Redu����o qu��mica e biol��gica do cromo hexavalente aplicado ao solo

Realizou-se um experimento em laborat��rio, com o objetivo de avaliar n��o s�� a redu����o do cromo hexavalente aplicado ao solo com ��nfase ao efeito da aplica����o de carbono org��nico, mangan��s divalente, mas tamb��m a participa����o da microbiota do solo. Utilizaram-se, como unidades experimentais, amostras de 50 g de um Argissolo, acondicionadas em sacos de polipropileno e incubadas durante 42 dias com calc��rio para elevar o pH a 6,0 (2,0 t ha-1 de CaCO3 + MgCO3 na propor����o de 2:1), Cr6+, esterco bovino e Mn2+ nas doses de 20, 50 e 40 mg kg-1, respectivamente. Metade das amostras foi sujeita �� esteriliza����o por autoclavagem com o objetivo de eliminar a atividade biol��gica. A aplica����o de esterco bovino e sulfato de mangan��s promoveu a total redu����o do cromo hexavalente para cromo trivalente (Cr6+ → Cr3+) no solo, em 42 dias. Os modelos, quadr��tico e exponencial, foram os que melhor descreveram a cin��tica de redu����o com o tempo. A redu����o do Cr6+ foi estimulada pela atividade microbiana, sendo 16% maior em amostras de solo n��o esterilizadas, que continham esterco bovino, em compara����o com as mesmas amostras esterilizadas por autoclavagem. Os resultados demonstraram que a descontamina����o do solo que cont��m teores t��xicos de Cr6+ pode ser viabilizada tanto pela incorpora����o de adubo org��nico como pela manuten����o de sua atividade biol��gica.

Influ��ncia da calagem no rendimento de mat��ria seca de plantas de cobertura e aduba����o verde, em casa de vegeta����o

A recupera����o de solos degradados �� lenta e onerosa. Plantas de cobertura de solo e aduba����o verde t��m sido amplamente utilizadas nesse processo de recupera����o, pois promovem alta produ����o de fitomassa com baixo custo, especialmente se forem tolerantes �� acidez. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito da calagem no rendimento de mat��ria seca de dezesseis dessas esp��cies, em casa de vegeta����o. Oito esp��cies de inverno (Lollium multiflorum, Avena strigosa, Lathyrus sativus, Lupinus angustifolius, Pisum sativum, Secale cereale, Vicia sativa e Vicia villosa) e oito de ver��o (Stizolobium niveum, Stizolobium aterrinum, Stizolobium deeringianum, Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria retusa, Crotalaria spectabilis, Cajanus cajan e Canavalia ensiformes) foram cultivadas em amostras da camada ar��vel de dois solos ��cidos catarinenses (Latossoso Bruno e Cambissolo H��mico), em Lages (SC), em 1997. Os tratamentos consistiram da aplica����o de doses de calc��rio equivalentes a 0, 0,25, 0,50, 1,00 e 1,50 vezes a quantidade recomendada pelo m��todo SMP para elevar o pH dos solos a 6,0. Os valores de Ca e Mg troc��veis aumentaram linearmente com a calagem e na mesma magnitude, ao redor de 3,0 mmol c kg-1 para cada incremento de 0,1 unidade de pH. O efeito da calagem no rendimento de mat��ria seca variou com o solo e, principalmente, com a esp��cie. Dez das 16 esp��cies n��o apresentaram aumento no rendimento de mat��ria seca com o aumento do pH, em pelo menos um dos solos, e somente cinco esp��cies responderam �� calagem de forma semelhante nos dois solos. O pH no qual as esp��cies tiveram a produ����o m��xima de mat��ria seca foi igual ou inferior a 5,5 em qualquer dos solos e foi normalmente menor no Cambissolo do que no Latossolo, provavelmente pelo efeito ben��fico da mat��ria org��nica em minimizar a toxidez do Al. Essas esp��cies podem, portanto, ser cultivadas com sucesso como melhoradoras das propriedades f��sicas, qu��micas e biol��gicas de solos ��cidos degradados e requerem, para a produ����o m��xima, menos calc��rio do que as doses atualmente recomendadas para a regi��o.

Calcium-sensing receptors modulate renin release in vivo and in vitro in the rat.

