Vem g��r vad i historiel��roboken? : En grammatisk unders��kning av n��gra textdelar i en digital gymnasiel��robok i historia

I denna uppsats har tre textdelar i ett digitalt gymnasiel��romedel i historia unders��kts. Syftet har varit att med teoretisk utg��ngspunkt i systemisk funktionell lingvistik (SFL) unders��ka (1) vilka de språkliga utmaningarna ��r i de tre textdelarna och (2) vilket diskursivt m��nster som framtr��der i textdelarna. En ideationell analys har d��rf��r genomf��rts och textdelarna har analyserats med avseende p�� transitivitet och agentivitet. ��ven deltagarnas lexikala kategorier har unders��kts. D��rtill har textdelarnas diskursiva m��nster studerats. Sammantaget visar resultaten och analyserna av dessa att de språkliga utmaningarna finns p�� b��de process- och deltagarniv�� och att en gemensam n��mnare f��r flera språkliga strukturer som kan utg��ra hinder f��r f��rst��else och l��rande ��r att de p�� olika s��tt d��ljer "vem som g��r vad" i det historiska skeendet. Det g��ller exempelvis passiva konstruktioner med utel��mnad agent, icke-m��nskliga deltagare och grupper/generiska. Som en s��rskild sv��righet bland de icke-m��nskliga deltagarna framst��r de grammatiska metaforerna. Vidare framtr��der i textdelarna ett diskursivt m��nster, d��r det i huvudsak ��r v��sterl��nningar, som i egenskap av f��rstadeltagare i processerna, ��r de som agerar. Perspektivet i textdelarna framst��r som v��sterl��ndskt, vilket ��ven det kan hindra f��rst��else och l��rande.

��M��tte ocks�� v��ra kapitalister vakna upp����� Svenska exportproblem i relation till marknaderna i S��dra Afrika 1894���1908

De svenska exportstr��vandena kring sekelskiftet 1900 har belysts i n��gra studier. Trots det vet vi lite om hur de svenska varorna mottogs och vilka problem som uppstod n��r Sverige p�� allvar gav sig ut p�� den globala marknaden. Denna artikel syftar till att avhj��lpa denna brist genom att lyfta fram svenska exportproblem i relation till marknaderna i S��dra Afrika vid sekelskiftet 1900. Det huvudsakliga materialet i artikeln best��r av 27 rapporter som skrevs av en exportagent och fem handelsstipendiater. Vad ber��ttade de om problemen och hur reagerade man i samtiden p�� vad de ber��ttade? I rapporterna fr��n S��dra Afrika beskrivs en rad utmaningar som den svenska exportsektorn var tvungen att ��vervinna f��r att kunna konkurrera p�� marknaderna. Dessa utmaningar har i artikeln sorterats in i tre olika kategorier. Varje kategori best��r av ett st��rre problemkomplex som utg��r fr��n orsaker respektive l��sningar p�� problemen. De tre kategorierna ��r de marknadsekonomiska problemen, de organisatoriskaproblemen och de nationella varum��rkesrelateradeproblemen. Under perioden 1894-1908 skedde det en viss f��rskjutning fr��n att bara marknadsekonomiska problem betonas till att de organisatoriska och nationellt varum��rkesrelaterade problemen framtr��der. Denna f��rskjutning sammanfaller med det ���nationella uppvaknandet��� i Sverige och framv��xten av en ny nationalism fokuserad p�� industrialisering och modern teknologi. I artikeln framkommer det ��ven att de problem och l��sningar som lyftes fram i rapporterna fr��n S��dra Afrika inte var unika p�� n��got vis. I tidskriften Svensk Export, som gavs ut av Sveriges Allm��nna Exportf��rening, publicerades det m��nga artiklar och rapporter ��� b��de svenska och utl��ndska - i vilka likartade problem och l��sningar presenterades. Det handlade till exempel om att r��tta sig efter efterfr��gan, att skicka kunniga personer som kunde unders��ka marknaderna, att g��ra reklam, att trycka kataloger p�� f��rs��ljningsmarknadens språk, att f��rb��ttra exportorganisationen och att industriidkare borde sl�� sig samman och arbeta tillsammans i form av handelsbolag.

