O pátio escolar do ensino fundamental como ambiente de brincar segundo as crianças usuárias

The intention of the present study was to analyze the adequacy of the playground of elementary schools, according to the point of view of the child student, direct user of this type of environment, what estimated its critical in respect to these spaces and aimed at to contribute for its improvement. Many studies have analyzed the quality of the physical environment available for activities of leisure in specific places for children, focusing in the influence of the physical space in the interpersonal relationships and the comfort and satisfaction generated by the physical characteristics of these spaces. Concern with scholar environment, specially the interest on playgrounds, has been subject of recent studies; however, little attention has been given to the opinion of the user-child in relation to this school environment. In this inquiry of the playground of two state schools of 1ª to 4ª series of elementary school in the city of Piracicaba, SP, was used: assystematics observations, photographic register of the studied environments, interviews with child-users and behavioral mapping. The main subjects resulting from the analysis of the interviews content were: adaptation, density and interpersonal relationships, and infantile confinement. The results revealed the unsatisfactory conditions of the courtyards, in respect to person-environment relationship. The children demonstrated to be critical, creative and responsible when answering questions related to the quality of the school courtyard. This finding confirms previous studies and leads to the conclusion that the child, as the direct user, should be included as an excellent source of consultation in the planning of the constructed environment

Structural damage identification and location using grammian matrices

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Teoria da Ruína em um Modelo de Markov com dois Estados

In this work, we present a risk theory application in the following scenario: In each period of time we have a change in the capital of the ensurance company and the outcome of a two-state Markov chain stabilishs if the company pays a benece it heat to one of its policyholders or it receives a Hightimes c > 0 paid by someone buying a new policy. At the end we will determine once again by the recursive equation for expectation the time ruin for this company

Enrofloxacin assay validation and pharmacokinetics following a single oral dose in chickens

The pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin (ENRO), a fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agent, was studied in male broiler chickens (Cobb) after single oral administration of 10 mg of ENRO/kg b.w. A high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector (DAD) (HPLC-DAD) method was developed and validated and used for quantitation of ENRO and its major metabolite ciprofloxacin in plasma. The HPLC analyses were carried out using a cationic-octadecyl mixed column and 0.05 mol/L phosphate buffer (pH 2.5)/acetonitrile as mobile phase. The sample preparation of plasma consisted of the precipitation of proteins followed by solid phase extraction on cationic-octadecyl mixed cartridges. The method was validated considering linear range, linearity, selectivity, sensitivity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), intra- and inter-day precisions and accuracy. The LOD and LOQ for both fluoroquinolones were 60 and 200 ng/mL for plasma. The plasma concentration vs. time graph was characteristic of a two-compartment open model. The maximal plasma concentration of 1.5 +/- 0.2 mg/mL was achieved at 9 +/- 2 h. The elimination half-life and the mean residence time of ENRO were 1.5 +/- 0.2 and 15.64 h, respectively. The area under the concentration-time curve was calculated as 35 +/- 4 mg(.)h/mL.

The effect of implant design on insertion torque and immediate micromotion

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of insertion torque on micromotion to a lateral force in three different implant designs. Material and methods: Thirty-six implants with identical thread design, but different cutting groove design were divided in three groups: (1) non-fluted (no cutting groove, solid screw-form); (2) fluted (901 cut at the apex, tap design); and (3) Blossomt (Patent pending) (non-fluted with engineered trimmed thread design). The implants were screwed into polyurethane foam blocks and the insertion torque was recorded after each turn of 901 by a digital torque gauge. Controlled lateral loads of 10N followed by increments of 5 up to 100N were sequentially applied by a digital force gauge on a titanium abutment. Statistical comparison was performed with two-way mixed model ANOVA that evaluated implant design group, linear effects of turns and displacement loads, and their interaction. Results: While insertion torque increased as a function of number of turns for each design, the slope and final values increased (Po0.001) progressively from the Blossomt to the fluted to the non-fluted design (M +/- standard deviation [SD] = 64.1 +/- 26.8, 139.4 +/- 17.2, and 205.23 +/- 24.3 Ncm, respectively). While a linear relationship between horizontal displacement and lateral force was observed for each design, the slope and maximal displacement increased (Po0.001) progressively from the Blossomt to the fluted to the non-fluted design (M +/- SD 530 +/- 57.7, 585.9 +/- 82.4, and 782.33 +/- 269.4 mm, respectively). There was negligible to moderate levels of association between insertion torque and lateral displacement in the Blossomt, fluted and non-fluted design groups, respectively. Conclusion: Insertion torque was reduced in implant macrodesigns that incorporated cutting edges, and lesser insertion torque was generally associated with decreased micromovement. However, insertion torque and micromotion were unrelated within implant designs, particularly for those designs showing the least insertion torque.

