Volume-based size distribution of accumulation and coarse particles (PM0.1–10) from cooking fume during oil heating

Particulate matter generated during the cooking process has been identified as one of the major problems of indoor air quality and indoor environmental health. Reliable assessment of exposure to cooking-generated particles requires accurate information of emission characteristics especially the size distribution. This study characterizes the volume/mass-based size distribution of the fume particles at the oil-heating stage for the typical Chinese-style cooking in a laboratory kitchen. A laser-diffraction size analyzer is applied to measure the volume frequency of fume particles ranged from 0.1 to 10 μm, which contribute to most mass proportion in PM2.5 and PM10. Measurements show that particle emissions have little dependence on the types of vegetable oil used but have a close relationship with the heating temperature. It is found that volume frequency of fume particles in the range of 1.0–4.0 μm accounts for nearly 100% of PM0.1–10 with the mode diameter 2.7 μm, median diameter 2.6 μm, Sauter mean diameter 3.0 μm, DeBroukere mean diameter 3.2 μm, and distribution span 0.48. Such information on emission characteristics obtained in this study can be possibly used to improve the assessment of indoor air quality due to PM0.1–10 in the kitchen and residential flat.

Biology and reproductive behavior of Murgantia histrionica (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)

Life history parameters and reproductive behaviors of the harlequin bug, Murgantia histrionica Hahn (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), were determined. Total developmental time from egg to adult was ≈48 d. After a sexual maturation period of ≈7 d, both sexes mated repeatedly, with females laying multiple egg masses of 12 eggs at intervals of 3 d. Adult females lived an average of 41 d, whereas adult males lived an average of 25 d. Courtship and copulation activities peaked in the middle of the photophase. In mating experiments in which mixed sex pairs of virgin and previously mated bugs were combined in all possible combinations, the durations of courtship and copulation by virgin males were significantly longer with both virgin and previously mated females than the same behaviors for previously mated males. When given a choice between a virgin or previously mated female, previously mated males preferred to mate with virgin females, whereas virgin males showed no preference for virgin over previously mated females. Analyses of mating behaviors with ethograms and behavioral transition matrices suggested that a primary reason for failure to copulate by virgin males was the incorrect rotation of their pygophores to the copulation position, so that successful alignment of the genitalia could not occur.

Mating system and exclusive postzygotic paternal care in a Neotropical harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones)

This study tests predictions of the hypothesis of evolution of paternal care via sexual selection by using the Neotropical harvestman Pseudopucrolia sp. as the model organism. Females use natural cavities in roadside banks as nesting sites, which are defended by males against other males. Females leave the nests after oviposition, and all postzygotic parental care is accomplished by males, which protect the eggs and nymphs from predators. We provided artificial mud nests to individuals in the laboratory and conducted observations on the reproduction of the species. Male reproductive success was directly related to nest ownership time: the longer a male held a nest, the higher his chances of obtaining copulations. All males that succeeded in mating and obtaining one clutch eventually mated with additional females that added eggs to the clutch. Thus, desirable males were not limited to monogamy by paternal care. Experimental manipulations demonstrated that guarding males were more attractive to females than were nonguarding males and also that males guarded unrelated eggs. Finally, we found that females and nonguarding males spent more time foraging than guarding males. We use our data to contrast hypotheses on the origin and maintenance of paternal care and to provide a critical assessment of the hypothesis of the evolution of paternal care via sexual selection. (C) 2009 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Bj-PRO-5a, a natural angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, promotes vasodilatation mediated by both bradykinin B(2) and M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

Bradykinin-potentiating peptides (BPPs) or proline-rich oligopeptides (PROs) isolated from the venom glands of Bothrops jararaca (Bj) were the first natural inhibitors of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) described. Bj-PRO-5a (< EKWAP), a member of this structurally related peptide family, was essential for the development of captopril, the first site-directed ACE inhibitor used for the treatment of human hypertension. Nowadays, more Bj-PROs have been identified with higher ACE inhibition potency compared to Bj-PRO-5a. However, despite its modest inhibitory effect of ACE inhibition, Bj-PRO-5a reveals strong bradykinin-potentiating activity, suggesting the participation of other mechanisms for this peptide. In the present study, we have shown that Bj-PRO-5a induced nitric oxide (NO) production depended on muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 subtype (mAchR-M1) and bradykinin B(2) receptor activation, as measured by a chemiluminescence assay using a NO analyzer. Intravital microscopy based on transillumination of mice cremaster muscle also showed that both bradykinin B(2) receptor and mAchR-M1 contributed to the vasodilatation induced by Bj-PRO-5a. Moreover, Bj-PRO-5a-mediated vasodilatation was completely blocked in the presence of a NO synthase inhibitor. The importance of this work lies in the definition of novel targets for Bj-PRO-5a in addition to ACE, the structural model for captopril development. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Synchrotron X-ray imaging via ultra-small-angle scattering: principles of quantitative analysis and application in studying bone integration to synthetic grafting materials