OBJECTIVES: Calcium-sensing receptors (CaSRs) have been localized in the juxtaglomerular apparatus where they may contribute to the regulation of renin release. In the present study, we investigated the in-vitro and in-vivo effects of the calcimimetic R-568 on renin release. METHODS: In vitro, the effect of calcimimetics on renin release was assessed by incubating freshly isolated rat juxtaglomerular cells with or without R-568 (1 and 10 mumol/l) in serum-free medium in the presence or absence of forskolin or CaCl2. In vivo, we measured the impact of R-568 (20 ng/min intravenously) on the acute changes in plasma renin activity (PRA) induced by either a 90 min infusion of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor captopril, or the beta-receptor agonist isoproterenol, or of a vehicle in or after a furosemide challenge in conscious Wistar rats. RESULTS: In vitro, R-568 dose-dependently blunted renin release, but also reduced the increase in renin due to forskolin (P < 0.01). Both isoproterenol and enalapril increased in vivo PRA to 3.1 +/- 0.3 and 3.7 +/- 0.5 ng Ang I/ml per h, respectively (P < 0.01), compared with vehicle (1.5 +/- 0.2 ng Ang I/ml per h). R-568 significantly reduced PRA to 2.1 +/- 0.1 ng/ml per h in isoproterenol-treated rats and to 1.6 +/- 0.2 ng/ml per h in enalapril-treated rats (P < 0.05). In low-salt treated animals, acute infusion of furosemide increased PRA from 8.7 +/- 3.2 to 18.6 +/- 2.3, whereas R-568 partially blunted this rise to 11.2 +/- 1.5 (P = 0.02). In vivo, R-568 significantly lowered serum calcium and PTH1-84, but the drug-induced changes in PRA were independent of the changes in calcium and parathyroid hormone. CONCLUSION: After the recent discovery of CaSRs in juxtaglomerular cells of mice, our results confirm the presence of such receptors in rats and demonstrate that these receptors modulate renin release both in vitro and in vivo. This suggests that CaSRs play a role as a regulatory pathway of renin release.

Uso alternativo da grade aradora superpesada na corre����o da acidez do solo em profundidade e na produ����o da aveia preta

A m��xima efici��ncia da calagem depende, al��m da qualidade do material corretivo, de uma incorpora����o adequada quanto �� profundidade e homogeneidade. Diante disto, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito dos modos de incorpora����o de calc��rio na produ����o da aveia preta e na corre����o da acidez no perfil do solo. Para isto, foi realizado um experimento em um Latossolo Vermelho distr��fico textura argilosa, na regi��o do Tri��ngulo Mineiro, em Uberl��ndia (MG), no per��odo de maio de 1995 a fevereiro de 1996. O delineamento experimental foi em parcelas subdivididas, com as parcelas principais organizadas em blocos, com tr��s repeti����es. As parcelas foram constitu��das pelos modos de incorpora����o do calc��rio: grade aradora pesada e grade niveladora GP+GN (14x34"); modo tradicional, com ara����o (4x26") e grade niveladora A+GN (60x22"); grade aradora superpesada e grade niveladora GSP+GN (14x34"); nas subparcelas, pelas doses de calc��rio dolom��tico, como se segue: D0 = zero de calc��rio; D1 = dose para elevar V = 70%; D2 = dose para elevar V = 100%, que corresponderam a 0; 6,0 e 9,2tha-1, respectivamente. O modo de incorpora����o do calc��rio influiu na efici��ncia da calagem no perfil do solo. A gradagem pesada n��o foi adequada para a incorpora����o do calc��rio. O arado de disco mais a gradagem niveladora tiveram desempenho satisfat��rio, atingindo at�� 0,20m de profundidade. A gradagem superpesada proporcionou maior uniformidade e profundidade de incorpora����o, com neutraliza����o da acidez do solo at�� 0,30m de profundidade.

Elevated serum uric acid is associated with high circulating inflammatory cytokines in the population-based Colaus study.

