Aplicación de los anillos noetherianos conmutativos y las variedades algebraicas afines en la demostración del teorema de los ceros de Hilbert

Se desarrolla un estudio de todas las herramientas necesarias para llegar al teorema de los ceros de Hilbert el cual luego se demuestra en sus formas débil y fuerte. Se introducen los conceptos básicos relacionados con los anillos noetherianos y las variedades algebraicas afines que son fundamentales para el estudio del teorema de los ceros de Hilbert. Es por ello que estudiamos detenidamente el concepto de ideal primo e ideal primario, como también las distintas operaciones entre ideales, en particular la descomposición primaria de ideales. En seguida se desarrollan las demostraciones de algunos de los teoremas importantes de los anillos noetherianos, haciendo uso de la descomposición primaria de un ideal y un resultado fundamental: el teorema de la base de Hilbert. Además se desarrollan las definiciones, proposiciones, teoremas de una variedad algebraica afín y el ideal asociado a una variedad, así como también el ideal de una variedad y lo más interesante es la descomposición de ideales en variedades algebraicas afines, como la condición de cadena descendente de variedades. También se hace la aplicación de los resultados obtenidos en los capítulos anteriores, para demostrar el teorema de los ceros de Hilbert en su forma dedil así como en la forma fuerte. Finalmente adoptamos una Topología que es muy débil pero sorprendentemente útil ocupando los resultados anteriores, probando propiedades que cumple esta topología como la cerradura topológica y compacidad.

Estudio de cuádricas con geometría proyectiva

El estudio de la teoría sobre de las cuádricas con Geometría Proyectiva, aplicando conceptos, definiciones, y teoremas fundamentales, los cuales nos llevan a comprender la importancia de su aplicación en las diferentes ramas de la matemática y sus representaciones gráficas. Es por ello que en este trabajo se trata de desarrollar temas que están enfocados a comprender las cuádricas con geometría proyectiva y su importancia. Se desarrollará la noción de proyección, donde se dan definiciones importantes sobre la proyección, así como una descripción de que sucede si se agregan los puntos ideales o puntos al infinito, y que estos sean los centros de proyección, además el enriquecimiento que aportan estos nuevos conceptos. Se desarrollarán los conceptos de coordenadas homogéneas, que es fundamental para la comprensión de los puntos ideales o puntos al infinito, que facilitarán el manejo algebraico en el estudio del espacio proyectivo, el cual también incluye puntos complejos, así como la representación del espacio en diferentes dimensiones, y cambio de estructura de coordenadas, subespacios, hiperplanos y dualidad. Los más importantes teoremas de la Geometría Euclidiana, desarrollado con la Geometría Proyectiva, que es el Teorema de Desargues, y algunos resultados importantes adicionales. También se hará una introducción a proyectividades, razón cruzada, y transformaciones lineales. Se refleja la riqueza que tienen las cuádricas aplicando los conceptos de la geometría proyectiva, así como sus diferentes representaciones. Es importante mencionar que en el pasado el ser humano se ha visto favorecido por tales representaciones, facilitando la comprensión de su entorno, aunque muchas veces no esté consciente de los aspectos matemáticos que están involucrados.

Desarrollo de las álgebras y complejos de Koszul

En esta tesis se aborda el problema de obtener una versión certificada de un resultado fundamental en álgebra homológica, conocido como “Desarrollo de las álgebras y complejos de Koszul”. Las principales motivaciones de nuestro trabajo consisten en aumentar nuestro conocimiento sobre la naturaleza del álgebra homológica y topología algebraica de dicho resultado matemático, así como evaluar las distintas posibilidades que ofrecen los complejos de Koszul y álgebras de Koszul para demostrar teoremas en álgebra homológica, y a la vez las aplicaciones en álgebra homológica.

Cálculo diferencial con aplicaciones (Segunda Edición)

El libro que tiene en sus manos, consta de seis capítulos. En los capítulos 1, 2, 5 Y 6, se plantean las siguientes temáticas: límites y continuidad, la derivada, coordenadas polares y antiderivadas. Además, se conceptualizan y demuestra los teoremas que son relevantes en el desarrollo teórico. En los capítulos 3 y 4, al igual que en algunos de los mencionados anteriormente, se presentan algunas aplicaciones y una gran cantidad de ejemplos resueltos de las funciones, no solo algebraicas sino también trascendentes. Al final de cada capítulo, el lector encontrará una serie de ejercicios propuestos, con las respuestas respectivas que aparecen en las páginas finales del libro. Para complementar el contenido se han insertado en los apéndices las principales identidades, necesarias para el uso adecuado del texto, de las funciones trigonométricas, las funciones hiperbólicas y las fórmulas de las áreas y volúmenes de las principales figuras geométricas. Este texto es una propuesta del Proyecto Institucional Permanencia con Calidad de la Universidad de Medellín, liderado por el Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, cuyo objetivo fundamental es ayudar a disminuir los niveles de deserción y pérdida académica de los estudiantes de la Institución.

