Tailored Therapy: Matching the Method to the Patient

Clinicians frequently have to decide when dialysis should be initiated and which modality should be used to support kidney function in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. In most instances, these decisions are made based on the consideration of a variety of factors including patient condition, available resources and prevailing local practice experience. There is a wide variation worldwide in how these factors influence the timing of initiation and the utilization of various modalities. In this article, we review the therapeutic goals of renal support and the relative advantages and shortcomings of different dialysis techniques. We describe strategies for matching the timing of initiation to the choice of modality to individualize renal support in intensive care unit patients. Copyright (C) 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel

Mating system parameters at hierarchical levels of fruits, individuals and populations in the Brazilian insect-pollinated tropical tree, Tabebuia roseo-alba (Bignoniaceae)

For many tree species, mating system analyses have indicated potential variations in the selfing rate and paternity correlation among fruits within individuals, among individuals within populations, among populations, and from one flowering event to another. In this study, we used eight microsatellite markers to investigate mating systems at two hierarchical levels (fruits within individuals and individuals within populations) for the insect pollinated Neotropical tree Tabebuia roseo-alba. We found that T. roseo-alba has a mixed mating system with predominantly outcrossed mating. The outcrossing rates at the population level were similar across two T. roseo-alba populations; however, the rates varied considerably among individuals within populations. The correlated paternity results at different hierarchical levels showed that there is a high probability of shared paternal parentage when comparing seeds within fruits and among fruits within plants and full-sibs occur in much higher proportion within fruits than among fruits. Significant levels of fixation index were found in both populations and biparental inbreeding is believed to be the main cause of the observed inbreeding. The number of pollen donors contributing to mating was low. Furthermore, open-pollinated seeds varied according to relatedness, including half-sibs, full-sibs, self-sibs and self- half-sibs. In both populations, the effective population size within a family (seed-tree and its offspring) was lower than expected for panmictic populations. Thus, seeds for ex situ conservation genetics, progeny tests and reforestation must be collected from a large number of seed-trees to guarantee an adequate effective population in the sample.

Parameter recovery for a skew-normal IRT model under a Bayesian approach: hierarchical framework, prior and kernel sensitivity and sample size

Item response theory (IRT) comprises a set of statistical models which are useful in many fields, especially when there is an interest in studying latent variables (or latent traits). Usually such latent traits are assumed to be random variables and a convenient distribution is assigned to them. A very common choice for such a distribution has been the standard normal. Recently, Azevedo et al. [Bayesian inference for a skew-normal IRT model under the centred parameterization, Comput. Stat. Data Anal. 55 (2011), pp. 353-365] proposed a skew-normal distribution under the centred parameterization (SNCP) as had been studied in [R. B. Arellano-Valle and A. Azzalini, The centred parametrization for the multivariate skew-normal distribution, J. Multivariate Anal. 99(7) (2008), pp. 1362-1382], to model the latent trait distribution. This approach allows one to represent any asymmetric behaviour concerning the latent trait distribution. Also, they developed a Metropolis-Hastings within the Gibbs sampling (MHWGS) algorithm based on the density of the SNCP. They showed that the algorithm recovers all parameters properly. Their results indicated that, in the presence of asymmetry, the proposed model and the estimation algorithm perform better than the usual model and estimation methods. Our main goal in this paper is to propose another type of MHWGS algorithm based on a stochastic representation (hierarchical structure) of the SNCP studied in [N. Henze, A probabilistic representation of the skew-normal distribution, Scand. J. Statist. 13 (1986), pp. 271-275]. Our algorithm has only one Metropolis-Hastings step, in opposition to the algorithm developed by Azevedo et al., which has two such steps. This not only makes the implementation easier but also reduces the number of proposal densities to be used, which can be a problem in the implementation of MHWGS algorithms, as can be seen in [R.J. Patz and B.W. Junker, A straightforward approach to Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods for item response models, J. Educ. Behav. Stat. 24(2) (1999), pp. 146-178; R. J. Patz and B. W. Junker, The applications and extensions of MCMC in IRT: Multiple item types, missing data, and rated responses, J. Educ. Behav. Stat. 24(4) (1999), pp. 342-366; A. Gelman, G.O. Roberts, and W.R. Gilks, Efficient Metropolis jumping rules, Bayesian Stat. 5 (1996), pp. 599-607]. Moreover, we consider a modified beta prior (which generalizes the one considered in [3]) and a Jeffreys prior for the asymmetry parameter. Furthermore, we study the sensitivity of such priors as well as the use of different kernel densities for this parameter. Finally, we assess the impact of the number of examinees, number of items and the asymmetry level on the parameter recovery. Results of the simulation study indicated that our approach performed equally as well as that in [3], in terms of parameter recovery, mainly using the Jeffreys prior. Also, they indicated that the asymmetry level has the highest impact on parameter recovery, even though it is relatively small. A real data analysis is considered jointly with the development of model fitting assessment tools. The results are compared with the ones obtained by Azevedo et al. The results indicate that using the hierarchical approach allows us to implement MCMC algorithms more easily, it facilitates diagnosis of the convergence and also it can be very useful to fit more complex skew IRT models.