BACKGROUND: The relation of serum uric acid (SUA) with systemic inflammation has been little explored in humans and results have been inconsistent. We analyzed the association between SUA and circulating levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor- alpha (TNF-alpha) and C-reactive protein (CRP). METHODS AND FINDINGS: This cross-sectional population-based study conducted in Lausanne, Switzerland, included 6085 participants aged 35 to 75 years. SUA was measured using uricase-PAP method. Plasma TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 were measured by a multiplexed particle-based flow cytometric assay and hs-CRP by an immunometric assay. The median levels of SUA, IL-6, TNF-alpha, CRP and IL-1beta were 355 micromol/L, 1.46 pg/mL, 3.04 pg/mL, 1.2 mg/L and 0.34 pg/mL in men and 262 micromol/L, 1.21 pg/mL, 2.74 pg/mL, 1.3 mg/L and 0.45 pg/mL in women, respectively. SUA correlated positively with IL-6, TNF-alpha and CRP and negatively with IL-1beta (Spearman r: 0.04, 0.07, 0.20 and 0.05 in men, and 0.09, 0.13, 0.30 and 0.07 in women, respectively, P<0.05). In multivariable analyses, SUA was associated positively with CRP (beta coefficient +/- SE = 0.35+/-0.02, P<0.001), TNF-alpha (0.08+/-0.02, P<0.001) and IL-6 (0.10+/-0.03, P<0.001), and negatively with IL-1beta (-0.07+/-0.03, P = 0.027). Upon further adjustment for body mass index, these associations were substantially attenuated. CONCLUSIONS: SUA was associated positively with IL-6, CRP and TNF-alpha and negatively with IL-1beta, particularly in women. These results suggest that uric acid contributes to systemic inflammation in humans and are in line with experimental data showing that uric acid triggers sterile inflammation.

Propriedades f��sicas e qu��micas de solos incubados com res��duo alcalino da ind��stria de celulose

A ind��stria de celulose e papel descarta toneladas de res��duos com composi����o qu��mica variada. Certos res��duos est��o sendo utilizados por produtores rurais para corre����o da acidez do solo, pois apresentam hidr��xido em sua composi����o. Contudo, nenhum crit��rio �� adotado para quantificar a dose a ser utilizada, bem como para sua reaplica����o, o que pode acarretar problemas de dispers��o da argila, redu����o da estabilidade dos agregados e desbalan��o de nutrientes, comprometendo, dessa forma, propriedades f��sicas e qu��micas dos solos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as propriedades f��sicas e qu��micas de dois solos incubados com res��duo alcalino (dregs) da ind��stria de celulose. Foram utilizadas amostras da camada superficial de um Latossolo Bruno distr��fico e de um Cambissolo H��mico alum��nico incubadas com doses de res��duo alcalino equivalentes a 0, 12, 25, 35 e 50 % de carbonato de c��lcio necess��rio para elevar o pH da camada de 0-20 cm para 6,0. Foram analisados: a estabilidade de agregados, argila dispersa em ��gua, c��tions troc��veis, pH e o ponto de efeito salino nulo (PESN). O res��duo alcalino reduziu o teor e a satura����o por alum��nio e aumentou o pH e os teores de c��lcio, magn��sio, pot��ssio e s��dio troc��veis. Aumentou o potencial el��trico negativo de ambos os solos, mas reduziu o grau de flocula����o da argila apenas do Cambissolo H��mico alum��nico. Nesse solo, o grau de flocula����o foi negativamente relacionado com o potencial el��trico negativo (r = -0,93**). A redu����o do grau de flocula����o da argila se deve, provavelmente, �� maior repuls��o das part��culas que apresentam carga vari��vel com o pH. A estabilidade dos agregados n��o foi alterada pela adi����o do res��duo alcalino.

A Dose-Response Strategy Reveals Differences between Normal-Weight and Obese Men in Their Metabolic and Inflammatory Responses to a High-Fat Meal.

A dose-response strategy may not only allow investigation of the impact of foods and nutrients on human health but may also reveal differences in the response of individuals to food ingestion based on their metabolic health status. In a randomized crossover study, we challenged 19 normal-weight (BMI: 20-25 kg/m(2)) and 18 obese (BMI: >30 kg/m(2)) men with 500, 1000, and 1500 kcal of a high-fat (HF) meal (60.5% energy from fat). Blood was taken at baseline and up to 6 h postprandially and analyzed for a range of metabolic, inflammatory, and hormonal variables, including plasma glucose, lipids, and C-reactive protein and serum insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and endotoxin. Insulin was the only variable that could differentiate the postprandial response of normal-weight and obese participants at each of the 3 caloric doses. A significant response of the inflammatory marker IL-6 was only observed in the obese group after ingestion of the HF meal containing 1500 kcal [net incremental AUC (iAUC) = 22.9 �� 6.8 pg/mL �� 6 h, P = 0.002]. Furthermore, the net iAUC for triglycerides significantly increased from the 1000 to the 1500 kcal meal in the obese group (5.0 �� 0.5 mmol/L �� 6 h vs. 6.0 �� 0.5 mmol/L �� 6 h; P = 0.015) but not in the normal-weight group (4.3 �� 0.5 mmol/L �� 6 h vs. 4.8 �� 0.5 mmol/L �� 6 h; P = 0.31). We propose that caloric dose-response studies may contribute to a better understanding of the metabolic impact of food on the human organism. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01446068.

