poco cronistas de una época, aprendiendo de la poesía y los poetas a expresar más literariamente sus temas, sin dejar de reflejar lo que les rodea.

Juventud, identidad y cultura : el rock radical vasco en la d??cada de los 80

Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

La presencia de Afrodita y Eros en la música rock.

Se hace una análisis de los dos personajes mitológicos griegos Afrodita y Eros y sus correspondientes latinos Venus y Cupido y su aparición en música actual, principalmente en el rock.

Estilo musical : pop-rock latino.

Suplemento Música y más música, n. 2

Rock pool.

En las costas rocosas hay rocas que forman como piscinas que quedan cubiertas por las mareas que son las que llevan el oxígeno y los alimentos a docenas de diferentes animales y plantas. Muchos de esos animales se refugian bajo las rocas y entre las algas marinas a fin de que sus cuerpos no se sequen antes de que la marea suba de nuevo.