A decaying factor accounts for contained activity in neuronal networks with no need of hierarchical or modular organization

The mechanisms responsible for containing activity in systems represented by networks are crucial in various phenomena, for example, in diseases such as epilepsy that affect the neuronal networks and for information dissemination in social networks. The first models to account for contained activity included triggering and inhibition processes, but they cannot be applied to social networks where inhibition is clearly absent. A recent model showed that contained activity can be achieved with no need of inhibition processes provided that the network is subdivided into modules (communities). In this paper, we introduce a new concept inspired in the Hebbian theory, through which containment of activity is achieved by incorporating a dynamics based on a decaying activity in a random walk mechanism preferential to the node activity. Upon selecting the decay coefficient within a proper range, we observed sustained activity in all the networks tested, namely, random, Barabasi-Albert and geographical networks. The generality of this finding was confirmed by showing that modularity is no longer needed if the dynamics based on the integrate-and-fire dynamics incorporated the decay factor. Taken together, these results provide a proof of principle that persistent, restrained network activation might occur in the absence of any particular topological structure. This may be the reason why neuronal activity does not spread out to the entire neuronal network, even when no special topological organization exists.

Propensity score matching approach to test the association of income inequality and mortality in Sao Paulo, Brazil

Background Support for the adverse effect of high income inequality on population health has come from studies that focus on larger areas, such as the US states, while studies at smaller geographical areas (eg, neighbourhoods) have found mixed results. Methods We used propensity score matching to examine the relationship between income inequality and mortality rates across 96 neighbourhoods (distritos) of the municipality of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Results Prior to matching, higher income inequality distritos (Gini >= 0.25) had slightly lower overall mortality rates (2.23 per 10 000, 95% CI -23.92 to 19.46) compared to lower income inequality areas (Gini <0.25). After propensity score matching, higher inequality was associated with a statistically significant higher mortality rate (41.58 per 10 000, 95% CI 8.85 to 73.3). Conclusion In Sao Paulo, the more egalitarian communities are among some of the poorest, with the worst health profiles. Propensity score matching was used to avoid inappropriate comparisons between the health status of unequal (but wealthy) neighbourhoods versus equal (but poor) neighbourhoods. Our methods suggest that, with proper accounting of heterogeneity between areas, income inequality is associated with worse population health in Sao Paulo.

Why Are Women With Cervical Cancer Not Being Diagnosed in Preinvasive Phase? An Analysis of Risk Factors Using a Hierarchical Model

