Search for methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphisms in mutant figs

Fig (Ficus carica) breeding programs that use conventional approaches to develop new cultivars are rare, owing to limited genetic variability and the difficulty in obtaining plants via gamete fusion. Cytosine methylation in plants leads to gene repression, thereby affecting transcription without changing the DNA sequence. Previous studies using random amplification of polymorphic DNA and amplified fragment length polymorphism markers revealed no polymorphisms among select fig mutants that originated from gamma-irradiated buds. Therefore, we conducted methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism analysis to verify the existence of variability due to epigenetic DNA methylation among these mutant selections compared to the main cultivar 'Roxo-de-Valinhos'. Samples of genomic DNA were double-digested with either HpaII (methylation sensitive) or MspI (methylation insensitive) and with EcoRI. Fourteen primer combinations were tested, and on an average, non-methylated CCGG, symmetrically methylated CmCGG, and hemimethylated hmCCGG sites accounted for 87.9, 10.1, and 2.0%, respectively. MSAP analysis was effective in detecting differentially methylated sites in the genomic DNA of fig mutants, and methylation may be responsible for the phenotypic variation between treatments. Further analyses such as polymorphic DNA sequencing are necessary to validate these differences, standardize the regions of methylation, and analyze reads using bioinformatic tools. © FUNPEC-RP.

Fast-tracking the digital revolution: broadband for Latin America and the Caribbean

Includes bibliography

Broadband in Latin America: Beyond Connectivity

Includes bibliography.

Broadband advances in Latin America and the Caribbean

Broadband and the Knowledge Society: Interconnecting South America Jorge Atton Palma .-- Broadband deployment and digital integration Sergio Scarabino .-- “Broadband rates could fall by over 50%”, interview with Cezar Alvarez .-- Interregional cooperation to promote broadband School for Policymakers and Regional Dialogue .-- “It is important for comparisons to be made based on quantifiable and comparable aspects”, interview with Omar de León .-- “ORBA has helped generate cooperation mechanisms between countries”, interview with Fernando Rojas .-- “Ideally, the region should harmonize the use of the spectrum”, interview with René Bustillo .-- Mobile broadband will spur a new wave of innovation in Latin America Sebastián Cabello.