Cuidados paliativo em crianças portadoras de malformações cerebrais

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioética, 2016.

Reconstrucción de significados que realizan los estudiantes entre f y f', cuando interactuan en ambientes gráficos

La problemática que hemos venido atendiendo en los últimos años, de nuestra labor docente y como investigadores, es el que los estudiantes de nivel superior no son reflexivos, es decir no conceptualizan los teoremas, leyes, axiomas o principios de los conocimientos matemáticos particularmente en situaciones de cálculo, ellos toman una actitud radicalmente pragmática y aprenden los procedimientos del cálculo en un nivel puramente algorítmico que es construido sobre imágenes y gráficas escasas (Dreyfus, 1990). Esto les impide realizar abstracciones que les permitan resolver problemas cuando se entienden a nuevas situaciones. Por lo anteriormente planteado, es preciso, establecer el tipo de acercamientos teóricos y metodológicos con los cuales contamos para lograr abordar la solución de la problemática planteada de manera exitosa y que tanto maestros como estudiantes crezcamos en y con la adquisición de los conocimientos matemáticos tan relevantes e importantes en nuestro presente histórico para el desarrollo social y cultural de las naciones.

Efeitos do tratamento superficial da sílica ativa com soluções de ácidos nítrico e fosfórico em propriedades do concreto

The addition of active silica potentially improves the quality of concrete due to its high reactivity and pore refinement effect. The reactivity of silica is likely related to its charge density. Variations in surface charge alter the reactivity of the material consequently affecting the properties of concrete. The present study aimed at investigating variations in the charge density of silica as a function of acid treatments using nitric or phosphoric acid and different pH values (2.0, 4.0 and 6.0). Effects on concrete properties including slump, mechanical strength, permeability and chloride corrosion were evaluated. To that end, a statistical analysis was carried out and empirical models that correlate studied parameters (pH, acid and cement) with concrete properties were established. The quality of the models was tested by variance analysis. The results revealed that the addition of silica was efficiency in improving the properties of concrete, especially the electrochemical parameters. The addition of silica treated using nitric acid at pH = 4.0 displayed the best cement performance including highest strength, reduced permeability and lowest corrosion current

La comprensión de las construcciones geométricas

La enseñanza de la Matemática confiere gran importancia al estudio de las construcciones geométricas porque persiguen objetivos educativos relacionados con la limpieza y la exactitud, además del desarrollo de capacidades en los estudiantes. Las construcciones geométricas se relacionan también con la aplicación de teoremas y definiciones, especialmente cuando se hace su fundamentación. Es objetivo del presente trabajo presentar algunas experiencias de las autoras relacionadas con la comprensión de las construcciones geométricas que se abordan en la asignatura Geometría II del 1er Año de estudio de la carrera profesoral de Matemática– Computación.

Entre o cartão-postal e a cidade real: um estudo sobre paisagem e produção imobiliária em Natal/RN

Recent studies concerning the landscape have investigated the most important activities that contribute for its modification and have tried to better understand the society through the marks left by its quotidian. It is understood that singular landscapes constitute the cultural patrimonies of the cities, once they are part of the daily life of the citizens and are present in their social representations. Some contemporary authors defend the preservation of the natural and urban landscape trying, specially, to keep its importance for the local population. Natal is a city where the ambient qualities are well defined and known by the beauty of the area where it is located. Situated just between a river and the sea, the city grew following its geographic characteristics. The Potengi River, the Atlantic Ocean and the vast dunes ecosystem represented natural limits to the urban expansion; at the same time they have favored the development of a landscape pattern marked by the dialectic between the natural elements and the human interventions. However, this relationship changed after the intensification of the high rising development process that took place since the 1960s. The urban legislation tried to preserve the features of the local landscape delimiting Areas for Controlling Building High , destined to protect the scenic value of some parts of the city. On the other hand, the civil construction sector has made constant pressure in sense to abolish or to modify this legal instrument, aiming profits that have increased, in the 1990s, because of the consumption and the qualification of the urban space for tourist activities. It is necessary the raising of new elements to stimulate the quarrel about the landscape preservation, the process of the urban space production and the best way for the legislation implementation. This work tries to raise elements about the subject at local level, in sense to use Natal City experience to contribute for the formulation of indicators to raise the question about the lack of measure for subjective values, for example the cultural and affective value of the landscape. The natural elements inserted in the urban profile, represent strong visual references and supply identity to the town; they are part of the collective imaginary and are detached in the social context of the city. Then, why the preservation of the landscape, that estimates the improvement in the quality of life, is not enough to justify the controlling building high already previewed as part of Natal City Legislation? These questions send us to the approach of the landscape, as a community patrimony, alerting that some of its significant esthetics attributes must be preserved as a legacy for the future generations