Objective: To assess the risk factors for delayed diagnosis of uterine cervical lesions. Materials and Methods: This is a case-control study that recruited 178 women at 2 Brazilian hospitals. The cases (n = 74) were composed of women with a late diagnosis of a lesion in the uterine cervix (invasive carcinoma in any stage). The controls (n = 104) were composed of women with cervical lesions diagnosed early on (low-or high-grade intraepithelial lesions). The analysis was performed by means of logistic regression model using a hierarchical model. The socioeconomic and demographic variables were included at level I (distal). Level II (intermediate) included the personal and family antecedents and knowledge about the Papanicolaou test and human papillomavirus. Level III (proximal) encompassed the variables relating to individuals' care for their own health, gynecologic symptoms, and variables relating to access to the health care system. Results: The risk factors for late diagnosis of uterine cervical lesions were age older than 40 years (odds ratio [OR] = 10.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.3-48.4), not knowing the difference between the Papanicolaou test and gynecological pelvic examinations (OR, = 2.5; 95% CI, 1.3-4.9), not thinking that the Papanicolaou test was important (odds ratio [OR], 4.2; 95% CI, 1.3-13.4), and abnormal vaginal bleeding (OR, 15.0; 95% CI, 6.5-35.0). Previous treatment for sexually transmissible disease was a protective factor (OR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.1-0.8) for delayed diagnosis. Conclusions: Deficiencies in cervical cancer prevention programs in developing countries are not simply a matter of better provision and coverage of Papanicolaou tests. The misconception about the Papanicolaou test is a serious educational problem, as demonstrated by the present study.

Annealed Ising model on hierarchical structures: a transfer matrix approach.

Spin systems in the presence of disorder are described by two sets of degrees of freedom, associated with orientational (spin) and disorder variables, which may be characterized by two distinct relaxation times. Disordered spin models have been mostly investigated in the quenched regime, which is the usual situation in solid state physics, and in which the relaxation time of the disorder variables is much larger than the typical measurement times. In this quenched regime, disorder variables are fixed, and only the orientational variables are duly thermalized. Recent studies in the context of lattice statistical models for the phase diagrams of nematic liquid-crystalline systems have stimulated the interest of going beyond the quenched regime. The phase diagrams predicted by these calculations for a simple Maier-Saupe model turn out to be qualitative different from the quenched case if the two sets of degrees of freedom are allowed to reach thermal equilibrium during the experimental time, which is known as the fully annealed regime. In this work, we develop a transfer matrix formalism to investigate annealed disordered Ising models on two hierarchical structures, the diamond hierarchical lattice (DHL) and the Apollonian network (AN). The calculations follow the same steps used for the analysis of simple uniform systems, which amounts to deriving proper recurrence maps for the thermodynamic and magnetic variables in terms of the generations of the construction of the hierarchical structures. In this context, we may consider different kinds of disorder, and different types of ferromagnetic and anti-ferromagnetic interactions. In the present work, we analyze the effects of dilution, which are produced by the removal of some magnetic ions. The system is treated in a “grand canonical" ensemble. The introduction of two extra fields, related to the concentration of two different types of particles, leads to higher-rank transfer matrices as compared with the formalism for the usual uniform models. Preliminary calculations on a DHL indicate that there is a phase transition for a wide range of dilution concentrations. Ising spin systems on the AN are known to be ferromagnetically ordered at all temperatures; in the presence of dilution, however, there are indications of a disordered (paramagnetic) phase at low concentrations of magnetic ions.

Hierarchical multi-label classification using local neural networks

Hierarchical multi-label classification is a complex classification task where the classes involved in the problem are hierarchically structured and each example may simultaneously belong to more than one class in each hierarchical level. In this paper, we extend our previous works, where we investigated a new local-based classification method that incrementally trains a multi-layer perceptron for each level of the classification hierarchy. Predictions made by a neural network in a given level are used as inputs to the neural network responsible for the prediction in the next level. We compare the proposed method with one state-of-the-art decision-tree induction method and two decision-tree induction methods, using several hierarchical multi-label classification datasets. We perform a thorough experimental analysis, showing that our method obtains competitive results to a robust global method regarding both precision and recall evaluation measures.

Solvable model for template coexistence in protocells

Compartmentalization of self-replicating molecules (templates) in protocells is a necessary step towards the evolution of modern cells. However, coexistence between distinct template types inside a protocell can be achieved only if there is a selective pressure favoring protocells with a mixed template composition. Here we study analytically a group selection model for the coexistence between two template types using the diffusion approximation of population genetics. The model combines competition at the template and protocell levels as well as genetic drift inside protocells. At the steady state, we find a continuous phase transition separating the coexistence and segregation regimes, with the order parameter vanishing linearly with the distance to the critical point. In addition, we derive explicit analytical expressions for the critical steadystate probability density of protocell compositions.

