Verificación experimental de las correlaciones de transferencia de calor por ebullición en película, en piscina, en torno a esferas

La ebullición en película es el mecanismo de transferencia de calor básico que acopla térmicamente un líquido y una superficie caliente cuando existe una gran diferencia de temperatura entre ambos. El conocimiento preciso del comportamiento de este mecanismo térmico en torno a esferas es necesario para el análisis de seguridad de escenarios industriales en los que exista contacto entre un líquido y un material fundido fragmentado, generalmente en piezas esferoidales, y resulta esencial para garantizar la seguridad de los reactores nucleares ante escenarios accidentales de muy baja probabilidad, pero de gran severidad, en los que se postule la rotura en guillotina del circuito de refrigeración del reactor simultánea al fallo total activo del sistema de refrigeración de emergencia del núcleo. En tal hipotético escenario, se produciría la fusión del combustible en el plazo de algunas horas, con dispersión y relocalización de fragmentos sólidos esferoidales a muy alta temperatura. Para hacer frente a este escenario se precisa desarrollar procedimientos automáticos y manuales de operación de emergencia, resultando imprescindible disponer de modelos térmicos confiables, con un calificado soporte experimental, que permitan analizar de forma realista la refrigeración por ebullición en película, en modo ebullición en piscina, de las geometrías esferoidales sólidas resultantes. En el presente trabajo UNET-UPM abordan la verificación de las correlaciones más conocidas para ebullición en película en piscina en torno a esferas, mediante la comparación de las mismas con los resultados experimentales obtenidos por Liu-Theofanous. Algunos de los aspectos resaltantes son la limitada aplicabilidad de la correlación empírica de Frederking-Clark, el buen ajuste que muestran las correlaciones de Tou- Tso y de Grigoriew frente a los datos experimentales usados, y las deficiencias que muestran las correlaciones que toman en cuenta el subenfriamiento del líquido, sobre todo a altos niveles de subenfriamiento. En una futura segunda fase de esta investigación, de tipo analítica-numérica-experimental, se abordará en el desarrollo de nuevas correlaciones semi-empíricas, de mejor ajuste, que permitan una mejor capacidad predictiva en los modelos.

Compatison of S-SI, A-SI and CDTE technologies wording at the same conditions, after the first year of electricity production

Grid connected solar plants are a good opportunity for their use for research as a secondary objective. In countries were feed-in tariffs are still active, it is possible to include in the design of the solar plant elements for its use for research. In the case of the solar plant presented here both objectives are covered. The solar plant of this work is formed by PV modules of three different technologies: Multicrystalline, amorphous and CdTe. In one part of the solar plant, the three technologies are working at the same conditions, not only ambient conditions but also similar voltage and current input to the inverters. Both the commercial and the experimental parts of the solar plant have their own independent inverters with their meters but are finally connected to the same meter to inject. In this work we analyse the results for the first year of operation of the experimental solar plant. Productions of three different technologies in exactly the same conditions are compared and presented. According to the results, all the three technologies have conversion efficiencies dropping when the temperature increases. Amorphous module experiences the lesser reduction, whereas the multicrystalline module suffers the most.

ESPÍRITOS DO UNIVERSO RESPONSÁVEIS PELO DESTINO: ESTUDO EXEGÉTICO EM COLOSSENSES 2.8-3.4

Esta dissertação de mestrado analisará a expressão grega ta. stoicei/a tou/ ko,smou, “os elementos do mundo”, que ocorre na carta de Colossenses nos versículos 8 e 20 do segundo capítulo. Será feito um estudo exegético na perícope bíblica 2.8-3.4 da referida carta, bem como uma análise histórica especificamente do termo stoicei/a. O estudo desta expressão é importante para poder se compreender a filosofia colossense mencionada em Cl 2.8. A igreja cristã na cidade de Colossos estava inserida em um contexto social religioso sincrético. Esse sincretismo é percebido claramente em textos de magia como os Papiros Mágicos Gregos, muito comuns na região da Ásia Menor, a mesma onde a igreja colossense estava situada. O sincretismo religioso, envolvendo crenças judaicas e pagãs, reflete as bases dessa filosofia. O autor da carta aos Colossenses refuta a crença nos “elementos do mundo”, bem como a subserviência aos mesmos. Dentre outras crenças, acreditava-se que esses “elementos” poderiam influenciar os acontecimentos sobre a terra e o destino das pessoas. Questões que envolvem práticas acéticas, adoração a anjos e observância de calendário litúrgico, dão os contornos dessa filosofia. O autor da carta enfatiza o senhorio de Cristo, bem como as obras dele em favor dos cristãos colossenses, que proporcionavam a eles, segurança quanto a terem um bom destino. E, além disso, é assegurada uma liberdade aos cristãos colossenses que não podia lhes ser cerceada por quaisquer outras crenças religiosas. Então, as obras de Cristo, bem como o seu senhorio, são os principais argumentos utilizados pelo autor da carta, a fim de afirmar aos cristãos em Colossos que eles não precisam mais temer o destino e nem se submeter aos “elementos do mundo”.