Avaliação de HPA e BTEX no solo e água subterrânea, em postos de revenda de combustíveis: estudo de caso na cidade de Natal -RN

The retail fuel stations are partially or potentially polluters and generators of environmental accidents, potentially causing contamination of underground and surface water bodies, soil and air. Leaks in fuel retail stations´ underground storage systems are often detected in Brazil and around the world. Monoaromatic hydrocarbons, BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are an indication of the presence of contamination due to its high toxicity. This paper presents a case study of contamination in a Fuel Retail Station by petroleum derivative products in the city of Natal. For identification and quantification of the hydrocarbons, EPA analytical methods were used. The values of benzene quantified by EPA method 8021b CG-PID/FID, ranged from 1.164 to 4.503 mg.Kg-1 in soil samples, and from 12.10 to 27,639 μg.L-1 in underground water samples. Among the PAHs, naphthalene and anthracene showed the most significant results in soil samples, 0.420 to 15.46 mg.Kg-1 and 0.110 to 0,970 mg.Kg-1, respectively. In underground water samples, the results for Naphthalene varied between 0.759 and 614.7 μg.L-1. PAHs were quantified by EPA Method 8270 for GCMS. All of the results for the chemical analysis were compared with the values for the CONAMA 420/2009 resolution. The results for benzene (27,639 μg.L-1) showed levels highly above the recommended by the CONAMA 420 resolution, wherein the maximum permissible for underground water is 5 μg.L-1. This is a worrying factor, since underground water makes up 70% of the city of Natal´s water supply

Diseño de un vector no viral basado en nanopartículas lipídicas para el tratamiento de la hepatitis C mediante ARN de interferencia

199 p.

Avaliação da toxicidade de florações naturais e de cultura de cianobactérias: efeitos sobre Ceriodaphnia silvestri (Crustacea, Cladocera)

The incidence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms is one of the important consequences of eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems. It is a very common phenomenon in reservoirs and shrimp ponds in the State of Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brazil. Cyanobacterias produce toxins which can affect aquatic organisms and men trough the food chain. Aiming to contribute to the studies of cyanobacterias in RN, we propose: a) to evaluate the toxicity of isolated cyanobacterias in important fresh-water environments; and b) to verify the effects of both natural and cultured blooms occurred in reservoirs for human supply and in the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. This study was carried out using samples of natural blooms occurred between March and October of 2004 in Gargalheiras Dam (08º L e 39º W), in July of 2004 in Armando Ribeiro Gonçalves Dam (06o S e 37o W) and in commercial shrimp ponds (Litopenaeus vannamei) located in fresh-water environments. The samples were collected with plankton net (20µm.) for identification, isolation and obtaining of phytoplanktonic biomass for liophilization and later toxicity bioassays. The toxicity of cultured samples and natural blooms was investigated through bioassays in Swiss mice. Quantification of cyanobacteria in samples was conducted following the Ütermol method, with 300mL samples fixed with lugol. The toxicity test with Ceriodaphnia silvestrii followed ABNT, 2001 recommendations, and were accomplished with natural hepatotoxic bloom s samples and cultured samples of both non-toxic and neurotoxic C. raciborskii. In this test, five newborns, aged between 6 and 24 hours, were exposed to different concentrations (0 a 800 mg.L-1) of crude cyanobacterial extracts during 24 and 48 hours. Three replicates were used per treatment. The pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen at the beginning and after 24 and 48hours from the test were measured. We estimated the CL50 through the Trimmed Spearman-Karber method. The blooms were constituted by Microcystis panniformis, M. aeruginosa, Anabaena circinalis, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Planktothrix agardhii, producers of mycrocistin-LR confirmed with HPLC analysis. Samples of hepatotoxic blooms registered toxinogenic potential for C. silvestrii, with CL50-24h value of 47.48 mg.L-1 and CL5048h of 38.15 mg.L-1 for GARG samples in march/2005; CL50-24h of 113,13 mg.L-1 and CL5048h of 88,24 mg.L-1 for ARG July/2004; CL50-24h of 300.39 mg.L-1 and CL50-48h of 149.89 mg.L-1 for GARG October/2005. For cultured samples, values of CL50-24h and CL50-48h for C. raciborskii toxic strains were 228.05 and 120.28 mg.L-1, respectively. There was no mortality of C. silvestrii during the tests with non-toxic C. raciborskii strain. The toxicity test with C. silvestrii presented good sensitivity degree to cyanotoxins. The toxicity of natural hepatotoxic blooms samples (microcystins) and cultured neurotoxic saxitoxins producer samples analyzed in this study give us strong indications of that toxin s influence on the zooplanktonic community structure in tropical aquatic environments. Eleven cyanobacteria strains were isolated, representing 6 species: Anabaenopsis sp., Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Chroococcus sp., Microcystis panniformis, Geitlerinema unigranulatum e Planktothrix agardhii. None presented toxicity in Swiss mice. The strains were catalogued and deposited in the Laboratório de Ecologia e Toxicologia de Organismos Aquáticos (LETMA), in UFRN, and will be utilized in ecotoxicológical and ecophysiological studies, aiming to clarify the causes and control of cyanobacterial blooms in aquatic environments in RN. This state s reservoirs must receive broader attention from the authorities, considering the constant blooms occurring in waters used for human consumption