Nitrogen application timing and soil inorganic nitrogen dynamics under no-till oat/maize sequential cropping

The timing of N application to maize is a key factor to be considered in no-till oat/maize sequential cropping. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of pre-planting, planting and sidedress N application on oat residue decomposition, on soil N immobilisation and remineralisation and on N uptake by maize plants in no-till oat/maize sequential cropping. Undisturbed soil cores of 10 and 20 cm diameter were collected from the 0-15 cm layer of a no-till Red Latossol, when the oat cover crop was in the milk-grain stage. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted simultaneously. Experiment A, established in the 10 cm diameter cores and without plant cultivation, was used to asses N dynamics in soil and oat residues. Experiment B, established in the 20 cm diameter cores and with maize cultivation, was used to assess plant growth and N uptake. An amount of 6.0 Mg ha-1 dry matter of oat residues was spread on the surface of the cores. A rate of 90 kg N ha-1 applied as ammonium sulphate in both experiments was split in pre-planting, planting and sidedress applications as follows: (a) 00-00-00 (control), (b) 90-00-00 (pre-planting application, 20 days before planting), (c) 00-90-00 (planting application), (d) 00-30-60 (split in a planting and a sidedress application 31 days after emergence), (e) 00-00-00* (control, without oat residue) and (f) 90-00-00* (pre-planting application, without oat residue). The N concentration and N content in oat residues were not affected during decomposition by N fertilisation. Most of the fertiliser NH4+-N was converted into NO3--N within 20 days after application. A significant decrease in NO3--N contents in the 0-4 cm layer was observed in all treatments between 40 and 60 days after the oat residue placement on the soil surface, suggesting the occurrence of N immobilisation in this period. Considering that most of the inorganic N was converted into NO3- and that no immobilisation of the pre planting fertiliser N occurred at the time of its application, it was possible to conclude that pre-planting applied N was prone to losses by leaching. On the other hand, with split N applications, maize plants showed N deficiency symptoms before sidedress application. Two indications for fertiliser-N management in no-till oat/maize sequential cropping could be suggested: (a) in case of split application, the sidedress should be earlier than 30 days after emergence, and (b) if integral application is preferred to save field operations, this should be done at planting.

Reproducibility of 3D free-breathing magnetic resonance coronary vessel wall imaging.

AIMS: Although the coronary artery vessel wall can be imaged non-invasively using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the in vivo reproducibility of wall thickness measures has not been previously investigated. Using a refined magnetization preparation scheme, we sought to assess the reproducibility of three-dimensional (3D) free-breathing black-blood coronary MRI in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS: MRI vessel wall scans parallel to the right coronary artery (RCA) were obtained in 18 healthy individuals (age range 25-43, six women), with no known history of coronary artery disease, using a 3D dual-inversion navigator-gated black-blood spiral imaging sequence. Vessel wall scans were repeated 1 month later in eight subjects. The visible vessel wall segment and the wall thickness were quantitatively assessed using a semi-automatic tool and the intra-observer, inter-observer, and inter-scan reproducibilities were determined. The average imaged length of the RCA vessel wall was 44.5+/-7 mm. The average wall thickness was 1.6+/-0.2 mm. There was a highly significant intra-observer (r=0.97), inter-observer (r=0.94), and inter-scan (r=0.90) correlation for wall thickness (all P<0.001). There was also a significant agreement for intra-observer, inter-observer, and inter-scan measurements on Bland-Altman analysis. The intra-class correlation coefficients for intra-observer (r=0.97), inter-observer (r=0.92), and inter-scan (r=0.86) analyses were also excellent. CONCLUSION: The use of black-blood free-breathing 3D MRI in conjunction with semi-automated analysis software allows for reproducible measurements of right coronary arterial vessel-wall thickness. This technique may be well-suited for non-invasive longitudinal studies of coronary atherosclerosis.