O atletismo nos cursos de graduação em Educação Física

This study has the purpose to investigate the characteristics and the role of the athletics-related sports disciplines in four Physical Education undergraduate courses. In order to reach the goal, it was conducted as a qualitative-type research. Data was collected through documental analysis on disciplines briefings and programs, and also from classes observations and interviews with professors and students from the institutions (two State-boarded and two private) responsible for the courses. Through these analyses it was perceived that those disciplines have surpassed some characteristics of the traditional undergraduate program, which is based on sports. Regarding the role of the disciplines, it was noted that professors consider them as responsible for providing students with basic conditions, so they could benefit from sports as instrumental subjects for their professional intervention.

CP violation conditions in N-Higgs-doublet potentials

Conditions for CP violation in the scalar potential sector of general N-Higgs-doublet models are analyzed from a group theoretical perspective. For the simplest two-Higgs-doublet model potential, a minimum set of conditions for explicit and spontaneous CP violation is presented. The conditions can be given a clear geometrical interpretation in terms of quantities in the adjoint representation of the basis transformation group for the two doublets. Such conditions depend on CP-odd pseudoscalar invariants. When the potential is CP invariant, the explicit procedure to reach the real CP-basis and the explicit CP transformation can also be obtained. The procedure to find the real basis and the conditions for CP violation are then extended to general N-Higgs-doublet model potentials. The analysis becomes more involved and only a formal procedure to reach the real basis is found. Necessary conditions for CP invariance can still be formulated in terms of group invariants: the CP-odd generalized pseudoscalars. The problem can be completely solved for three Higgs-doublets.

T-duality of axial and vector dyonic integrable models

A general construction of affine nonabelian (NA)-Toda models in terms of the axial and vector gauged two loop WZNW model is discussed. They represent integrable perturbations of the conformal sigma -models (with tachyons included) describing (charged) black hole type string backgrounds. We study the off-critical T-duality between certain families of axial and vector type integrable models for the case of affine NA-Toda theories with one global U(1) symmetry. In particular we find the Lie algebraic condition defining a subclass of T-selfdual torsionless NA-Toda models and their zero curvature representation. (C) 2001 Academic Press.

MECHANISM OF ACTION OF COBALT IONS ON RAT OSSEOUS PLATE ALKALINE-PHOSPHATASE

Polidocanol-solubilized osseous plate alkaline phosphatase was modulated by cobalt ions in a similar way as by magnesium ions. For concentrations up to 1 mu M, the Chelex-treated enzyme was stimulated by cobalt ions, showing K-d = 6.0 mu M, V = 977.5 U/mg, and site-site interactions (n = 2.5). Cobalt-enzyme was highly unstable at 37 degrees C, following a biphasic inactivation process with inactivation constants of about 0.0625 and 0.0015 min(-1). Cobalt ions stimulated the enzyme synergistically in the presence of magnesium ions (K-d = 5.0 mu M; V = 883.0 U/mg) or in the presence of zinc ions (K-d = 75.0 mu M; V = 1102 U/mg). A steady-state kinetic model for the modulation of enzyme activity by cobalt ions is proposed.

Mechanism of the Yb-Er energy transfer in fluorozirconate glass

The mechanism of the Yb(3+)-->Er(3+) energy transfer as a function of the donor and the acceptor concentration was investigated in Yb(3+)-Er(3+) codoped fluorozirconate glass. The luminescence decay curves were measured and analyzed by monitoring the Er(3+)((4)I(11/2)) fluorescence induced by the Yb(3+)((2)F(5/2)) excitation. The energy transfer microparameters were determined and used to estimate the Yb-Er transfer rate of an energy transfer process assisted by excitation migration among donors state (diffusion model). The experimental transfer rates were determined from the best fitting of the acceptor luminescence decay obtained using a theoretical approach analog to that one used in the Inokuti-Hirayama model for the donor luminescence decay. The obtained values of transfer parameter gamma [gamma(exp)] were always higher than that predicted by the Inokuti-Hirayama model. Also, the experimental transfer rate, gamma(2)(exp), was observed to be higher than the transfer rate predicted by the migration model. Assuming a random distribution among excited donors at the initial time (t=0) and that a fast excitation migration, which occurs in a very short time (t