Optimized experimental conditions for extracting accurate information at subpixel length scales from analyzer-based X-ray imaging were obtained and applied to investigate bone regeneration by means of synthetic beta-TCP grafting materials in a rat calvaria model. The results showed a 30% growth in the particulate size due to bone ongrowth/ingrowth within the critical size defect over a 1-month healing period.

The Determination of Total Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen and Sulfur in Silicates, Silicate Rocks, Soils and Sediments

Determinations of the volatile elements carbon, hydrogen, sulfur and nitrogen in many geological RM, performed with the LECO CHN and SC analysers, are presented. The method allowed the determination of S in concentrations from a few % m/m to 0.001% m/m or less, of C from % m/m to 0.01% m/m and of H from % m/m to 0.004% m/m. Accuracy was usually better than the XRF method (for S). All obtained values passed the Sutarno-Steger test, which establishes that vertical bar(mean(analysed) - mean(certified))vertical bar/ S(certified) < 2, for the cases with an appropriate number of determinations (n > 10 for each element). It was possible to perform routine determination of C, H and S with the instrumentation, coupled with the determination of major and minor elements in geological materials. Determination of nitrogen could also be performed on an exploratory basis, with improvements in the method dependent on the future availability of more reference materials with reliable composition of this element.

Reaction microtextures of monazite: Correlation between chemical and age domains in the Nazare Paulista migmatite, SE Brazil

Back-scattered imaging, X-ray element mapping and electron microprobe analyzer (EMPA) chemical dating reveal complex compositional and age zoning in monazite crystals from different layers and textural positions in a garnet-bearing migmatite in SE Brazil. Y-rich (variable Y(2)O(3), averaging 2.5 wt.%) relict cores are preserved in mesosome and melanosome monazite, and correspond to 793 +/- 6 Ma inherited crystals possibly generated in a previous metamorphic event. These cores are overgrown and widely replaced by two generations of monazite, which are present in all migmatite layers. The first, also Y-rich (average 2.5 wt.% Y(2)O(3)), was produced at similar to 635 Ma during prograde metamorphism under subsolidus conditions, while the second has an Y-poor (<1.5 wt.% Y(2)O(3)), low Th/U signature, and precipitated from low Y and HREE anatectic melts produced by reactions in which garnet was inert. Quartz-rich trondhjemitic leucosome represents lower temperature melt (bearing some subsolidus quartz and garnet with included monazite) formed at temperatures below muscovite breakdown; its Y-poor monazite indicates an age of 617 +/- 6 Ma. Granitic leucosomes formed close to peak metamorphic conditions (T>750 degrees C) above muscovite breakdown have their slightly younger character confirmed by a 609 +/- 7 Ma low-Y monazite age. A similar 606 +/- 5 Ma age was obtained for low-Y monazite rims and domains in mesosome and melanosome, and reflects the time of monazite saturation in interstitial granitic melt that was trapped in these layers. Our results confirm that inherited monazite crystals can be preserved during partial melting at temperatures above muscovite breakdown. Moreover, careful textural control aided by X-ray chemical mapping may allow monazite generated at different stages in a similar to 25 Myr prograde metamorphic path to be identified and dated using an electron microprobe. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Determination of amino acids by capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry: An evaluation of different protein hydrolysis procedures

In this work, a CE equipment, online hyphenated to an IT MS analyzer by a linear sheath liquid interface promoting ESI, was used to develop a method for quantitative determination of amino acids. Under appropriate conditions (BGE composition, 0.8% HCOOH, 20% CH(3)OH; sheath liquid composition, 0.8% HCOOH, 60% methanol; V(ESI), +4.50 W), analytical curves of all amino acids from 3 to 80 mg/L were recorded presenting acceptable linearity (r > 0.99). LODs in the range of 16-172 mu mol/L were obtained. BSA, a model protein, was submitted to different hydrolysis procedures (classical acid and basic, and catalyzed by the H(+) form of a cation exchanger resin) and its amino acid profiles determined. In general, the resin-mediated hydrolysis yields were overall similar or better than those obtained by classical acid or basic hydrolysis. The resulting experimental-to-theoretical BSA concentration ratios served as correction factors for the quantitation of amino acids in Brazil nut resin generated hydrolysates.