��cidos org��nicos de baixo peso molecular e ��cidos h��micos e altera����es em algumas propriedades f��sicas e qu��micas de Latossolos, Plintossolo e Neossolo Quartzar��nico

Os ��cidos org��nicos provenientes da decomposi����o da mat��ria org��nica, da exsuda����o radicular e do metabolismo de microrganismos, possuem importante papel na melhoria das condi����es f��sicas e qu��micas do solo. Entretanto, sua efici��ncia est�� relacionada �� qualidade e �� forma dos ��cidos org��nicos e �� sua intera����o com col��ides do solo. Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito dos ��cidos org��nicos de alto e baixo peso molecular na altera����o de propriedades f��sicas e qu��micas de solos, foram coletados materiais de horizontes B de quatro Latossolos e um Plintossolo, e C de Neossolo Quartzar��nico. Para isso, foram utilizadas doses de ��cidos c��tricos e ox��licos de 0, 1, 3, 9 e 18 mmol L-1; e para os ��cidos h��micos, doses de 0,0; 2,0; 4,0; 6,0 e 10,0 g kg-1, num delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado seguindo um esquema fatorial de 6 x 3 x 5 (solo, ��cido e dose), com tr��s repeti����es. As doses utilizadas foram de 0, 1, 3, 9 e 18 mmol L-1 para os ��cidos c��trico e ox��lico e, para os ��cidos h��micos, de 0,0; 2,0; 4,0; 6,0; e 10,0 g kg-1. As unidades experimentais foram compostas de 25 cm�� de TFSA, colocadas em cilindros de PVC (2,0 cm de altura por 4,0 cm de di��metro). Estas foram mantidas em c��maras isot��rmicas a 30 °C e submetidas a ciclos de umedecimento e secagem de tr��s dias, por sete ciclos. Ao final do experimento foram determinados o teor de argila dispersa em ��gua, a resist��ncia �� penetra����o e os teores de Fe e Al por oxalato ��cido de am��nio. Os resultados mostraram que o conte��do de argila dispersa variou com o tipo e dose dos ��cidos org��nicos, textura e mineralogia dos solos, indicando que aqueles goeth��ticos apresentaram maior resist��ncia �� dispers��o que os hemat��ticos, e estes, por sua vez, maior resist��ncia que os gibbs��ticos. Com rela����o aos ��cidos, foi observado que os de cadeia curta promoveram maior dispers��o e resist��ncia �� penetra����o que os ��cidos de cadeia longa, podendo-se estabelecer a seguinte ordem, de acordo com seu efeito: ��cido c��trico > ��cido ox��lico > ��cidos h��micos. O conte��do de argila dispersa em ��gua mostrou ser o principal fator respons��vel pelo aumento da resist��ncia �� penetra����o.

Effectiveness of a drug dosing service provided by community pharmacists in polymedicated elderly patients with renal impairment a comparative study

Background: Drug dosing errors are common in renal-impaired patients. Appropriate dosing adjustment and drug selection is important to ensure patients" safety and to avoid adverse drug effects and poor outcomes. There are few studies on this issue in community pharmacies. The aims of this study were, firstly, to determine the prevalence of dosing inadequacy as a consequence of renal impairment in patients over 65 taking 3 or more drug products who were being attended in community pharmacies and, secondly, to evaluate the effectiveness of the community pharmacist"s intervention in improving dosing inadequacy in these patients when compared with usual care. Methods: The study was carried out in 40 Spanish community pharmacies. The study had two phases: the first, with an observational, multicentre, cross sectional design, served to determine the dosing inadequacy, the drug-related problems per patient and to obtain the control group. The second phase, with a controlled study with historical control group, was the intervention phase. When dosing adjustments were needed, the pharmacists made recommendations to the physicians. A comparison was made between the control and the intervention group regarding the prevalence of drug dosing inadequacy and the mean number of drug-related problems per patient. Results: The mean of the prevalence of drug dosing inadequacy was 17.5% [95% CI 14.6-21.5] in phase 1 and 15.5% [95% CI 14.5-16.6] in phase 2. The mean number of drug-related problems per patient was 0.7 [95% CI 0.5-0.8] in phase 1 and 0.50 [95% CI 0.4-0.6] in phase 2. The difference in the prevalence of dosing inadequacy between the control and intervention group before the pharmacists" intervention was 0.73% [95% CI (���6.0) - 7.5] and after the pharmacists" intervention it was 13.5% [95% CI 8.0 - 19.5] (p���<���0.001) while the difference in the mean of drug-related problems per patient before the pharmacists" intervention was 0.05 [95% CI( -0.2) - 0.3] and following the intervention it was 0.5 [95% CI 0.3 - 0.7] (p���<���0.001). Conclusion: A drug dosing adjustment service for elderly patients with renal impairment in community pharmacies can increase the proportion of adequate drug dosing, and improve the drug-related problems per patient. Collaborative practice with physicians can improve these results.

