Embalagens Flexíveis: estudo do processo de reticulação de adesivos e do coeficiente de atrito

A dissertação foi realizada em ambiente industrial, mais precisamente na empresa Monteiro, Ribas – Embalagens Flexíveis, S.A.. Esta empresa dedica-se à impressão e laminagem de filmes, assim como à confeção de sacos. Os seus produtos são direcionados na sua maioria para a indústria alimentar, exportando mais de 50% da sua produção, e dizem respeito a complexos (dois ou mais filmes unidos pela presença de um adesivo) que podem possuir impressão ou não. Estes complexos podem ser enviados para o cliente em bobina ou já em saco. Os objetivos propostos pela empresa diziam respeito a estudos relacionados com a força de laminagem dos complexos, com o coeficiente de atrito dos mesmos e com a identificação dos espetros dos componentes dos adesivos, assim como o estudo do processo de reticulação dos mesmos por espetrofotometria de Infravermelho. Relativamente aos resultados obtidos verificou-se que tanto a tinta como os metalizados influenciam negativamente a força de laminagem. Por sua vez o coeficiente de atrito é afetado por vários fatores. Através dos ensaios experimentais verificou-se que o adesivo, a tinta e o verniz mate favorecem o aumento do valor do COF. Além disso, nos complexos em que se utilizaram filmes de polietileno de maior espessura obtiveram-se valores de COF mais baixos, e no que diz respeito à temperatura e à tensão de enrolamento, verificou-se que valores mais elevados e muito baixos da primeira traduzem-se num aumento do valor do COF e uma tensão de enrolamento maior também tem o mesmo efeito. Relativamente ao tipo de filme impresso, substratos com maior energia superficial atraem mais o agente de deslizamento (slip). Por último, não se conseguiu perceber qual o tipo de adesivo (com ou sem solvente) que tem maior impacto no COF uma vez que em 55% dos casos o valor do COF é superior nas amostras que foram complexadas com adesivo sem solvente e em 45% o COF era superior nas amostras complexadas com adesivo base solvente. No que diz respeito aos espetros obtidos verificou-se que a reticulação dos adesivos é identificada pela diminuição da extensão do pico correspondente à ligação N=C=O.

Modelação de elementos estruturais reforçados com compósitos de FRP recorrendo ao método dos elementos discretos

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil - Perfil de Estruturas

Semantic enrichment of knowledge sources supported by domain ontologies

This thesis introduces a novel conceptual framework to support the creation of knowledge representations based on enriched Semantic Vectors, using the classical vector space model approach extended with ontological support. One of the primary research challenges addressed here relates to the process of formalization and representation of document contents, where most existing approaches are limited and only take into account the explicit, word-based information in the document. This research explores how traditional knowledge representations can be enriched through incorporation of implicit information derived from the complex relationships (semantic associations) modelled by domain ontologies with the addition of information presented in documents. The relevant achievements pursued by this thesis are the following: (i) conceptualization of a model that enables the semantic enrichment of knowledge sources supported by domain experts; (ii) development of a method for extending the traditional vector space, using domain ontologies; (iii) development of a method to support ontology learning, based on the discovery of new ontological relations expressed in non-structured information sources; (iv) development of a process to evaluate the semantic enrichment; (v) implementation of a proof-of-concept, named SENSE (Semantic Enrichment kNowledge SourcEs), which enables to validate the ideas established under the scope of this thesis; (vi) publication of several scientific articles and the support to 4 master dissertations carried out by the department of Electrical and Computer Engineering from FCT/UNL. It is worth mentioning that the work developed under the semantic referential covered by this thesis has reused relevant achievements within the scope of research European projects, in order to address approaches which are considered scientifically sound and coherent and avoid “reinventing the wheel”.

Comportamento de ligações adesivas entre compósitos de FRP e elementos estruturais de aço

Desde de que os Polímeros Reforçados com Fibras (FRP) começaram a ser usados no reparo ou no reforço de elementos estruturais, o descolamento prematuro do compósito FRP com o substrato tem sido objecto de muitos estudos. É importe conhecer e descrever, com rigor, o comportamento completo da interface do FRP com o substrato. Inclusivé, tem-se utilizado com frequência fixações mecânicas adicionais, para demorar ou mesmo evitar o descolamento prematuro do compósito FRP com o substrato. Não existem soluções analíticas que descrevam o comportamento completo das interfaces do FRP com o substrato. Portanto, o objetivo desta dissertação é mitigar esse desconhecimento através de uma solução teórica para descrever a ligação do FRP com o substrato com e sem ancoragem mecânica, através de um modelo de bond-slip exponencial que é conhecido por representar as não linearidades envolvidas no processo de descolagem do compósito FRP com o substrato. A análise completa da carga vs. deslizamento para ambos os casos (com e sem ancoragem mecânica) também é discutida nesta dissertação. Para além disso, este trabalho também visa um estudo experimental utilizando vigas metálicas com compósitos de carbono (CFRP) ou seja, em sistema Externally Bonded Reinforcement (EBR) com e sem sistema ancorado mecânico.

