Reliure de : Traité de la connoissance des animaux, où tout ce qui a esté dict pour et contre le raisonnement des bestes est examiné par le sieur (M. Cureau) de La Chambre,...

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Prominent use of distal 5' transcription start sites and discovery of a large number of additional exons in ENCODE regions.

This report presents systematic empirical annotation of transcript products from 399 annotated protein-coding loci across the 1% of the human genome targeted by the Encyclopedia of DNA elements (ENCODE) pilot project using a combination of 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) and high-density resolution tiling arrays. We identified previously unannotated and often tissue- or cell-line-specific transcribed fragments (RACEfrags), both 5' distal to the annotated 5' terminus and internal to the annotated gene bounds for the vast majority (81.5%) of the tested genes. Half of the distal RACEfrags span large segments of genomic sequences away from the main portion of the coding transcript and often overlap with the upstream-annotated gene(s). Notably, at least 20% of the resultant novel transcripts have changes in their open reading frames (ORFs), most of them fusing ORFs of adjacent transcripts. A significant fraction of distal RACEfrags show expression levels comparable to those of known exons of the same locus, suggesting that they are not part of very minority splice forms. These results have significant implications concerning (1) our current understanding of the architecture of protein-coding genes; (2) our views on locations of regulatory regions in the genome; and (3) the interpretation of sequence polymorphisms mapping to regions hitherto considered to be "noncoding," ultimately relating to the identification of disease-related sequence alterations.

Spatial variation in the temporal change of male and female melanic ornamentation in the barn owl.

Because the magnitude of selection can vary between sexes and in space and time, sexually antagonistic selection is difficult to demonstrate. In a Swiss population of barn owls (Tyto alba), a heritable eumelanic colour trait (size of black spots on ventral feathers) was positively selected with respect to yearling survival only in females. It remains unclear whether the absence of negative selection in males is typical in this species. To tackle this issue indirectly, we measured the size of black spots in 1733 skin specimens collected by museums from 1816 to 2001 in seven European countries and in the Middle-East. The temporal change in spot size was sex- and country-specific. In males, spots became smaller particularly in three countries (Middle-East, Italy and Switzerland). In females, the size of spots increased significantly in two countries (UK and Spain) and decreased in two others (Germany and Switzerland). Because migration and phenotypic plasticity cannot explain these results, selection is the most likely cause. The weaker temporal change in spot size in females than males may be because of the combined effect of strong genetic correlation between the sexes and stronger negative selection in males than positive selection in females. We thus suggest that in the barn owl, spot size (or genetically correlated traits) is sexually antagonistically selected and that its pattern of selection may account for the maintenance of its variation and sexual dimorphism.

[Illustrations de Traité élémentaire de chimie, présenté dans un ordre nouveau et d'après les découvertes modernes, avec figures] / Paulze Lavoisier, grav. ; Antoine Laurent de Lavoiser, aut. du texte

