The Deleterious Chemical Effects of Concentrated Deicing Solutions on Portland Cement Concrete, Technical Appendices, TR-480, 2008

This research project investigated the effects of concentrated brines of magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium chloride, and calcium magnesium acetate on portland cement concrete. Although known to be effective at deicing and anti-icing, the deleterious effects these chemicals may have on concrete have not been well documented. As a result of this research, it was determined that there is significant evidence that magnesium chloride and calcium chloride chemically interact with hardened portland cement paste in concrete resulting in expansive cracking, increased permeability, and a significant loss in compressive strength. Although the same effects were not seen with sodium chloride brines, it was shown that sodium chloride brines have the highest rate of ingress into hardened concrete. This latter fact is significant with respect to corrosion of embedded steel. The mechanism for attack of hardened cement paste varies with deicer chemical but in general, a chemical reaction between chlorides and cement hydration products results in the dissolution of the hardened cement paste and formation of oxychloride phases, which are expansive. The chemical attack of the hardened cement paste is significantly reduced if supplementary cementitious materials are included in the concrete mixture. Both coal fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag were found to be effective at mitigating the chemical attack caused by the deicers tested. In the tests performed, ground granulated blast furnace slag performed better as a mitigation strategy as compared to coal fly ash. Additionally, siloxane and silane sealants were effective at slowing the ingress of deicing chemicals into the concrete and thereby reducing the observed distress. In general, the siloxane sealant appeared to be more effective than the silane, but both were effective and should be considered as a maintenance strategy.

Community College Leader Bulletin, Summer 2008, Vol. 1, Issue 2

Newsletter produced by the Iowa Department of Education, Community College unit. This report has information about staff, grants, statistical data, requirements and more.

Community College Leader Bulletin, Fall 2008, Vol. 1, Issue 3

Newsletter produced by the Iowa Department of Education, Community College unit. This report has information about staff, grants, statistical data, requirements and more.

Community College Leader Bulletin, Spring 2009, Vol. 2, Issue 2

Newsletter produced by the Iowa Department of Education, Community College unit. This report has information about staff, grants, statistical data, requirements and more.

Community College Leader Bulletin, Summer 2009, Vol. 2, Issue 3

Newsletter produced by the Iowa Department of Education, Community College unit. This report has information about staff, grants, statistical data, requirements and more.

Community College Leader Bulletin, Fall 2014, Vol. 4, Issue 4

Newsletter produced by the Iowa Department of Education, Community College unit. This report has information about staff, grants, statistical data, requirements and more.

Community College Leader Bulletin, Winter 2013, Vol. 3, Issue 1

Newsletter produced by the Iowa Department of Education, Community College unit. This report has information about staff, grants, statistical data, requirements and more.

Community College Leader Bulletin, Summer 2014, Vol. 3, Issue 3

Newsletter produced by the Iowa Department of Education, Community College unit. This report has information about staff, grants, statistical data, requirements and more.

Community College Leader Bulletin, Winter 2015, Vol. 5, Issue 1

Newsletter produced by the Iowa Department of Education, Community College unit. This report has information about staff, grants, statistical data, requirements and more.

Re-Engineering CTE in Iowa: Aligning Career and Technical Education Reform, Workforce Development and Economic Development, August 2007

Iowa is a relatively small state and is on the rebound economically. It has an overall population that is stable, but which is shifting within the state from more rural areas to suburban and urban centers. There is a very tight labor market with high levels of employment. Iowa now has a time-sensitive opportunity to exert global leadership in renewable energy, while maintaining its leadership in other key industries like finance and agriculture.

Community College Leader Bulletin, Winter 2009, Vol. 2, Issue 1

Newsletter produced by the Iowa Department of Education, Community College unit. This report has information about staff, grants, statistical data, requirements and more.

A Report to the Legislature Additional Data, 2014

This report contains data collected by the Iowa Department of Education about postsecondary enrollment option (PSEO), concurrent enrollment supplemental weighting, and compensation of selected community college employees to meet the requirements of Iowa Code, Section 260C.14

Community College Leader Bulletin, Fall 2015, Vol. 5, Issue 3

Newsletter produced by the Iowa Department of Education, Community College unit. This report has information about staff, grants, statistical data, requirements and more.

Community College Leader Bulletin, Summer 2015, Vol. 5, Issue 2

Newsletter produced by the Iowa Department of Education, Community College unit. This report has information about staff, grants, statistical data, requirements and more.