Obfuscation and Strict Online Anonymity

I consider the case for genuinely anonymous web searching. Big data seems to have it in for privacy. The story is well known, particularly since the dawn of the web. Vastly more personal information, monumental and quotidian, is gathered than in the pre-digital days. Once gathered it can be aggregated and analyzed to produce rich portraits, which in turn permit unnerving prediction of our future behavior. The new information can then be shared widely, limiting prospects and threatening autonomy. How should we respond? Following Nissenbaum (2011) and Brunton and Nissenbaum (2011 and 2013), I will argue that the proposed solutions—consent, anonymity as conventionally practiced, corporate best practices, and law—fail to protect us against routine surveillance of our online behavior. Brunton and Nissenbaum rightly maintain that, given the power imbalance between data holders and data subjects, obfuscation of one’s online activities is justified. Obfuscation works by generating “misleading, false, or ambiguous data with the intention of confusing an adversary or simply adding to the time or cost of separating good data from bad,” thus decreasing the value of the data collected (Brunton and Nissenbaum, 2011). The phenomenon is as old as the hills. Natural selection evidently blundered upon the tactic long ago. Take a savory butterfly whose markings mimic those of a toxic cousin. From the point of view of a would-be predator the data conveyed by the pattern is ambiguous. Is the bug lunch or potential last meal? In the light of the steep costs of a mistake, the savvy predator goes hungry. Online obfuscation works similarly, attempting for instance to disguise the surfer’s identity (Tor) or the nature of her queries (Howe and Nissenbaum 2009). Yet online obfuscation comes with significant social costs. First, it implies free riding. If I’ve installed an effective obfuscating program, I’m enjoying the benefits of an apparently free internet without paying the costs of surveillance, which are shifted entirely onto non-obfuscators. Second, it permits sketchy actors, from child pornographers to fraudsters, to operate with near impunity. Third, online merchants could plausibly claim that, when we shop online, surveillance is the price we pay for convenience. If we don’t like it, we should take our business to the local brick-and-mortar and pay with cash. Brunton and Nissenbaum have not fully addressed the last two costs. Nevertheless, I think the strict defender of online anonymity can meet these objections. Regarding the third, the future doesn’t bode well for offline shopping. Consider music and books. Intrepid shoppers can still find most of what they want in a book or record store. Soon, though, this will probably not be the case. And then there are those who, for perfectly good reasons, are sensitive about doing some of their shopping in person, perhaps because of their weight or sexual tastes. I argue that consumers should not have to pay the price of surveillance every time they want to buy that catchy new hit, that New York Times bestseller, or a sex toy.

A Computer Vision Framework For Finger-Tapping Evaluation In Parkinson's Disease

Objective: To define and evaluate a Computer-Vision (CV) method for scoring Paced Finger-Tapping (PFT) in Parkinson's disease (PD) using quantitative motion analysis of index-fingers and to compare the obtained scores to the UPDRS (Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale) finger-taps (FT). Background: The naked-eye evaluation of PFT in clinical practice results in coarse resolution to determine PD status. Besides, sensor mechanisms for PFT evaluation may cause patients discomfort. In order to avoid cost and effort of applying wearable sensors, a CV system for non-invasive PFT evaluation is introduced. Methods: A database of 221 PFT videos from 6 PD patients was processed. The subjects were instructed to position their hands above their shoulders besides the face and tap the index-finger against the thumb consistently with speed. They were facing towards a pivoted camera during recording. The videos were rated by two clinicians between symptom levels 0-to-3 using UPDRS-FT. The CV method incorporates a motion analyzer and a face detector. The method detects the face of testee in each video-frame. The frame is split into two images from face-rectangle center. Two regions of interest are located in each image to detect index-finger motion of left and right hands respectively. The tracking of opening and closing phases of dominant hand index-finger produces a tapping time-series. This time-series is normalized by the face height. The normalization calibrates the amplitude in tapping signal which is affected by the varying distance between camera and subject (farther the camera, lesser the amplitude). A total of 15 features were classified using K-nearest neighbor (KNN) classifier to characterize the symptoms levels in UPDRS-FT. The target ratings provided by the raters were averaged. Results: A 10-fold cross validation in KNN classified 221 videos between 3 symptom levels with 75% accuracy. An area under the receiver operating characteristic curves of 82.6% supports feasibility of the obtained features to replicate clinical assessments. Conclusions: The system is able to track index-finger motion to estimate tapping symptoms in PD. It has certain advantages compared to other technologies (e.g. magnetic sensors, accelerometers etc.) for PFT evaluation to improve and automate the ratings