Assessment of candidemia-attributable mortality in critically ill patients using propensity score matching analysis

[EN] Introduction: Candidemia in critically ill patients is usually a severe and life-threatening condition with a high crude mortality. Very few studies have focused on the impact of candidemia on ICU patient outcome and attributable mortality still remains controversial. This study was carried out to determine the attributable mortality of ICU-acquired candidemia in critically ill patients using propensity score matching analysis. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted of all consecutive non-neutropenic adult patients admitted for at least seven days to 36 ICUs in Spain, France, and Argentina between April 2006 and June 2007. The probability of developing candidemia was estimated using a multivariate logistic regression model. Each patient with ICU-acquired candidemia was matched with two control patients with the nearest available Mahalanobis metric matching within the calipers defined by the propensity score. Standardized differences tests (SDT) for each variable before and after matching were calculated. Attributable mortality was determined by a modified Poisson regression model adjusted by those variables that still presented certain misalignments defined as a SDT > 10%. Results: Thirty-eight candidemias were diagnosed in 1,107 patients (34.3 episodes/1,000 ICU patients). Patients with and without candidemia had an ICU crude mortality of 52.6% versus 20.6% (P < 0.001) and a crude hospital mortality of 55.3% versus 29.6% (P = 0.01), respectively. In the propensity matched analysis, the corresponding figures were 51.4% versus 37.1% (P = 0.222) and 54.3% versus 50% (P = 0.680). After controlling residual confusion by the Poisson regression model, the relative risk (RR) of ICU- and hospital-attributable mortality from candidemia was RR 1.298 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.88 to 1.98) and RR 1.096 (95% CI 0.68 to 1.69), respectively. Conclusions: ICU-acquired candidemia in critically ill patients is not associated with an increase in either ICU or hospital mortality.