Nationella l��sf��rst��elseprov ��� p�� papper eller p�� sk��rm? : En studie av elevresultat p�� digitala l��sf��rst��elseprov gentemot pappersbaserade prov

Due to the upcoming digitalization of the Swedish schools standardized national tests, the aim of this study is to compare the results of a reading comprehension test on paper versus on computer screen and to examine whether the results differ between boys and girls and between swedish and swedish as a second lanuague students, or not. Previous studies show inconclusive results, some show that students get higher results when taking a test on paper then on computer screen, some show that the results don���t differ between the two medias. In this study, the national test for course Svenska 1 (Swedish) and Svenska som andraspråk 1 (Swedish as a second language) from the autumn term 2011 was transformed into a digital test. 38 students in the 10th grade took the test and the results were then compared with the same students results on the following national test of the spring term 2016 which is given on paper. The results show that the scores between the digital test and the paperbased test don���t differ. The boys got equally lower scores than the girls in both the digital test and the paperbased test. The swedish as a second language students got lower scores than the swedish students. The results are discussed in relation to previous research by Ackerman and Lauterman (2012), Mangen, Walgermo and Br��nnick (2013), Rasmusson (2014) , Pasquarella, Gottardo and Grant (2012) and Norman and Furnes (2016).

Post tenebras spero lucem : Alquimia y ritos en el Quijote y otras obras cervantinas

This study focuses on two areas: alchemy (Part I) and rituals of initiation (Part II) in the works of Miguel de Cervantes, focusing on Don Quijote de la Mancha as my main case study. The first part analyses the function of alchemy and how it can be interpreted throughout the works and various literary genres of Cervantes. It will demonstrate that the texts of Cervantes contain both explicit and implicit allusions to, as well as different aspects of alchemy, such as operative and spiritual alchemy and how these are ultimately used by Cervantes as a means of expression. The author draws from this rich source and modifies these means of expression in order to achieve various results: sometimes with wit or in relation to fraud; at other times it focuses on inner alchemy relating to chivalry in what I have called spiritual chivalry, which has the aim of self-improvement and ultimately, gnosis. Regarding the chivalric rituals of initiation, according to this investigation chivalry serves as both satire and representation of the alchemical process in the case of Don Quijote, which finds its key moments during the rituals. In this sense alchemy and chivalry are studied as two sides of the same coin, in which the search for something higher, an object (the philosopher stone, the beloved), subjects the protagonist to continuous transmutations and puts him in contact with the transitory, that is, liminal states, people and spaces. From this perspective Don Quixote de la Mancha is built upon liminal poetics. My approach, which follows the tenets of analogical hermeneutics, is included within the framework of the Western Esotericism Studies. The 16th and 17th centuries were a fertile age for alchemy throughout Europe. In Spain, alchemy and other esoteric disciplines co-existed with the Spanish Inquisition and its body for the control of ideas and texts: censorship. By being ambiguous and putting into dialogue different ideas of alchemy, Cervantes not only allowed readers to reach their own conclusions, he also protected his work from censorship.

Teor��a y praxis de la dispositio: el discurso de Marcela en el Quijote de Cervantes

LIT

Upper Secondary Students��� Beliefs About Learning English as a Foreign Language : A contrast between the students��� beliefs and the Swedish curriculum

Learning English as a foreign language (EFL) entails different factors. Language learners use different strategies in order to make their language acquisition successful. Motivation and self-regulated learning are other factors that influence how successful the EFL learner is. This paper aims to analyze the beliefs of upper secondary students in a Swedish school about learning EFL, as well as how their beliefs relate to what is specified in the Swedish curriculum. An analysis of the differences between students��� beliefs and what is stated in the curriculum was done. A survey was conducted on a total of 54 students who were enrolled in the social sciences program. The results showed that students believed that motivation and self-regulated learning were important factors for a successful learning. For them, the language skill of reception is more important than production, which does not correspond with what it is stated in the national curriculum. First and second year students��� beliefs were similar in most of the cases, but not all of them.

Vocabulary learning and homework in the upper elementary EFL classroom.