Comportamento da ligação CFRP/betão em estruturas de betão armado

O presente trabalho centra-se no estudo de um sistema de reforço de estruturas de betão armado que se tem tornado bastante utilizado, o reforço com materiais compósitos. Os materiais compósitos utilizados neste estudo são polímeros reforçados com fibras de carbono (CFRP – Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer). A ligação deste compósito aos elementos de betão é feita através de resina, neste caso utilizou-se resina epoxídica. Neste sistema de reforço é fulcral garantir que a ligação entre o compósito e o betão é a melhor possível e, por isso, no presente estudo estudou-se esta ligação através de ensaios experimentais de corte simples. Com o intuito de se perceber a influência do comprimento de laminado de CFRP colado ao substrato de betão, foram utilizados diferentes comprimentos colados nos ensaios experimentais. Utilizaram-se duas técnicas de reforço distintas, reforço com compósitos de CFRP colados exteriormente (EBR) e reforço com compósitos de CFRP colados numa ranhura feita no bloco de betão (NSM), com o intuito de se verificar a influência que a técnica de reforço pode ter na eficácia do sistema de reforço, percebendo para qual das técnicas se consegue obter uma melhor aderência entre o laminado de CFRP e o substrato de betão. Foram realizados 11 ensaios de corte simples para a técnica EBR e 8 ensaios de corte simples para a técnica NSM. Neste estudo foi também encontrada uma solução analítica que consegue descrever o comportamento completo da interface entre o material compósito e o substrato de betão. Esta solução analítica foi encontrada a partir de um modelo bond-slip não-linear. Os resultados experimentais obtidos foram analisados e o modelo analítico proposto foi validado com recurso a estudos presentes na literatura e aos resultados experimentais obtidos no presente estudo.

Numerical simulation of galvanized rebars pullout

The usage of rebars in construction is the most common method for reinforcing plain concrete and thus bridging the tensile stresses along the concrete crack surfaces. Usually design codes for modelling the bond behaviour of rebars and concrete suggest a local bond stress – slip relationship that comprises distinct reinforcement mechanisms, such as adhesion, friction and mechanical anchorage. In this work, numerical simulations of pullout tests were performed using the finite element method framework. The interaction between rebar and concrete was modelled using cohesive elements. Distinct local bond laws were used and compared with ones proposed by the Model Code 2010. Finally an attempt was made to model the geometry of the rebar ribs in conjunction with a material damaged plasticity model for concrete.

A educação para a saúde em meio escolar como veículo construtor para a mudança de comportamentos alimentares

Relatório de estágio de mestrado em Educação Pré-Escolar e Ensino do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico

Bond of NSM FRP strengthened concrete: round robin test initiative

Despite the extensive research that has been conducted on the debonding behaviour of FRP strengthening systems, no standard methodology has been yet established on its experimental characterization. In this context, to assess the performance and reliability of small scale testing on NSM (near surface mounted) FRP strengthening systems, an experimental program was carried out on a series of nine NSM FRP strengthening systems, in the framework of an international Round Robin Testing (RRT). Eleven laboratories and seven manufacturers and suppliers participated in this extensive international exercise, which regarded both NSM and EBR FRP strengthening systems. Test results obtained for the NSM systems by the participating laboratories are discussed and compared in this paper to investigate the feasibility of the adopted single/double pulling shear test method, to investigate the mechanism of bond between NSM FRP reinforcement and concrete, and to investigate the level of variability obtained between the participating laboratories testing the same material batches. It is concluded that the tested variants in the adopted single/double shear pulling test have a significant influence, stressing the importance of the level of detail of standardized test protocols for bond verification. On overall, given the variants included in this study, the obtained variation in bond stress-slip behaviour between the laboratories remained fairly limited.

A FEM-based model to study the behaviour of corroded RC beams shear repaired by NSM CFRP rods technique

This paper presents the main features of finite element FE numerical model developed using the computer code FEMIX to predict the near-surface mounted NSM carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer CFRP rods shear repair contribution to corroded reinforced concrete RC beams. In the RC beams shear repaired with NSM technique, the Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) rods are placed inside pre-cut grooves onto the concrete cover of the RC beam’s lateral faces and are bonded to the concrete with high epoxy adhesive. Experimental and 3D numerical modelling results are presented in this paper in terms of load-deflection curves, failure modes and slip information of the tensile steel bars for 4 short corroded beams: two corroded beams (A1CL3-B and A1CL3-SB) and two control beams (A1T-B and A1T-SB), the beams noted with B were let repaired in bending only with NSM CFRP rods while the ones noted with SB were repaired in both bending and shear with NSM technique. The corrosion of the tensile steel bars and its effect on the shear capacity of the RC beams was discussed. Results showed that the FE model was able to capture the main aspects of the experimental load-deflection curves of the RC beams, moreover it has presented the experimental failure modes and FE numerical modelling crack patterns and both gave similar results for non-shear repaired beams which failed in diagonal tension mode of failure and for shear-repaired beams which failed due to large flexural crack at the middle of the beams along with the concrete crushing, three dimensional crack patterns were produced for shear-repaired beams in order to investigate the splitting cracks occurred at the middle of the beams and near the support.