The Economics of EU Railway Reform. Bruges European Economic Policy (BEEP) Briefing 8/2004

The EU began railway reform in earnest around the turn of the century. Two ‘railway packages’ have meanwhile been adopted amounting to a series of directives and a third package has been proposed. A range of complementary initiatives has been undertaken or is underway. This BEEP Briefing inspects the main economic aspects of EU rail reform. After highlighting the dramatic loss of market share of rail since the 1960s, the case for reform is argued to rest on three arguments: the need for greater competitiveness of rail, promoting the (market driven) diversion of road haulage to rail as a step towards sustainable mobility in Europe, and an end to the disproportional claims on public budgets of Member States. The core of the paper deals respectively with market failures in rail and in the internal market for rail services; the complex economic issues underlying vertical separation (unbundling) and pricing options; and the methods, potential and problems of introducing competition in rail freight and in passenger services. Market failures in the rail sector are several (natural monopoly, economies of density, safety and asymmetries of information), exacerbated by no less than 7 technical and legal barriers precluding the practical operation of an internal rail market. The EU choice to opt for vertical unbundling (with benefits similar in nature as in other network industries e.g. preventing opaque cross-subsidisation and greater cost revelation) risks the emergence of considerable coordination costs. The adoption of marginal cost pricing is problematic on economic grounds (drawbacks include arbitrary cost allocation rules in the presence of large economies of scope and relatively large common costs; a non-optimal incentive system, holding back the growth of freight services; possibly anti-competitive effects of two-part tariffs). Without further detailed harmonisation, it may also lead to many different systems in Member States, causing even greater distortions. Insofar as freight could develop into a competitive market, a combination of Ramsey pricing (given the incentive for service providers to keep market share) and price ceilings based on stand-alone costs might be superior in terms of competition, market growth and regulatory oversight. The incipient cooperative approach for path coordination and allocation is welcome but likely to be seriously insufficient. The arguments to introduce competition, notably in freight, are valuable and many e.g. optimal cross-border services, quality differentiation as well as general quality improvement, larger scale for cost recovery and a decrease of rent seeking. Nevertheless, it is not correct to argue for the introduction of competition in rail tout court. It depends on the size of the market and on removing a host of barriers; it requires careful PSO definition and costing; also, coordination failures ought to be pre-empted. On the other hand, reform and competition cannot and should not be assessed in a static perspective. Conduct and cost structures will change with reform. Infrastructure and investment in technology are known to generate enormous potential for cost savings, especially when coupled with the EU interoperability programme. All this dynamism may well help to induce entry and further enlarge the (net) welfare gains from EU railway reform. The paper ends with a few pointers for the way forward in EU rail reform.

The EU-Turkey Customs Union: A model for Future Euro-Med Integration. MEDPRO Technical Report No. 9/March 2012

This paper studying the 1995 EU-Turkey Customs Union (CU) reveals that the CU has been a major instrument of integration of the Turkish economy into the EU and global markets, offering powerful tools to reform the Turkish economy. Turkish producers of industrial goods are protected by tariffs from external competition to exactly the same extent as EU producers, and they face competition from duty-free imports of industrial goods from world-class pan-European firms. In return, Turkish industrial producers have duty-free market access to the European Economic Area, which was recently extended to certain Mediterranean countries. Trade liberalisation achieved through the CU has thus successfully moved the Turkish economy from a government-controlled regime to a market-based one, and Turkish producers of industrial goods have performed remarkably well. The paper further shows that market access conditions for Turkish producers are determined, in addition to tariffs, by standards, conformity assessment procedures, competition policy, industrial property rights and contingent protectionism measures. The CU also offered Turkey the opportunity to establish new institutions, and modernise and upgrade rules and disciplines required for the elimination of technical barriers to trade, and for the implementation of the EU’s competition, industrial property rights, and contingent protectionism policies.

Germany's stance on the TTIP. Background, interests and concerns. OSW Studies 52, March 2015

Co-operation between the United States and Germany has for many years been a subject of disputes. In addition to the differences over the US engagement in the resolution of international conflicts, bilateral relations have been strained as a consequence of the so-called Snowden scandal and the unproved allegations that Chancellor Angela Merkel’s telephone was wiretapped. The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership offers a chance for improving relations between Germany and the USA for the first time in many years. Companies from the two countries may benefit from the lifting of some barriers to transatlantic economic co-operation. Furthermore, the emergence of in fact an internal EU and US market, with reduced customs tariffs and harmonised legal and economic rules, will pressure the emerging economies to make their markets more open. The TTIP may create conditions for exporting US raw materials from unconventional sources to the European Union; and this will be a benefit of geopolitical significance for Germany. The German government is aware of the fact that diversification of supplies of fossil fuels will make Europe less dependent on pressure from Moscow.