3-D reconstruction of the human skeleton during motion

L’analisi del movimento umano ha come obiettivo la descrizione del movimento assoluto e relativo dei segmenti ossei del soggetto e, ove richiesto, dei relativi tessuti molli durante l’esecuzione di esercizi fisici. La bioingegneria mette a disposizione dell’analisi del movimento gli strumenti ed i metodi necessari per una valutazione quantitativa di efficacia, funzione e/o qualità del movimento umano, consentendo al clinico l’analisi di aspetti non individuabili con gli esami tradizionali. Tali valutazioni possono essere di ausilio all’analisi clinica di pazienti e, specialmente con riferimento a problemi ortopedici, richiedono una elevata accuratezza e precisione perché il loro uso sia valido. Il miglioramento della affidabilità dell’analisi del movimento ha quindi un impatto positivo sia sulla metodologia utilizzata, sia sulle ricadute cliniche della stessa. Per perseguire gli obiettivi scientifici descritti, è necessario effettuare una stima precisa ed accurata della posizione e orientamento nello spazio dei segmenti ossei in esame durante l’esecuzione di un qualsiasi atto motorio. Tale descrizione può essere ottenuta mediante la definizione di un modello della porzione del corpo sotto analisi e la misura di due tipi di informazione: una relativa al movimento ed una alla morfologia. L’obiettivo è quindi stimare il vettore posizione e la matrice di orientamento necessari a descrivere la collocazione nello spazio virtuale 3D di un osso utilizzando le posizioni di punti, definiti sulla superficie cutanea ottenute attraverso la stereofotogrammetria. Le traiettorie dei marker, così ottenute, vengono utilizzate per la ricostruzione della posizione e dell’orientamento istantaneo di un sistema di assi solidale con il segmento sotto esame (sistema tecnico) (Cappozzo et al. 2005). Tali traiettorie e conseguentemente i sistemi tecnici, sono affetti da due tipi di errore, uno associato allo strumento di misura e l’altro associato alla presenza di tessuti molli interposti tra osso e cute. La propagazione di quest’ultimo ai risultati finali è molto più distruttiva rispetto a quella dell’errore strumentale che è facilmente minimizzabile attraverso semplici tecniche di filtraggio (Chiari et al. 2005). In letteratura è stato evidenziato che l’errore dovuto alla deformabilità dei tessuti molli durante l’analisi del movimento umano provoca inaccuratezze tali da mettere a rischio l’utilizzabilità dei risultati. A tal proposito Andriacchi scrive: “attualmente, uno dei fattori critici che rallentano il progresso negli studi del movimento umano è la misura del movimento scheletrico partendo dai marcatori posti sulla cute” (Andriacchi et al. 2000). Relativamente alla morfologia, essa può essere acquisita, ad esempio, attraverso l’utilizzazione di tecniche per bioimmagini. Queste vengono fornite con riferimento a sistemi di assi locali in generale diversi dai sistemi tecnici. Per integrare i dati relativi al movimento con i dati morfologici occorre determinare l’operatore che consente la trasformazione tra questi due sistemi di assi (matrice di registrazione) e di conseguenza è fondamentale l’individuazione di particolari terne di riferimento, dette terne anatomiche. L’identificazione di queste terne richiede la localizzazione sul segmento osseo di particolari punti notevoli, detti repere anatomici, rispetto ad un sistema di riferimento solidale con l’osso sotto esame. Tale operazione prende il nome di calibrazione anatomica. Nella maggior parte dei laboratori di analisi del movimento viene implementata una calibrazione anatomica a “bassa risoluzione” che prevede la descrizione della morfologia dell’osso a partire dall’informazione relativa alla posizione di alcuni repere corrispondenti a prominenze ossee individuabili tramite palpazione. Attraverso la stereofotogrammetria è quindi possibile registrare la posizione di questi repere rispetto ad un sistema tecnico. Un diverso approccio di calibrazione anatomica può essere realizzato avvalendosi delle tecniche ad “alta risoluzione”, ovvero attraverso l’uso di bioimmagini. In questo caso è necessario disporre di una rappresentazione digitale dell’osso in un sistema di riferimento morfologico e localizzare i repere d’interesse attraverso palpazione in ambiente virtuale (Benedetti et al. 1994 ; Van Sint Jan et al. 2002; Van Sint Jan et al. 2003). Un simile approccio è difficilmente applicabile nella maggior parte dei laboratori di analisi del movimento, in quanto normalmente non si dispone della strumentazione necessaria per ottenere le bioimmagini; inoltre è noto che tale strumentazione in alcuni casi può essere invasiva. Per entrambe le calibrazioni anatomiche rimane da tenere in considerazione che, generalmente, i repere anatomici sono dei punti definiti arbitrariamente all’interno di un’area più vasta e irregolare che i manuali di anatomia definiscono essere il repere anatomico. L’identificazione dei repere attraverso una loro descrizione verbale è quindi povera in precisione e la difficoltà nella loro identificazione tramite palpazione manuale, a causa della presenza dei tessuti molli interposti, genera errori sia in precisione che in accuratezza. Tali errori si propagano alla stima della cinematica e della dinamica articolare (Ramakrishnan et al. 1991; Della Croce et al. 1999). Della Croce (Della Croce et al. 1999) ha inoltre evidenziato che gli errori che influenzano la collocazione