Avalia����o de atributos f��sicos e estoques de carbono e nitrog��nio em solos com queima e sem queima de canavial

O Brasil �� o maior produtor mundial de cana-de-a����car, de modo que mudan��as no seu manejo podem afetar sobremaneira o ambiente. H�� quase um s��culo, as pesquisas s��o baseadas em ��reas sob queima da biomassa foliar (palhada) dessa cultura. Mas a supress��o da queimada �� um novo conceito no manejo da palhada. Portanto, h�� poucos resultados sobre o manejo desse material. O objetivo do estudo foi comparar teores de C e N e estabilidade de agregados e densidade do solo nos manejos com queima (Cq) e sem queima (Sq) da palhada. Estudou-se um solo argiloso (Latossolo Vermelho = LVdf) e dois solos arenosos (Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo = PVAd e Neossolo Quartzar��nico = RQo) submetidos aos manejos Cq e Sq. Em cada solo foi estabelecida uma ��rea experimental em blocos ao acaso com seis repeti����es. A quantidade de palhada adicionada em tr��s colheitas foi 40 t ha-1 em mat��ria seca e, um ano ap��s a terceira colheita, a acumula����o foi 4,5 t ha-1 (11 %) no LVdf e 3,6 t ha-1 (9 %) no RQo. Isso representou 1,60 e 1,35 t ha-1 em C e 0,022 e 0,021 t ha-1 em N, respectivamente. Houve aumento no teor de C nos solos Sq, concorrendo em seq��estro de C na camada 0-20 cm de 6,3 e 4,7 t ha-1, respectivamente em LVdf e RQo. Assim, a taxa de seq��estro de C no compartimento cobertura + solo (0-20 cm) foi de 2,63 e 2,02 t ha-1 ano-1 no LVdf e RQo, respectivamente. Tamb��m houve aumento no teor de macroagregados em solos Sq comparados a solos Cq: 814 e 693 g kg-1 no LVdf e 516 e 420 g kg-1 no RQo. Ocorreu compacta����o superficial no PVAd e RQo em decorr��ncia do uso de m��quina colhedora em solo Sq. Nos solos estudados, o manejo sem queima da cana-de-a����car resultou em melhorias nas propriedades dos solos e promoveu seq��estro de C e N na cobertura e nas camadas superficiais dos solos.

Disponibilidade, ac��mulo e toxidez de c��dmio e zinco em milho cultivado em solo contaminado

O crescente ac��mulo de metais pesados em solos, como conseq����ncia de atividades antr��picas, tem causado grande interesse nos estudos de extratores destes elementos, bem como no estabelecimento de seus n��veis t��xicos cr��ticos em solos. Um experimento foi realizado em casa de vegeta����o com os objetivos de: (a) estudar a efici��ncia de diferentes extratores (DTPA, EDTA, Mehlich-1 e Mehlich-3) na avalia����o da disponibilidade de Cd e Zn para plantas de milho cultivadas em solo corrigido e n��o corrigido com calc��rio; (b) avaliar o efeito da aplica����o de Cd e Zn no crescimento e ac��mulo desses metais em plantas de milho, e (c) identificar sintomas visuais de toxidez e altera����es anat��micas em folhas e ra��zes de milho expostas a esses metais. Para tanto, plantas de milho foram cultivadas durante 30 dias em um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo que recebeu doses crescentes de Cd (0, 1, 3, 5, 10 e 20 mg kg-1) ou de Zn (0, 10, 30, 50, 100 e 150 mg kg-1) com ou sem uma dose de calc��rio necess��ria �� eleva����o do pH a 6,0. Ao final do per��odo de cultivo, as plantas foram analisadas quanto aos teores de Cd e Zn, os quais foram correlacionados com os teores desses no solo por ocasi��o do plantio. Correla����es altamente significativas foram encontradas entre todos os extratores testados e os teores de metais absorvidos pelas plantas. O aumento das doses de metais promoveu redu����o da produ����o de biomassa, al��m de aumentar o conte��do destes metais nas plantas. Os n��veis cr��ticos t��xicos de Cd para o Argissolo variaram de 8,7 a 13,1 mg kg-1, enquanto para Zn esses valores situaram-se entre 74,1 e 110,7 mg kg-1, respectivamente, para solos com e sem calagem, dependendo do extrator considerado. Os sintomas visuais de toxidez de Cd foram clorose, encarquilhamento e enrolamento de folhas. Para Zn, os sintomas t��xicos mais comuns foram clorose internerval e marginal, associada �� necrose no ��pice e margens das folhas. O aumento da lignifica����o das paredes celulares da epiderme e col��nquima, do tecido vascular e da endoderme foi associado a n��veis cr��ticos t��xicos de Cd e de Zn no solo.

