VAMP-2 and cellubrevin are expressed in pancreatic beta-cells and are essential for Ca(2+)-but not for GTP gamma S-induced insulin secretion.

VAMP proteins are important components of the machinery controlling docking and/or fusion of secretory vesicles with their target membrane. We investigated the expression of VAMP proteins in pancreatic beta-cells and their implication in the exocytosis of insulin. cDNA cloning revealed that VAMP-2 and cellubrevin, but not VAMP-1, are expressed in rat pancreatic islets and that their sequence is identical to that isolated from rat brain. Pancreatic beta-cells contain secretory granules that store and secrete insulin as well as synaptic-like microvesicles carrying gamma-aminobutyric acid. After subcellular fractionation on continuous sucrose gradients, VAMP-2 and cellubrevin were found to be associated with both types of secretory vesicle. The association of VAMP-2 with insulin-containing granules was confirmed by confocal microscopy of primary cultures of rat pancreatic beta-cells. Pretreatment of streptolysin-O permeabilized insulin-secreting cells with tetanus and botulinum B neurotoxins selectively cleaved VAMP-2 and cellubrevin and abolished Ca(2+)-induced insulin release (IC50 approximately 15 nM). By contrast, the pretreatment with tetanus and botulinum B neurotoxins did not prevent GTP gamma S-stimulated insulin secretion. Taken together, our results show that pancreatic beta-cells express VAMP-2 and cellubrevin and that one or both of these proteins selectively control Ca(2+)-mediated insulin secretion.

Resident & Family Councils in Nursing Facilities

Resident and family councils are vital to the operation of a nursing home, providing a voice for residents and their families. Resident and family councils provide an organized method of creating change, providing support and improving the quality of life for nursing home residents. A resident council is an independent, organized group of residents who live in a nursing home and meet on a regular basis to promote and enhance the quality of life for all residents. A family council is a group of family members and friends of nursing home residents who work to maintain or improve the quality of life for nursing home residents.

Capacity vs Competency

“Capacity” and “competency” are terms that are often used interchangeably. However, under Iowa law and specifically within the context of an individual’s rights to make his/ her own decisions, there is a very important difference between the two words. An understanding of the difference between “capacity” and “competency” (as explained on this fact sheet) is essential to determine whether an individual’s consent is valid.

Du Commerce établi entre l'âme et le corps, ou Traité de la liaison qui subsiste entre le spirituel et le matériel, fidèlement rendu du latin d'Emanuel de Swedenborg, par le traducteur de la Nouvelle Jérusalem et de sa céleste doctrine. Édition augmentée du discours préliminaire de Th. Hartley,...

Comprend : Discours préliminaire

Accreditation of forensic pathology service: a priviledge or a nightmare?

Forensic experts play a major role in the legal process as they offer professional expert opinion and evidence within the criminal justice system adjudicating on the innocence or alleged guilt of an accused person. In this respect medico-legal examination is an essential part of the investigation process, determining in a scientific way, the cause(s) and manner of unexpected and/or unnatural death or bringing clinical evidence in case of physical, psychological or sexual abuse in living people. From a legal perspective, these types of investigation must meet international standards i-e it should be independent, effective and prompt. Ideally the investigations should be conducted by board certified experts in forensic medicine, endowed with a solid experience in this field, without any hierarchical relationship with the prosecuting authorities and having access to appropriate facilities in order to provide forensic reports of high quality. In this respect, there is a need for any private or public national or international authority including non-governmental organisations seeking experts qualified in forensic medicine,to have at disposal a list of specialists working in accordance with high standards of professional performance within forensic pathology services that have been successfully submitted to an official accreditation/certification process using valid and acceptable criteria. To reach this goal the National Association of Medical examiners (NAME) has elaborated an accreditation/certification check-list which should be served as decision-making support to assist inspectors appointed to evaluate applicants. In the same spirit than NAME Accreditation Standards, ECLM board decided to set up an ad hoc working group with the mission to elaborate an accreditation/certification procedure similar to the NAME's one but taking into account the realities of forensic medicine practices in Europe and restricted to post-mortem investigations. This accreditation process applies to services and not to individual practitioners by emphasizing policies and procedures rather than professional performance. In addition the standards to be complied with should be considered as the minimum standards needed to get the recognition of performing and reliable forensic pathology service.