Migração de sistemas legados

Mesmo depois de todas as novidades tecnológicas nos últimos anos, ainda existem muitos sistemas desenvolvidos com tecnologias antigas, muitas vezes ultrapassadas e obsoletas denominados sistemas legados. O problema do bug do ano 2000 funcionou como um excelente despertador para o fato de que não podemos nos esquecer do grande número de sistemas ainda em produção, e que são importantes para a empresa. Não se pode simplesmente descartar estes sistemas e é muito difícil migrar sistemas legados rapidamente para novas plataformas. Mais ainda, as regras de negócio que regem qualquer empresa são muito complexas para poderem ser modeladas e remodeladas em poucos meses e em seguida automatizadas porque a maior dificuldade em desenvolver sistemas não é escrever código nesta ou naquela linguagem, mas entender o que o sistema deve fazer. Este trabalho enfoca uma solução possível para o problema referente à migração de sistemas legados: a tradução destes sistemas legados da forma mais automatizada possível para que possam se beneficiar das novas tecnologias existentes deve ser o resultado final produzido. Assim, o objetivo desta dissertação é a investigação do problema de migração de sistemas legados e suas soluções assim como o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta que traduz um sistema legado escrito na linguagem COBOL para PROGRESS, visando o aproveitamento do código e principalmente o aproveitamento de soluções de análise e projeto, que exigiram bastante esforço para serem elaboradas e poderiam ser reutilizadas em novos desenvolvimentos.

Fios e fibras: vivendo a privatização das telecomunicações do Rio de Janeiro

Esta dissertação analisa um evento da história recente do país - o processo deprivatização do sistema TELEBRÁS - através do resgate da memória de alguns dosseus atores, os empregados das operadoras de telefonia. Para tanto, privilegiou-se oestudo de caso de uma empresa privatizada em julho de 1998 a Telecomunicaçõesdo Rio de Janeiro S.A. (TELERJ).O setor de telecomunicações é de grande relevância para o desenvolvimentoeconômico e social na era contemporânea e o presente trabalho acompanha a históriada empresa desde a sua formação em 1923, transformação em empresa estatal e suaprivatização. A partir do processo de preparação para venda, que foi operado desde aquebra do monopólio das telecomunicações em 1995, e, de forma mais radical, desdesua privatização, analisou-se o processo de

DEPAnalyzer: um modelo de análise estática de dependências para programas orientados a objetos

Este trabalho apresenta um modelo de análise estática de programas orientados a objetos, o qual se denomina DEPAnalyzer (DEPendencies Analyzer). O modelo realiza a análise das dependências entre as classes de um programa, ou seja, os relacionamentos estabelecidos entre estas. As classes representam as entidades estáticas, as quais em tempo de execução darão origem a conjuntos de objetos. Através da simulação do programa o modelo consegue obter as informações sobre quem se relaciona com quem e qual é a intensidade destes relacionamentos. Estas informações visam auxiliar no processo de escalonamento de um programa em uma arquitetura distribuída. Para expressar estes relacionamentos podem ser gerados dois grafos, o grafo de dependências e o grafo de invocações. A geração de um ou de ambos depende do propósito de utilização, ou seja, alocação inicial ou redistribuição dos objetos. O grafo de dependências apresenta uma versão resumida dos relacionamentos. Este adequa-se a auxiliar no processo de distribuição inicial por propiciar um panorama geral dos relacionamentos sem considerar a ordenação de ocorrência das ações. Por sua vez o grafo de invocações tem como propósito a discriminação da ordem de ocorrência das ações de uma aplicação. Viabilizando a utilização deste por parte do processo de redistribuição dos objetos.