Efeito do consumo de farinha de linhaça (Linum usitatissimum) no crescimento de ratos Wistar e relação com a digestibilidade de globulinas e fatores antinutricionais protéicos

Linseed is an important oilseed consumed raw as nutritional supplement, that although represents a rich source of nutrients, its nutritional value could be impaired due to the presence of antinutritional factors. In this study, protein fractions from raw linseed flour were extracted and isolated being obtained 12% of albumins, 82% of globulins, 5% of glutelins and 1% of prolamins. These proteins were visualized by SDS-PAGE and albumins showed low molecular mass protein bands around 21 kDa and minor bands, similar to that of trypsin inhibitor; Globulins presented protein bands with high molecular masses, which possibly are constituents of multimeric proteins, such as legumins. After determination of the centesimal composition of raw linseed, it was used as exclusive protein source for young rats to evaluate its effect on animal growth. The results showed negative effects on rat growth (weight gain 73% less than the control group) and reduction of intestinal villus (35%), that could be related with in vitro and in vivo globulin digestibility and proteinaceous antinutritional factors (mammalian digestive enzymes inhibitors and lectins) in albumin fraction. Native globulins showed, by SDS-PAGE, low susceptibility in vitro to trypsin and chymotrypsin, however presented high degradation by pancreatin. Thermal treatment of globulins for 5 and 15 minutes at 100ºC improved considerably its digestibility by trypsin and pancreatin. Globulins presented 93.2% in vivo digestibility, similar to the control protein. Albumin fraction had high trypsin inhibition activity (100%) and chymotrypsin inhibition of 28.3%; haemagglutinating activity was not detected. The results of this study indicate the negative action of trypsin inhibitors on animal growth, but can not be discarded its combined action with other antinutritional factors, which could compromise the raw linseed utilization as an alternative food

The Students’ Perspective of Geometry Teaching and Learning in High School

The purpose of this article is to present the results obtained from a questionnaire applied to Costa Rican high school students, in order to know their perspectives about geometry teaching and learning. The results show that geometry classes in high school education have been based on a traditional system of teaching, where the teacher presents the theory; he presents examples and exercises that should be solved by students, which emphasize in the application and memorization of formulas. As a consequence, visualization processes, argumentation and justification don’t have a preponderant role. Geometry is presented to students like a group of definitions, formulas, and theorems completely far from their reality and, where the examples and exercises don’t possess any relationship with their context. As a result, it is considered not important, because it is not applicable to real life situations. Also, the students consider that, to be successful in geometry, it is necessary to know how to use the calculator, to carry out calculations, to have capacity to memorize definitions, formulas and theorems, to possess capacity to understand the geometric drawings and to carry out clever exercises to develop a practical ability.

Solos e potencial de uso das terras em municípios do Estado de Pernambuco.

Neste trabalho, o estudo dos solos e do potencial de uso das terras foi executado a nível de propriedade. A utilização dos solos deve ser feita de acordo com suas potencialidades e limitações, o que possibilita um processo de sustentabilidade para as gerações presentes e futuras. Portanto, o conhecimento dos solos e dos ambientes que constituem as paisagens da pequena propriedade rural permite organizar e planejar, de forma racional, as atividades agrossilvopastoris. Em face do exposto, a Unidade Técnica Prorural (Secretaria de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Social de Pernambuco) e a ONG SERTA - Serviço de Tecnologia Alternativa, que incentivam projetos de infraestrutura, produtivos e sociais para produtores rurais da zona da Mata do Estado de Pernambuco, solicitaram a cooperação técnica da Embrapa no sentido de identificar, caracterizar e avaliar o potencial dos solos de 45 propriedades rurais, localizadas nos municípios de Glória do Goitá, Lagoa de Itaenga, Pombos e Feira Nova, objetivando orientar adequadamente a implantação de sistemas de produção agrícolas, a exemplo do sistema de cultivo de produtos com adubação orgânica. Como resultado final, foi produzido um relatório, com o diagnóstico de cada propriedade rural, contendo informações sobre os solos: classes e localização na paisagem; uso atual; fertilidade natural; drenagem; indicativos de potencialidades e limitações; e, sugestões de uso e manejo das terras.