nello spazio delle terne anatomiche non dipendono soltanto dalla precisione con cui vengono identificati i repere anatomici, ma anche dalle regole che si utilizzano per definire le terne. E’ infine necessario evidenziare che la palpazione manuale richiede tempo e può essere effettuata esclusivamente da personale altamente specializzato, risultando quindi molto onerosa (Simon 2004). La presente tesi prende lo spunto dai problemi sopra elencati e ha come obiettivo quello di migliorare la qualità delle informazioni necessarie alla ricostruzione della cinematica 3D dei segmenti ossei in esame affrontando i problemi posti dall’artefatto di tessuto molle e le limitazioni intrinseche nelle attuali procedure di calibrazione anatomica. I problemi sono stati affrontati sia mediante procedure di elaborazione dei dati, sia apportando modifiche ai protocolli sperimentali che consentano di conseguire tale obiettivo. Per quanto riguarda l’artefatto da tessuto molle, si è affrontato l’obiettivo di sviluppare un metodo di stima che fosse specifico per il soggetto e per l’atto motorio in esame e, conseguentemente, di elaborare un metodo che ne consentisse la minimizzazione. Il metodo di stima è non invasivo, non impone restrizione al movimento dei tessuti molli, utilizza la sola misura stereofotogrammetrica ed è basato sul principio della media correlata. Le prestazioni del metodo sono state valutate su dati ottenuti mediante una misura 3D stereofotogrammetrica e fluoroscopica sincrona (Stagni et al. 2005), (Stagni et al. 2005). La coerenza dei risultati raggiunti attraverso i due differenti metodi permette di considerare ragionevoli le stime dell’artefatto ottenute con il nuovo metodo. Tale metodo fornisce informazioni sull’artefatto di pelle in differenti porzioni della coscia del soggetto e durante diversi compiti motori, può quindi essere utilizzato come base per un piazzamento ottimo dei marcatori. Lo si è quindi utilizzato come punto di partenza per elaborare un metodo di compensazione dell’errore dovuto all’artefatto di pelle che lo modella come combinazione lineare degli angoli articolari di anca e ginocchio. Il metodo di compensazione è stato validato attraverso una procedura di simulazione sviluppata ad-hoc. Relativamente alla calibrazione anatomica si è ritenuto prioritario affrontare il problema associato all’identificazione dei repere anatomici perseguendo i seguenti obiettivi: 1. migliorare la precisione nell’identificazione dei repere e, di conseguenza, la ripetibilità dell’identificazione delle terne anatomiche e della cinematica articolare, 2. diminuire il tempo richiesto, 3. permettere che la procedura di identificazione possa essere eseguita anche da personale non specializzato. Il perseguimento di tali obiettivi ha portato alla implementazione dei seguenti metodi: • Inizialmente è stata sviluppata una procedura di palpazione virtuale automatica. Dato un osso digitale, la procedura identifica automaticamente i punti di repere più significativi, nella maniera più precisa possibile e senza l'ausilio di un operatore esperto, sulla base delle informazioni ricavabili da un osso digitale di riferimento (template), preliminarmente palpato manualmente. • E’ stato poi condotto uno studio volto ad indagare i fattori metodologici che influenzano le prestazioni del metodo funzionale nell’individuazione del centro articolare d’anca, come prerequisito fondamentale per migliorare la procedura di calibrazione anatomica. A tale scopo sono stati confrontati diversi algoritmi, diversi cluster di marcatori ed è stata valutata la prestazione del metodo in presenza di compensazione dell’artefatto di pelle. • E’stato infine proposto un metodo alternativo di calibrazione anatomica basato sull’individuazione di un insieme di punti non etichettati, giacenti sulla superficie dell’osso e ricostruiti rispetto ad un TF (UP-CAST). A partire dalla posizione di questi punti, misurati su pelvi coscia e gamba, la morfologia del relativo segmento osseo è stata stimata senza identificare i repere, bensì effettuando un’operazione di matching dei punti misurati con un modello digitale dell’osso in esame. La procedura di individuazione dei punti è stata eseguita da personale non specializzato nell’individuazione dei repere anatomici. Ai soggetti in esame è stato richiesto di effettuare dei cicli di cammino in modo tale da poter indagare gli effetti della nuova procedura di calibrazione anatomica sulla determinazione della cinematica articolare. I risultati ottenuti hanno mostrato, per quel che riguarda la identificazione dei repere, che il metodo proposto migliora sia la precisione inter- che intraoperatore, rispetto alla palpazione convenzionale (Della Croce et al. 1999). E’ stato inoltre riscontrato un notevole miglioramento, rispetto ad altri protocolli (Charlton et al. 2004; Schwartz et al. 2004), nella ripetibilità della cinematica 3D di anca e ginocchio. Bisogna inoltre evidenziare che il protocollo è stato applicato da operatori non specializzati nell’identificazione dei repere anatomici. Grazie a questo miglioramento, la presenza di diversi operatori nel laboratorio non genera una riduzione di ripetibilità. Infine, il tempo richiesto per la procedura è drasticamente diminuito. Per una analisi che include la pelvi e i due arti inferiori, ad esempio, l’identificazione dei 16 repere caratteristici usando la calibrazione convenzionale richiede circa 15 minuti, mentre col nuovo metodo tra i 5 e i 10 minuti.