Quantifying Non-Tariff Measures for TTIP. Paper No. 12 in the CEPS-CTR project ‘TTIP in the Balance’ and CEPS Special Report No. 116/July 2015

This paper provides an overview of methods employed to quantify non-tariff measures (NTMs) and then analyses their differences and looks at what these mean for the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) negotiations. The authors find several similarities in the approaches taken. Because all studies conclude that NTMs matter, they argue that policy-makers are right to focus on ‘regulatory cooperation’ in TTIP. Given the significant differences in NTMs across sectors, policy-makers are urged to dive deep into sector-specific elements of NTMs and focus on those sectors where the largest potential gains can be made (i.e. where NTMs are highest, such as in agriculture, automobiles, steel, textiles and insurance services). An area identified for further research is the fact that unlike trade taxes (i.e. tariffs), regulatory barriers to trade are not generally targeted as the primary policy objective, but rather stem from other strategic policy concerns such as consumer safety and/or social and environmental protection. This element should be further investigated.

Who Benefits from a Transatlantic Free Trade Agreement? Policy Brief #2013/04

From a purely economic standpoint, the US and the entire EU will profit from a dismantling of tariffs and non-tariff trade barriers between both regions. The real gross domestic product per capita would increase in the US and in all 27 EU member countries. Also when one looks at labor markets, the positive effects on employment predominate: Two million additional jobs could be created in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) zone over the long run. The public welfare gains of these economies admittedly do stand in contrast with real losses in income and employment in the rest of the world. On balance, however, the beneficial effects on economic welfare prevail.

The China-Russia trade relationship and its impact on Europe. Breugel Working Paper Issue 4, 2016

This paper analyses empirically how increasingly close trade relations between China and Russia might affect the European Union (EU). We show that EU countries are complementary to Russia on the Chinese market. However, Chinese exports are increasingly relevant substitutes for EU exports on the Russian market. This means that an increase in China-Russia economic cooperation should have a negative impact on European exports. We simulate a scenario in which trade tariffs between Russia and China are eliminated, which is found to reduce EU exports to Russia. Finally, a more granular approach to the question analyses which sectors in Europe will be more affected by the increasing economic links between China and Russia, and finds that electronic machinery, equipment and machinery, and nuclear reactors will be particularly affected. Such findings obviously show quickly China is moving up the ladder in terms of export structure and how strategically important it is for Europe to continue upgrading its industry to compete at the highest level of that ladder.

Ekthesis tōn kata to etos 1895-96 pepragmenōn pros to epi tōn ekklesiastikōn kai tēs dēmosias ekpaideuseōs hypourgeion,

At head of title: Ethnikē Vivliothekē tēs Hellados.

International cable directory of the world, in conjunction with Western Union telegraphic code system.

Description based on: 1908.

Periēgēsis eis ton Ponton,

Mode of access: Internet.

Geoponika = De re rustica : selectorum libri XX : graeci, Constantino quidem Caesari nuncupati, ac iam non libris, sed thesauris annumerandi /

"Compilación anónima sobre agricultura realizada a partir de diferentes fuentes, principalmente de escritos de Cassianus Bassus (s. 5-6); la compilación se realizó a petición del Emperador Constantino VII Porphyrogenitus y por eso a veces, erroneamente, le es atribuida así como también a Cassianus Bassus. Cf. NUC, Pre-1956 Imprints": traducido de COPAC.

Ioannis Cantacuzeni ... Contra Mahometicam fidem Christiana [et] orthodoxa assertio, graece conscripta ante annos fere ducentos, nunc uero latinitate donata /

Contiene según consta en port., con port. y pag. propias: Kata eis ton sarakenon haireseos Apologiai D. Tou autou Kata tou Moameou logoi D. ... Christianae religionis acerrimi propugnatoris D. Ioannis Cantacuzeni ... contra Saracenorum haeresim, pro christiana religione apologiae IIII. Eiusdem contra Mahometem Orationes IIII

Arrianou Peri Alexandrou anabaseos historion biblia okto = Arriani De expeditione sive rebvs gestis Alexandri Macedonum regis libri octo, nuper & reperti, & quam diligentissime in lucem editi. Historiam quo[que] eandem, olim quidem a Bartholomaeo Facio latinitate donatam, nunc uero innumeris quibus scatebat mendis repurgatam, hic adiungi curauimos, ut & conferri a linguae Graecae studiosis possi, & quid in utraque a nobis praestitum sit, facilius appareat.

Escrito en griego.