Comprend : [Volume I. Bandeau au folio A : instruments de chimie, compas, sphère armillaires et globes terrestres, engins élévateurs.] [Cote : R 17237-17238/Microfilm R 132983 et 122179] ; [pl. dépl. 1 à la fin du volume II : instruments de chimie. Mortiers, passoirs, râpes etc...] [Cote : R 17237-17238/Microfilm R 132983 et 122179] ; [pl. dépl. II à la fin du volume II : instruments de chimie. Entonnoirs, fioles, bouteilles, terrines de grès, grand cuvier, chaudron...] [Cote : R 17237-17238/Microfilm R 132983 et 122179] ; [pl. dépl. III à la fin du volume II : instruments de chimie. Chauffeau, distillateurs, flacons, capsules de verre, cucurbite de verre ou de grès etc...] [Cote : R 17237-17238/Microfilm R 132983 et 122179] ; [pl. dépl. IV à la fin du volume II : instruments de chimie. Chauffeau, distillateurs, flacons, alambic, cornue de verre tubulée, ballons de verre blanc ou de cristal, appareil ou colonne au mercure, matras à cul-plat dit Enfer de Boyle etc...] [Cote : R 17237-17238/Microfilm R 132983 et 122179] ; [pl. dépl. VI à la fin du volume II : matériel de chimie. Cuve ou distillateur...] [Cote : R 17237-17238/Microfilm R 132983 et 122179] ; [pl. dépl. VII à la fin du volume II : matériel de chimie. Cuves, cornue tubulée, fourneau et bombonesetc...] [Cote : R 17237-17238/Microfilm R 132983 et 122179] ; [pl. dépl. VIII à la fin du volume II : matériel de chimie. Gazomètre.] [Cote : R 17237-17238/Microfilm R 132983 et 122179] ; [pl. dépl. IX à la fin du volume II Partie 1 : matériel de chimie. Distillateur. Cornues. Ballons. Serpentin. Lampe à esprit-de-vin à la Quinquet.] [Cote : R 17237-17238/Microfilm R 132983 et 122179] ; [pl. dépl. IX à la fin du volume II Partie 2 : matériel de chimie. Distillateur. Cornues. Ballons. Serpentin. Lampe à esprit-de-vin à la Quinquet.] [Cote : R 17237-17238/Microfilm R 132983 et 122179] ; [pl. dépl. X à la fin du volume II Partie 1 : matériel de chimie pour les fermentations vineuses et putrides. Distillateur. Cornues. Ballons. Grand matras, virole de cuivre etc...] [Cote : R 17237-17238/Microfilm R 132983 et 122179] ; [pl. dépl. X à la fin du volume II Partie 2 : matériel de chimie pour les fermentations vineuses et putrides. Distillateur. Cornues. Ballons. Grand matras, virole de cuivre etc...] [Cote : R 17237-17238/Microfilm R 132983 et 122179] ; [pl. dépl. XI à la fin du volume II Partie 1 : matériel de chimie. Distillateur. Serpentin. Tube déliquescent. Cornues. Gazomètre.] [Cote : R 17237-17238/Microfilm R 132983 et 122179] ; [pl. dépl. XI à la fin du volume II Partie 2 : matériel de chimie. Distillateur. Serpentin. Tube déliquescent. Cornues. Gazomètre.] [Cote : R 17237-17238/Microfilm R 132983 et 122179] ; [pl. dépl. XIII à la fin du volume II : matériel de chimie. Fourneaux de réverbère. Bain de sable sous une couverture de terre cuite. Soufflet. Cornues.] [Cote : R 17237-17238/Microfilm R 132983 et 122179]

Condition-dependent expression of melanin-based coloration in the Eurasian kestrel.

Melanin is the most common pigment in animal integuments and is responsible for some of the most striking ornaments. A central tenet of sexual selection theory states that melanin-based traits can signal absolute individual quality in any environment only if their expression is condition-dependent. Significant costs imposed by an ornament would ensure that only the highest quality individuals display the most exaggerated forms of the signal. Firm evidence that melanin-based traits can be condition-dependent is still rare in birds. In an experimental test of this central assumption, we report condition-dependent expression of a melanin-based trait in the Eurasian kestrel (Falco tinnunculus). We manipulated nestling body condition by reducing or increasing the number of nestlings soon after hatching. A few days before fledging, we measured the width of sub-terminal black bands on the tail feathers. Compared to nestlings from enlarged broods, individuals raised in reduced broods were in better condition and thereby developed larger sub-terminal bands. Furthermore, in 2 years, first-born nestlings also developed larger sub-terminal bands than their younger siblings that are in poorer condition. This demonstrates that expression of melanin-based traits can be condition-dependent.

Physiology, assessment, and disorders of the pupil.

Proper examination of the pupil provides an objective measure of the integrity of the pregeniculate afferent visual pathway and allows assessment of sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation to the eye. Infrared videography and pupillography are increasingly used to study the dynamic behavior of the pupil in common disorders, such as Horner's syndrome and tonic pupil.