Antibacterial activity of essential oils on Xanthomonas vesicatoria and control of bacterial spot in tomato

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of plant essential oils (EOs) on the growth of Xanthomonas vesicatoria, on bacterial morphology and ultrastructure, and on the severity of tomato bacterial spot. EOs from citronella, clove, cinnamon, lemongrass, eucalyptus, thyme, and tea tree were evaluated in vitro at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, 10, and 100% in 1.0% powdered milk. The effect of EOs, at 0.1%, on the severity of tomato bacterial spot was evaluated in tomato seedlings under greenhouse conditions. The effects of citronella, lemongrass, clove, and tea tree EOs, at 0.1%, on X. vesicatoria cells were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. All EOs showed direct toxic effect on the bacteria at a 10%-concentration in vitro. Under greenhouse conditions, the EOs of clove, citronella, tea tree, and lemongrass reduced disease severity. EOs of clove and tea tree, and streptomycin sulfate promoted loss of electron-dense material and alterations in the cytoplasm, whereas EO of tea tree promoted cytoplasm vacuolation, and those of citronella, lemongrass, clove, and tea tree caused damage to the bacterial cell wall. The EOs at a concentration of 0.1% reduce the severity of the disease.

Kinetics of chronic inflammation in Nile tilapia fed n‑3 and n‑6 essential fatty acids

The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with essential fatty acids on the kinetics of macrophage accumulation and giant cell formation in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The supplementation sources were soybean oil (SO, source of omega 6, n‑6) and linseed oil (LO, source of omega 3, n‑3), in the following proportions: 100% SO; 75% SO + 25% LO; 50% SO + 50% LO; 25% SO + 75% LO; and 100% LO (four replicates per treatment). After a feeding period of three months, growth performance was evaluated, and glass coverslips were implanted into the subcutaneous connective tissue of fish, being removed for examination at 2, 4, 6, and 8 days after implantation. Growth performance did not differ between treatments. Fish fed 100% linseed oil diet had the greatest macrophage accumulation and the fastest Langhans cell formation on the sixth day. On the eighth day, Langhans cells were predominant on the coverslips implanted in the fish feed 75 and 100% linseed oil. n‑3 fatty acids may contribute to macrophage recruitment and giant cell formation in fish chronic inflammatory response to foreign body.

Liiketoimintasuunnitelman laatiminen katsastusalan yritykselle

Tämän diplomityön päätavoitteena oli laatia katsastusalan yritykselle liiketoimintasuunnitelma, joka luo perustan yrityksen johtamiselle ja jatkokehittämiselle.Katsastus Kovalainen Oy tarvitsee jatkuvaan käyttöönsä yrityksen toimintaa ohjaavan viitekehyksen. Ensimmäisenä alaongelmana oli selvittää, mitä liiketoiminnaneri osa-alueita liiketoimintasuunnitelma käsittelee? Onnistuneen liiketoimintasuunnitelman yhtenä peruspilarina voidaan pitää sitä, kuinka hyvin se soveltuu kohdeyrityksen käyttöön ja onko sen sisältämä tieto oleellista juuri kohdeyritykselle? Toinen alaongelma ratkaistiin vastaamalla kysymykseen: Millä tavoin yrityksestä ja sen toimintaympäristöstä kyetään erottamaan juuri se oleellisin tieto liiketoimintasuunnitelman luomiseksi? Kolmanneksi alaongelmaksi muodostui kysymys siitä, kuinka liiketoimintasuunnitelman viitekehys ja empiirinen tieto yhdistetään toimivaksi kokonaisuudeksi, jota yritys voi hyödyntää. Työn teoriaosuus on tehty kirjallisuustutkimuksena ja siinä esitellään liiketoimintasuunnitelmaan kuuluvat osa-alueet teorian näkökulmasta. Empiirisen osuuden tiedot on kerätty pääasiassa haastatteluiden avulla. Empiiristä aineistoa on kerätty myös käyttämällä hyväksi jo olemassa olevaa dokumentoitua tietoa yrityksestä, kuten yrityksen tilinpäätös- ja markkinaosuusraportteja. Liiketoimintasuunnitelmaan kuuluva yrityksen sisäinen analyysi auttoi yrityksen johtoa identifioimaan ja priorisoimaan ne toiminnot ja tekijät, jotka eniten vaikuttavat yrityksen menestymiseen ja kilpailukykyyn. Kyseisen analysoinnin avulla huomattiin, että suurimmat puutteet ja kehitystoimenpiteet koskivat Katsastus Kovalaisen markkinointia ja katsastustiloja.Toimintaympäristön analysoinnin tuloksena huomattiin, että Katsastus Kovalaisenmarkkinaosuus on jo 40 prosenttia, jota voidaan pitää sen verran suurena, että tärkeimmäksi tekijäksi tulevaisuudessa katsottiin nykyisen markkinaosuuden säilyttäminen muun muassa pitämällä nykyiset asiakkaat tyytyväisenä.