Vocabulary homework is a common feature in the English subject in Sweden. Often the pupils are given a list of words they are to memorize for a pending test. In this literature review the author aims to analyze what the current research says about homework and how homework can be used effectively for EFL learners in elementary school, with a focus on both homework and vocabulary learning research. Cognitive linguistics has been used as a theoretical perspective to help answer the research questions. Results indicate that homework has limited effect on younger learners and should not be used, while, some researchers claim that it can be effective if introduced properly. Regarding vocabulary learning, it is important that vocabulary is relevant to the learner and that words are taught through a meaningful context. Therefore, vocabulary homework for EFL learners in elementary school should consist of words and phraseology which have a personal relevance to the learner, or key words for subjects taught in class. The conclusion of the study is that it is up to the teachers to determine if they should use vocabulary homework or not when teaching EFL, as long as the decision is based on current research.

"Vi kan skriva f��rargument och sedan motargument" ���� : Om deliberativa samtal i undervisning i svenska som andraspråk p�� h��gskoleniv��

In the light of the twofold mission of Swedish schools, that is to say enabling pupils to develop both subject knowledge and a democratic attitude, the purpose of this thesis is to investigate to what extent adult higher education students from different language and social backgrounds, studying Swedish as a second language, are able to carry out joint writing assignments with the aid of deliberative discourse, and to what extent they thereby also develop a deliberative attitude. The twofold mission of education applies to them too. While there already exists a certain amount of research into deliberative discourse relating to education in schools, the perspective of higher education didactics in this research is still lacking. The present study is to be viewed as a first contribution to this research. The theoretical starting point of this study includes previous research into deliberative discourse by further developing an existing model regarding criteria for deliberative discourse, for example that there is a striving towards agreement, although the consensus may be temporary, that diverging opinions can be set against each other, that tolerance and respect for views other than one���s own are shown, and that traditional outlooks can be questioned. This model is supplemented by designations for a number of disruptive behaviours, such as ridiculing, ignoring, interrupting people and engaging in private conversations. The thus further developed model will thereafter act as a lens in the analysis of students��� discussions when writing joint texts. Another theoretical starting point is the view of education as communication, and of the possibility of communication creating a third place, thereby developing democracy in the here and now-situation. For this study, comprising 18 hours of observation of nine students, that is to say the discussions of three groups in connection with writing texts on different occasions, various ethnographic data collection methods have been employed, for example video recordings, participant observations, field notes and interviews in conjunction with the discussions. The analysis clarifies that the three groups developed their deliberation as the discussions about the joint assignment proceeded, and that most of the nine students furthermore expressed at least an openness towards a deliberative attitude for further discussions in the future. The disruptive behaviours mentioned in connection with the analytical model that could be identified in the discussions, for example interruptions and private conversations, proved not to constitute real disturbances; on the contrary they actually contributed towards the discussions developing, enabling them to continue. On the other hand, other and not previously identified disturbances occurred, for example a focus on grades, the lack of time and lacking language ability, which all in different ways affected the students��� attitudes towards their work. For any future didactical work on deliberative discourse in Swedish as a second language within higher education, these disturbances would need to be highlighted and made aware of for both teachers and students. Keywords: higher education didactics, communication, deliberative discourse, deliberative attitude, John Dewey, Tomas Englund, heterogeneity, ethnographic data collection methods.

La perception du fran��ais oral par des apprenants su��dois

Swedish learners of French often experience large difficulties in understanding spoken French. Words that the learners know very well when written or when pronounced separately are often hard to recognize in the speech flow. The aim of this study is to examine Swedish learners��� perception of French speech in order to identify the problems. The thesis consists of two parts. The first part provides an introduction to the perception of a second language. It also describes the phonological structures of Swedish and French and gives an overview of studies of the perception of spoken French. The second part of the thesis contains a presentation and an analysis of four perception experiments conducted with Swedish learners of French. The results show that the learners often confuse phonological contrasts that do not exist in Swedish. It is furthermore found that the phonological processes of schwa deletion, liaison, encha��nement and voicing assimilation contribute to the perception problems. However, although liaison may complicate word recognition the results indicate that the so-called potential liaison does so to an even greater extent. In a listening test using nonsense words, the learners seem actually to expect liaison when perceiving a word that can be linked to a following nonsense word. In fact, sequences like un navas and un avas are both perceived as un avas. Paradoxically, liaison thus seems to be most problematic when it does not occur. As to schwa deletion, the results show that word recognition is delayed when the schwa in the first syllable is deleted, as in la s���maine. In addition, the learners make a large number of errors due to schwa deletion. This phonological process sometimes completely prevents word recognition, especially when combined with a voicing assimilation. Schwa deletion thus seems to strongly complicate Swedish learners��� word recognition in spoken French.

