The growing intergenerational divide in Europe. Bruegel Policy Contribution Issue 2015/17, November 2015

During the economic and financial crisis, the divide between young and old in the European Union increased in terms of economic well-being and allocation of resources by governments. As youth unemployment and youth poverty rates increased, government spending shifted away from education, families and children towards pensioners. To address the sustainability of pension systems, some countries implemented pension reforms. We analysed changes to benefit ratios, meaning the ratio of the income of pensioners to the income of the active working population, and found that reforms often favoured current over future pensioners, increasing the intergenerational divide. We recommend reforms in three areas to address the intergenerational divide: improving European macroeconomic management, restoring fairness in government spending so the young are not disadvantaged, and pension reforms that share the burden fairly between generations.

Bioethical perspectives for ageing: the documents produced by the Ethics Councils

Aging attracted keen interest in research, health, education as well as cross-sectors approaches. We researched what has been produced by the National Bioethics/Ethics Councils in the form of opinions or other documents, relating to aging and elderly people. In the websi-tes of the 28 EU councils and 12 other countries, we identified 4 documents relating to aging and 8 opinions, which we analyse. The Councils have proposed to draw the attention and reflection of public opinion to the elderly condition; all agree that the age has its own traits and that matters revert to a “culture of old age”, respect and promotion of a positive aging. Enhance the diversity of modes of aging and the importance of preparing all, promoting literacy for aging, creating social and legal protective elements (Elderly Statute, Observatory of the Elderly Conditions). From the analysis, a set of principles and bioethical elements: [1] respect for human dignity, regardless of the stage of life; [2] recognition of the person’s situation uniqueness to aging; [3] freedom of one’s own decision, which is materialized in respect for autonomy; [4] recognition of the vulnerabilities of the elderly, [5] ethical commitment and social responsibility in monitoring the elderly, [6] non-discrimination by age and [7] the guidance to the conditions of the integral good and quality of life. Aging is an existential step for which we can prepare, on the assumption that human life in its longevity, interweaves those who are older and those younger, on the crucial issue of human existence.

Intergenerational Transfer of Family Firm Control: Discount Expectations of Potential Successors

Building on institutional theory and family sociology literature we explore the logics that underlie the formation of transaction price expectations related to the intergenerational transfer of corporate ownership in private family firms. By probing a sample of 3'487 students with family business background from 20 countries we show that next generation family members expect to receive a 56.58% discount in comparison to some nonfamily buyer (i.e. the family discount) when taking over the parent's firm. We also show that the logic underlying the formation of family discount expectations is characterized by parental altruism, filial reciprocity, filial decency and parental inducement. These norms embrace both the family and market logics and accommodate the duties and demands of children and parents in determining a fair transfer price. These findings are important for institutional theory as well as for family business and entrepreneurial exit literatures.

Christian ethics.

Mode of access: Internet.

Nomination of Amy L. Comstock : hearing before the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Sixth Congress, second session, on the nomination of Amy L. Comstock, to be Director of the Office of Government Ethics, May 12, 2000.

Shipping list no.: 2000-0341-P.

Ethics training 1997.

"10-97."

Introduction to the Talmud : historical and literary introduction, legal hermeneutics of the Talmud, Talmudical terminology and methodology, outline of Talmudical ethics.

Mode of access: Internet.

Theories of ethics.

Includes bibliography.

Christian ethics in history and modern life,

"An elaboration of a course of lectures delivered on the Stanton foundation in the University of Cambridge."--Pref.

Standards of ethical conduct for employees of the executive branch : final regulation issued by the U.S. Office of Government Ethics, codified in 5 C.F.R. part 2635 (1/1/02 edition), as amended at 67 FR 61761-61762 (Oct. 2, 2002).

Shipping list no.: 2003-0103-P

Articles and discussions on the labor question including the controversy with Mr. Lyman J. Gage on the ethics of the board of trade; and also the controversy with Mr. Hugh O. Pentecost, and others, on the single tax question.

Cover title: Wheelbarrow on the labor question.