A simple strategy for defining polynomial spline spaces over hierarchical T-meses

[EN]We present a new strategy for constructing spline spaces over hierarchical T-meshes with quad- and octree subdivision scheme. The proposed technique includes some simple rules for inferring local knot vectors to define C 2 -continuous cubic tensor product spline blending functions. Our conjecture is that these rules allow to obtain, for a given T-mesh, a set of linearly independent spline functions with the property that spaces spanned by nested T-meshes are also nested, and therefore, the functions can reproduce cubic polynomials. In order to span spaces with these properties applying the proposed rules, the T-mesh should fulfill the only requirement of being a 0- balanced mesh...

Stellar Relics of the hierarchical assembly of the Galaxy

This PhD Thesis is part of a long-term wide research project, carried out by the "Osservatorio Astronomico di Bologna (INAF-OABO)", that has as primary goal the comprehension and reconstruction of formation mechanism of galaxies and their evolution history. There is now substantial evidence, both from theoretical and observational point of view, in favor of the hypothesis that the halo of our Galaxy has been at least partially, built up by the progressive accretion of small fragments, similar in nature to the present day dwarf galaxies of the Local Group. In this context, the photometric and spectroscopic study of systems which populate the halo of our Galaxy (i.e. dwarf spheroidal galaxy, tidal streams, massive globular cluster, etc) permits to discover, not only the origin and behaviour of these systems, but also the structure of our Galactic halo, combined with its formation history. In fact, the study of the population of these objects and also of their chemical compositions, age, metallicities and velocity dispersion, permit us not only an improvement in the understanding of the mechanisms that govern the Galactic formation, but also a valid indirect test for cosmological model itself. Specifically, in this Thesis we provided a complete characterization of the tidal Stream of the Sagittarius dwarf spheroidal galaxy, that is the most striking example of the process of tidal disruption and accretion of a dwarf satellite in to our Galaxy. Using Red Clump stars, extracted from the catalogue of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) we obtained an estimate of the distance, the depth along the line of sight and of the number density for each detected portion of the Stream (and more in general for each detected structure along our line of sight). Moreover comparing the relative number (i.e. the ratio) of Blue Horizontal Branch stars and Red Clump stars (the two features are tracers of different age/different metallicity populations) in the main body of the galaxy and in the Stream, in order to verify the presence of an age-metallicity gradient along the Stream. We also report the detection of a population of Red Clump stars probably associated with the recently discovered Bootes III stellar system. Finally, we also present the results of a survey of radial velocities over a wide region, extending from r ~ 10' out to r ~ 80' within the massive star cluster Omega Centauri. The survey was performed with FLAMES@VLT, to study the velocity dispersion profile in the outer regions of this stellar system. All the results presented in this Thesis, have already been published in refeered journals.

Zylindrische Polymakromonomere als Template für die Herstellung von Nanostrukturen

Mit dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass Polymakromonomere als vielseitige Template zur Herstellung von nanostrukturierten Materialien eingesetzt werden können. Als Polymakromonomere bezeichnet man spezielle Polymerarchitekturen, bei denen jede Wiederholungseinheit der Hauptkette eine Seitenkette trägt. Die sterischen Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Seitenketten bewirken, dass Polymakromonomere nicht geknäult sondern wurmförmig gestreckt vorliegen. Auf Oberflächen scheiden sich die Polymakromonomere als zylindrische Strukturen ab, weshalb sie sich als Template für die Präparation von eindimensionalen Nanostrukturen eignen. So konnten, durch Reduktion von Metallsalzen an kationischen oder anionischen Polymakromonomeren, metallische Nanodrähte hergestellt werden. Hierzu wurde ein neuartiges Verfahren entwickelt, bei dem das Metallsalz elektrochemisch reduziert wird. Die Templatwirkung der Polymakromonomere zeigte sich dabei besonders eindrucksvoll. Denn obwohl mit überschüssigem Metallsalz gearbeitet wurde, fand die Nukleation und das Wachstum nur innerhalb der Polymerstruktur statt. Mit Hilfe der hochauflösenden TEM konnte belegt werden, dass durchgängige und kristalline Strukturen vorliegen.Für das Arbeiten in Lösung wurden amphipolare Kern-Schale Polymakromonomere hergestellt. Diese Systeme konnten für die Synthese von Polypyrrol in Lösung eingesetzt werden. Dabei gelang es eine Methode zu entwickelt, bei der das leitfähige Polymer nur im Kernbereich des Templats gebildet wird.