As relações entre os grupos rurais de Cruz Alta-RS, num processo de modernização da estrutura produtiva

O tema central deste trabalho aborda as relações entre os diferentes grupos rurais do município de Cruz Alta, antes, durante e depois de ocorrer profundas transformações no sistema produtivo. É abordado o papel da escola no contexto de reestruturação da economia agrícola e no seu significado para os diferentes grupos. Pretendo mais precisamente neste trabalho, analisar como no meio rural de Cruz Alta, Rio Grande do Sul, em processo acelerado de inovações tecnológicas, capitalização e modernização da estrutura produtiva, a população se compõe, se diferencia e se relaciona e quais as espectativas dos diferentes grupos em relação à escola. Parto do pressuposto que o sistema produtivo determina as formas de atuação dos grupos na estrutura social, mais precisamente, numa organização capitalista dependente. O problema em foco, implica no estudo do meio agrário em momentos históricos distintos. Procura-se inicialmente fornecer uma visão de como se estruturava a sociedade agrária em seus diferentes grupos, desde a ocupação do Estado até o início do processo de inovações tecnológicas no meio rural. A partir daí, passa-se a abordar o avanço do capitalismo no campo em seus diferentes aspectos. A adoção de um modelo técnico na agricultura traz profundas consequências em todas as camadas da população. Dá-se então uma nova conformação na estrutura agrária e nas relações sociais. Os conflitos e tensões dai gerados, bem como as percepções pelos diferentes grupos de sua situação e de seu desempenho constitue a parte central deste estudo. Dentro deste contexto, a escola é situada, isto é: como a reestruturação no meio rural repercute no sistema escolar e quais os valores e espectativas dos direrentes grupos em relação à escola.

Associação de variáveis histopatológicas de biópsias endomiocárdicas pré e pós cirúrgicas com os resultados clínicos de pacientes com disfunção ventricular esquerda grave submetidos à revascularização do miocárdio

Introdução: A cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio em pacientes com disfunção ventricular esquerda grave, criteriosamente selecionados, pode levar a um incremento na fração de ejeção e/ou melhora da classe functional da New York Heart Association (NYHA) de insuficiência cardíaca. Neste estudo, buscamos variáveis histopatológicas que pudessem estar associadas com a melhora da fração de ejeção ventricular esquerda e/ou melhora na classe funcional de insuficiência cardíaca seis meses após a cirurgia. Métodos: Vinte e quatro pacientes com indicação de cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio, fração de ejeção ventricular esquerda < 35%, classe funcional de insuficiência cardíaca variando de NYHA II a IV e idade média de 59±9 anos, foram selecionados. Foram realizadas biópsias endomiocárdicas no transoperatório e repetidas seis meses depois através de punção venosa. Extensão de fibrose (% da área do miocárdio do espécime avaliado), miocitólise (número de células encontradas com miocitólise por campo) e hipertrofia da fibra miocárdica (medida através do menor diâmetro celular) foram quantificados utilizando um sistema analizador de imagem (Leica - Image Analysis System). As medidas de fração de ejeção, por ventriculografia radioisotópica, e avaliação da classe funcional de insuficiência cardíaca (NYHA), também foram repetidas após seis meses. Resultados: Dos 24 pacientes inicialmente selecionados, sete foram a óbito antes dos seis meses e um recusou-se a repetir a segunda biópsia. Houve uma melhora significativa na classe funcional NYHA de insuficiência cardíaca nos sobreviventes seis meses após a cirurgia (2,8±0,7 vs. 1,7±0,6; p<0,001), enquanto que a fração de ejeção ventricular esquerda não se alterou (25±6% vs. 26±10%; p = NS). O grau de hipertrofia da fibra muscular permaneceu estável entre o pré e o pós operatório (21 ± 4 vs.22 ± 4μm), porém a extensão de fibrose (8±8 vs. 21±15% de área) e a quantidade de células apresentando miocitólise (9±11 vs. 21±15%/células) aumentaram. significativamente. Uma composição de escore histológico, combinando as três variáveis histopatológicas, indicando um menor grau de remodelamento no pré operatório, identificou um subgrupo de pacientes que apresentaram um incremento na fração de ejeção ventricular esquerda após a cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio. Conclusão: Em pacientes portadores de cardiopatia isquêmica e grave disfunção ventricular esquerda, a cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio foi associada com um incremento na função ventricular em um subgrupo de pacientes que apresentavam, no pré operatório, um menor grau de remodelamento ventricular adverso, estimado pela composição de um escore histológico. Apesar da melhora na classe funcional de insuficiência cardíaca na maioria dos pacientes, e incremento na fração de ejeção ventricular esquerda em um subgrupo, alterações histológicas favoráveis, indicativos de reversão do remodelamento ventricular esquerdo, não devem ser esperados após a revascularização, ao menos num período de seis meses após a cirurgia.