Evaluation of in vitro gas production of roughages and their mixtures using the curves subtraction method

The in vitro gas production of four single roughages and their paired combinations (1:1 on dry matter basis) were evaluated. Two roughage samples (100 mg) per treatment were fermented with ruminal fluid during a 48 h incubation period. Total 48 h gas volumes of fermentation dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and soluble compounds in neutral detergent (NDS) were for sugarcane = 16.8, 11.2, 6.9 mL; sugarcane + corn silage = 20.1, 12.6, 9.1 mL; sugarcane + 60-day elephantgrass = 16.5, 17.6 mL; sugarcane + 180-day elephantgrass = 13.8, 8.2, 5.9 mL; corn silage = 18.8, 16.8, 4.7 mL; corn silage + 60-day elephantgrass = 16.3, 15.4, 2.4 mL; corn silage + 180-day elephantgrass = 16.1, 11.8, 4.2 mL; 60-day elephantgrass = 16.9, 19.0 mL and 180-day elephantgrass = fermented 10.7, 12.2 mL, respectively. The NDS gas production was not possible to estimate for sugarcane + 60-day elephantgrass, 60-day elephantgrass and 180-day elephantgrass. The present data shows that the curves subtraction method can be an option to evaluate the contribution of the soluble fractions in roughages to digestion kinetics. However, this method underestimates the NDS gas contribution when roughages are low in crude protein and soluble carbohydrates. It is advisable to directly apply the two-compartmental mathematical model to the digestion curves for roughage DM, when determining the NDS gas volume and the digestion rate. This method is more straightforward and accurate when compared to the curve subtraction method. Non-structural carbohydrates combined with fiber and protein promoted a positive associative effect in sugarcane + corn silage (50:50) mixture. Therefore, it can be concluded that the soluble fraction of roughages greatly contributes to gas production. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A hierarchy of adaptive (X)over-bar control charts

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Transcriptome architecture across tissues in the pig

Background: Artificial selection has resulted in animal breeds with extreme phenotypes. As an organism is made up of many different tissues and organs, each with its own genetic programme, it is pertinent to ask: How relevant is tissue in terms of total transcriptome variability? Which are the genes most distinctly expressed between tissues? Does breed or sex equally affect the transcriptome across tissues?Results: In order to gain insight on these issues, we conducted microarray expression profiling of 16 different tissues from four animals of two extreme pig breeds, Large White and Iberian, two males and two females. Mixed model analysis and neighbor - joining trees showed that tissues with similar developmental origin clustered closer than those with different embryonic origins. Often a sound biological interpretation was possible for overrepresented gene ontology categories within differentially expressed genes between groups of tissues. For instance, an excess of nervous system or muscle development genes were found among tissues of ectoderm or mesoderm origins, respectively. Tissue accounted for similar to 11 times more variability than sex or breed. Nevertheless, we were able to confidently identify genes with differential expression across tissues between breeds (33 genes) and between sexes (19 genes). The genes primarily affected by sex were overall different than those affected by breed or tissue. Interaction with tissue can be important for differentially expressed genes between breeds but not so much for genes whose expression differ between sexes.Conclusion: Embryonic development leaves an enduring footprint on the transcriptome. The interaction in gene x tissue for differentially expressed genes between breeds suggests that animal breeding has targeted differentially each tissue's transcriptome.

Color evaporation induced rapidity gaps

We show that soft color rearrangement of final states can account for the appearance of rapidity gaps between jets. In the color evaporation model the probability to form a gap is simply determined by the color multiplicity of the final state. This model has no free parameters and reproduces all data obtained by the ZEUS, H1, DØ, and CDF Collaborations. ©1999 The American Physical Society.

Color evaporation induced rapidity gaps

We show that soft color rearrangement of final states can account for the appearance of rapidity gaps between jets. In the color evaporation model the probability to form a gap is simply determined by the color multiplicity of the final state. This model has no free parameters and reproduces all data obtained by the ZEUS, H1, DØ, and CDF collaborations. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.