A model to simulate the moment-rotation and crack width of FRC members reinforced with longitudinal bars

The present work describes a model for the determination of the moment–rotation relationship of a cross section of fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) elements that also include longitudinal bars for the flexural reinforcement (R/FRC). Since a stress–crack width relationship (σ–w)(σ–w) is used to model the post-cracking behavior of a FRC, the σ–w directly obtained from tensile tests, or derived from inverse analysis applied to the results obtained in three-point notched beam bending tests, can be adopted in this approach. For a more realistic assessment of the crack opening, a bond stress versus slip relationship is assumed to simulate the bond between longitudinal bars and surrounding FRC. To simulate the compression behavior of the FRC, a shear friction model is adopted based on the physical interpretation of the post-peak compression softening behavior registered in experimental tests. By allowing the formation of a compressive FRC wedge delimited by shear band zones, the concept of concrete crushing failure mode in beams failing in bending is reinterpreted. By using the moment–rotation relationship, an algorithm was developed to determine the force–deflection response of statically determinate R/FRC elements. The model is described in detail and its good predictive performance is demonstrated by using available experimental data. Parametric studies were executed to evidence the influence of relevant parameters of the model on the serviceability and ultimate design conditions of R/FRC elements failing in bending.

Sustainability education in PBL education: the case study of IEM-UMINHO

Sustainability-related skills are becoming more and more relevant for a proficient and professional engineering practice. Industrial engineers in particular, given their broad field of intervention and being at the heart of industrial activity, hold a great deal of potential and responsibility in providing and delivering best industrial practices, that support enhanced industrial systems and products. Therefore making a real contribution in generating wealth and income for all the companies’ stakeholders, including local communities, as well as adding up to more sustainable ecosystems. Previous work by the authors focused on studying the inclusion of this subject on the education of industrial engineers, especially through active-learning methodologies, as well as presenting results on the use of one such approach. The study conducted tried to identify the impacts on sustainability learning using a given specific activity, i.e. a workshop on industrial ecology, held in the 2014/2015 academic year on the Integrated MSc degree on Industrial Engineering and Management at the University of Minho, Portugal. The study uses content analysis of student teams’ reports for two consecutive academic years. The former did not include one such workshop, while the latter did. The Fink taxonomy was used in the discussion of results and reflection. The study outcomes aimed at supporting decision making on worthiness of investment on similar education instruments for sustainability competency development. Some results of the study highlight that: (1) the workshop seem to globally have a positive contribution on the sustainability learning; (2) a number of dimensions of the Life cycle design strategy wheel was developed, but the approach was not broadly used, (3) There was a mismatch on the workshop schedule; (4) students enjoy the workshop; (5) a clearer endorsement on relevance of this aspect is required. Suggestions for future work are also issued.

Analytical and numerical study of the electro-osmotic annular flow of viscoelastic fluids

In this work we present semi-analytical solutions for the electro-osmotic annular flow of viscoelastic fluids modeled by the Linear and Exponential PTT models. The viscoelastic fluid flows in the axial direction between two concentric cylinders under the combined influences of electrokinetic and pressure forcings. The analysis invokes the Debye-Hückel approximation and includes the limit case of pure electro-osmotic flow. The solution is valid for both no slip and slip velocity at the walls and the chosen slip boundary condition is the linear Navier slip velocity model. The combined effects of fluid rheology, electro-osmotic and pressure gradient forcings on the fluid velocity distribution are also discussed.

Annular flow of viscoelastic fluids: Analytical and numerical solutions

This work provides analytical and numerical solutions for the linear, quadratic and exponential Phan–Thien–Tanner (PTT) viscoelastic models, for axial and helical annular fully-developed flows under no slip and slip boundary conditions, the latter given by the linear and nonlinear Navier slip laws. The rheology of the three PTT model functions is discussed together with the influence of the slip velocity upon the flow velocity and stress fields. For the linear PTT model, full analytical solutions for the inverse problem (unknown velocity) are devised for the linear Navier slip law and two different slip exponents. For the linear PTT model with other values of the slip exponent and for the quadratic PTT model, the polynomial equation for the radial location (β) of the null shear stress must be solved numerically. For both models, the solution of the direct problem is given by an iterative procedure involving three nonlinear equations, one for β, other for the pressure gradient and another for the torque per unit length. For the exponential PTT model we devise a numerical procedure that can easily compute the numerical solution of the pure axial flow problem

Seismic retrofit of masonry-to-timber connections in historical constructions

Tese de Doutoramento em Engenharia Civil.

Using polymers to improve the rutting resistance of asphalt concrete

This study assesses rutting on two types of modified asphalt mixtures containing: (i) amorphous polyolefin polymer and (ii) a particular polymer obtained by combining LDPE (low density polyethylene) and EVA (ethyl-vinyl-acetate). Rutting tests were performed by a wheel tracking device. Stiffness and fatigue tests were carried out to confirm the performance of the asphalt mixtures. The testing showed that polymer modification in this study improved rut resistance without compromising the stiffness and fatigue behavior. The rutting results were fit in the NCHRP 1-37A model and the in situ rutting performance of asphalt mixtures can be predicted.