Essential PchG-dependent reduction in pyochelin biosynthesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The biosynthetic genes pchDCBA and pchEF, which are known to be required for the formation of the siderophore pyochelin and its precursors salicylate and dihydroaeruginoate (Dha), are clustered with the pchR regulatory gene on the chromosome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The 4.6-kb region located downstream of the pchEF genes was found to contain three additional, contiguous genes, pchG, pchH, and pchI, probably forming a pchEFGHI operon. The deduced amino acid sequences of PchH and PchI are similar to those of ATP binding cassette transport proteins with an export function. PchG is a homolog of the Yersinia pestis and Y. enterocolitica proteins YbtU and Irp3, which are involved in the biosynthesis of yersiniabactin. A null mutation in pchG abolished pyochelin formation, whereas mutations in pchH and pchI did not affect the amounts of salicylate, Dha, and pyochelin produced. The pyochelin biosynthetic genes were expressed from a vector promoter, uncoupling them from Fur-mediated repression by iron and PchR-dependent induction by pyochelin. In a P. aeruginosa mutant lacking the entire pyochelin biosynthetic gene cluster, the expressed pchDCBA and pchEFG genes were sufficient for salicylate, Dha, and pyochelin production. Pyochelin formation was also obtained in the heterologous host Escherichia coli expressing pchDCBA and pchEFG together with the E. coli entD gene, which provides a phosphopantetheinyl transferase necessary for PchE and PchF activation. The PchG protein was purified and used in combination with PchD and phosphopantetheinylated PchE and PchF in vitro to produce pyochelin from salicylate, L-cysteine, ATP, NADPH, and S-adenosylmethionine. Based on this assay, a reductase function was attributed to PchG. In summary, this study completes the identification of the biosynthetic genes required for pyochelin formation from chorismate in P. aeruginosa.

Genetic polymorphism of CCR5 gene and HIV disease: the heterozygous (CCR5/delta ccr5) genotype is neither essential nor sufficient for protection against disease progression. Swiss HIV Cohort.

Homozygous (delta ccr5/delta ccr5) and heterozygous (CCR5/delta ccr5) deletions in the beta-chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) gene, which encodes for the major co-receptor for macrophage-tropic HIV-1 entry, have been implicated in resistance to HIV infection and in protection against disease progression, respectively. The CCR5/delta ccr5 genotype was found more frequently in long-term nonprogressors (LTNP) (31.0%) than in progressors (10.6%, p < 0.0001), in agreement with previous studies. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses showed that a slower progression of disease, i.e. higher proportion of subjects with CD4+ T cell counts > 500/microl (p = 0.0006) and a trend toward a slower progression to AIDS (p = 0.077), was associated with the CCR5/delta ccr5 genotype. However, when LTNP were analyzed separately, no significant differences in CD4+ T cell counts (p = 0.12) and viremia levels (p = 0.65) were observed between the wild-type (69% of LTNP) and the heterozygous (31.0%) genotypes. Therefore, there are other factors which play a major role in determining the status of nonprogression in the majority of LTNP. Furthermore, there was no evidence that the CCR5/delta ccr5 genotype was associated with different rates of disease progression in the group of progressors. Taken together, these results indicate that the CCR5/delta ccr5 genotype is neither essential nor sufficient for protection against the progression of HIV disease.

Paperikoneen devestoinnin vaikutukset tehtaan infrastruktuuriin

ässä työssä on analysoitu UPM-Kymmene Oyj Voikkaan tehtaalla tapahtuneiden paperikoneiden 16 ja 17 ja SGW- hiomon pysäyttämisten vaikutuksia tehtaan sisäiseen infrastruktuuriin sekä tehdas- ja osastolayoutien uudelleen järjestelytarpeisiin. Diplomityön tavoitteena oli laatia koko tehdasalueen käsittävä, osastojen, laitosten ja laitteistojen lyhyen ja pitkän tähtäimen sijoitussuunnitelma. Suunnitelmassa on huomioitu vanhan tehtaan puolelle jäävien toimintojen siirto lähemmäs käyntiin jääneitä paperikoneita 11 ja 18 sekä PGW-hiomoa. Suunnitelmassa on myös otettu huomioon tiedossa olevat pitemmän tähtäimen kehityssuunnitelmat. Suunnitelman laatimisella tavoitellaan niin ikään pitkän tähtäimen suunnitelmallisuuden lisäämistä koko tehdasympäristössä. Työn teoriaosassa tarkastellaan tehdassuunnittelua yleensä, esitellään tehdasprojektin eri vaiheet sekä tehdassuunnitteluprojektin oleellisimmat päätöksentekovaiheet. Tarkemman tarkastelun kohteena on, minkä tasoista tilasuunnittelua tehdasprojektin eri vaiheissa tehdään. Kokeellisessa osassa tarkastellaan tutkimuskohteiden vaihtoehtoisia sijoituspaikkoja, vaihtoehtojen toteutuskelpoisuutta ja niiden tarkoituksenmukaisuutta. Loppuyhteenvedossa tehdään johtopäätöksiä tehtaan koko layoutin tarkoituksenmukaisuudesta ja verrataan sitä ns. mallitehtaan periaatteelliseen layoutiin sekä tehdään yhteenvetoa siitä, mitkä ovat tehtaan toiminnan kannalta tärkeimmät muutoskohteet.