Conversaci��n digital: copresencia y disponibilidad : Estudio pragm��tico del pre��mbulo de reuniones multipartitas por videoconferencia

The present thesis explores how interaction is initiated in multi-party meetings in Adobe Connect, 7.0, with a particular focus on how co-presence and mutual availability are established through the preambles of 18 meetings held in Spanish without a moderator. Taking Conversation Analysis (CA) as a methodological point of departure, this thesis comprises four different studies, each of them analyzing a particular phenomenon within the interaction of the preambles in a multimodal environment that allows simultaneous interaction through video, voice and text-chat. The first study (Art��culo I) shows how participants solve jointly the issue of availability in a technological environment where being online is not necessarily understood as being available for communicating. The second study (Art��culo II) focuses on the beginning of the audiovisual interaction; in particular on how participants check the right functioning of the audiovisual mode. The third study (Art��culo III) explores silences within the interaction of the preamble. It shows that the length of gaps and lapses become a significant aspect the preambles and how they are connected to the issue of availability. ��Finally, the four study introduces the notion of modal alignment, an interactional phenomenon that systematically appears in the beginnings of the encounters, which seems to be used and understood�� as a strategy for the establishment of mutual availability and negotiation of the participation framework. As a whole, this research shows how participants, in order to establish mutual co-presence and availability, adapt to a particular technology in terms of participation management, deploying strategies and conveying successive actions which, as it is the case of the activation of their respective webcams, seem to be understood as predictable within the intricate process of establishing mutual availability before the meeting starts.

"Pegar primero: he ah�� la ley" : Estereotipos de g��nero en una obra de Oscar Castro

En el siguiente estudio se analiza la novela La vida simplemente del escritor chileno Oscar Castro publicada p��stumamente en 1951. El fin de nuestra investigaci��n es estudiar la existencia de estereotipos de g��nero en la obra y c��mo estos se reproducen o bien son desafiados en la novela. La interpretaci��n hecha se basa principalmente en la teor��a de las dicotom��as (Hirdman, 2001), la cual pone ��nfasis en las cualidades que, hist��ricamente, se le han atribuido a los respectivos g��neros. Aplicamos un an��lisis cr��tico de texto para identificar c��mo el lenguaje usado por el escritor contribuye a reproducirlos o los desaf��a. Para limitar nuestro trabajo hemos decidido concentrarnos en tres personajes de la obra: Berta, Roberto y la madre de Roberto. El resultado muestra que la obra de Castro tiende a contribuir a la reproducci��n y el mantenimiento de los estereotipos de g��nero t��picos de las dicotom��as de las cuales problematiza Hirdman a excepci��n del personaje femenino representado por la madre de Roberto que los desaf��a en cierta forma.

La Reina de las Nieves. La moral y el inconsciente : Leonardo Villalba seg��n Sigmund Freud y Carl Jung

Esta tesina trata sobre la moral y el inconsciente a partir del an��lisis del personaje Leonardo Villalba de la novela La Reina de las Nieves, escrita por Carmen Mart��n Gaite. El estudio se hace a partir de las siguientes teor��as: inconsciente de Sigmund Freud; ello, yo y supery�� de Sigmund Freud; inconsciente de Carl Jung. La informaci��n almacenada en el inconsciente de una persona es algo que ��sta no puede contar ya que ella misma no sabe que tiene tal informaci��n. As��, al ser Leonardo narrador-protagonista en gran parte de la obra, se supone que ��ste s��lo puede transmitir la informaci��n de la que ��l mismo es consciente. No obstante, Mart��n Gaite consigue que Leonardo transmita informaci��n que ��l parece desconocer, a trav��s de su inconsciente reflejado en sue��os y reflexiones que explican ideas abstractas. Esto ser�� demostrado en el apartado de an��lisis. La complejidad del personaje hace que la novela no sea una simple narraci��n de hechos, sino que parte importante de ella sean sue��os, la imaginaci��n de Leonardo, preguntas existenciales que ��l mismo se hace, o recuerdos de su infancia o adolescencia que son de una importancia trascendental. La Reina de las Nieves es en gran parte una reflexi��n sobre la moral que, unida al inconsciente, son las bases de la novela.