Mental disorders in offspring of parents with bipolar and major depressive disorders.

OBJECTIVES: There is limited information on the specificity of associations between parental bipolar disorder (BPD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) and the risk of psychopathology in offspring. The chief aim of the present study was to investigate the association between mood disorder subtypes in the two parents and mental disorders in the offspring. METHODS: A total of 376 offspring (aged 6.0-17.9 years; mean=11.5years) of 72 patients with BPD (139 offspring), 56 patients with MDD (110 offspring), and 66 controls (127 offspring) participated in a family study conducted in two university hospital centers in Switzerland. Probands, offspring, and biological co-parents were interviewed by psychologists blind to proband diagnoses, using a semi-structured diagnostic interview. RESULTS: Rates of mood and anxiety disorders were elevated among offspring of BPD probands (34.5% any mood; 42.5% any anxiety) and MDD probands (25.5% any mood; 44.6% any anxiety) as compared to those of controls (12.6% any mood; 22.8% any anxiety). Moreover, recurrent MDD was more frequent among offspring of BPD probands (7.9%) than those of controls (1.6%). Parental concordance for bipolar spectrum disorders was associated with a further elevation in the rates of mood disorders in offspring (64.3% both parents versus 27.2% one parent). CONCLUSIONS: &#8194; These findings provide unique information on the broad manifestations of parental mood disorders in their offspring. The earlier onset and increased risk of recurrent MDD in the offspring of parents with BPD compared to those of controls suggests that the episodicity characterizing BPD may emerge in childhood and adolescence.

Does gender really matter in cathlab

Purpose: Results of some PCI clinical trials indicated more procedure related complications and worse clinical outcomes in women than men, but due to a lower representation of female patients this question still remains open. We aimed toinvestigate characteristics and early and late clinical outcomes in female patients as compared to male when treated in a real life setting with a new generation DES.Methods: Among 3069 consecutive patients treated with Nobori DES, and enrolled in NOBORI 2 study, 675 were female. The primary endpoint of the study is target lesion failure (TLF), a composite of cardiac death, MI and target lesion revascularization (TLR) at 12 months. Data are entered in an electronic database; all adverse events are adjudicated by an independent clinical event committee and independent corelabs analyse all angiograms.Results: Compared to male patients, female patients were significantly older (68��10 vs �� 63��11 years; p&lt;0.001), had higher incidence of diabetes (37% vs 27%; p&lt;0.001) and hypertension (75% vs 66%; p&lt;0.001), but lower frequency of previous MI, PCI/CABG and smoking history. Lesion characteristics were similar in two genders, except for lesions located at bifurcation which were more frequent inmale patients (22% vs 15% inmale and female patients respectively; p&lt;0.001). Majority of QCA assessed parameters were similar with the exception for RVD, post-procedure MLD in-segment and %DS in-stent which were significantly lower in female patients (p&lt;0.05 for all). In table 1 results at 6 months follow-up are presented and at the time of presentation 1 year results will be available. Table 1. Clinical results at 6 months follow-up Male (n=2394) Female (n=675) P value Cardiac Death 12 (0.5%) 5 (0.7%) 0.5550 MI 5 (2.1%) 4 (1.3%) 0.5089 TLR rate 17 (0.7%) 13 (1.9%) 0.0124 TLF rate 44 (1.8%) 17 (2.5%) 0.2745 Stent Thrombosis 12 (0.5%) 6 (0.9%) 0.2548Conclusions: Results indicate that there are differences in the demographics and risk factors in female and male patient's population. The frequency of adverse events at 6 months is low in both populations, showing trend toward slightly higher rate in female patients, particularly for target lesion revascularization.