Diferencias de organización espacial entre los dibujos de niños zurdos y diestros : diferencias de orientación, ubicación, peso, equilibrio y organización general del campo gráfico entre los dibujos de niños cuya preferencia lateral es diferente.

Responder a las cuestiones de si existen diferencias gráficas importantes entre los dibujos de niños zurdos y diestros, cuál es el carácter y las causas de estas diferencias, las consecuencias que se derivan y las posibles aplicaciones de los resultados obtenidos. Hipótesis: Se presentan diferencias en cuanto a la forma de organizar el espacio en relación con la obra plástica de las personas zurdas y diestras. 460 niños de 4 a 16 años de centros de EGB, Educación Especial, Centros Experimentales y Aulas de Apoyo de la provincia de Castellón. 1.Estudio teórico e histórico, tanto de los aspectos fisiológicos y perceptivos del organismo que inciden en la preferencia lateral, como de investigaciones relacionadas con los zurdos. 2.Diseño de cuatro pruebas gráficas específicas, que se aplican a 4 grupos de niños: zurdos, diestros, zurdos con alternancias y diestros con alternancias. A partir de ellas, se analizan las siguientes variables: el lugar de inicio del dibujo, la trayectoria o dirección del trazo, la presión, el tipo de línea, el tamaño y orientación de las figuras, la ubicación de las formas, el equilibrio y peso compositivo, y la organización general del campo gráfico. Pruebas de orientación espacial, test de lateralidad manual de Andrea Jadoulle, tapping o punteado, ejercicio de la escala motriz de Oseretsky, pruebas de memoria visual, test de C. Van Riper, test CP7, prueba de Muchielli y Bourcier. Tablas, porcentajes. Las mayores diferencias compositivas en los dibujos de los niños, tanto en su vertiente artística (dibujo) como en vertiente simbólica (escritura), hacen referencia a la ubicación, mostrando los diestros una preferencia por el espacio izquierdo y los zurdos por el derecho. Los grupos con alternancias prefieren situaciones más centradas. También hay diferencias en cuanto a: el lugar de inicio del dibujo (espacio izquierdo del papel para los diestros y espacio derecho para los zurdos), la trayectoria de los trazos (hacia la derecha los diestros y hacia la izquierda los zurdos) y la disposición general del campo gráfico. Los zurdos muestran preferencias espaciales opuestas a los diestros, con tendencias menos extremas por la influencia de normas impuestas contrarias a su tendencia natural. Las diferencias en las manifestaciones gráficas de los niños responden a la capacidad individual de seleccionar y organizar las informaciones perceptivas, capacidad condicionada por la preferencia lateral. Los máximos responsables de esta organización son el sistema visual y motor. La lateralidad dominante tiene una base fisiológica que se establece de forma genética, y no sólo debido a habilidades especializadas.

Lateralidad perceptiva taquistoscópica : habilidad lectora y dominancia lateral.

Estudiar en niños los efectos del nivel lector y algunos aspectos de la dominancia lateral motora y sensorial sobre la lateralidad perceptiva de estímulos verbales en presentación taquistoscópica. Se pretende conocer mejor las relaciones entre la especialización funcional hemisférica cerebral y la habilidad lectora. Estudiar el efecto de determinadas variaciones en el procedimiento experimental sobre el mismo grado de lateralidad perceptivo visual. 24 sujetos. 12 malos lectores y 12 buenos lectores. Cada uno de dichos grupos se subdivide en, 6 con lateralidad diestra y 6 con lateralidad cruzada. La edad oscila en los malos lectores entre 8 años 3 meses y 9 años 11 meses y en los buenos lectores entre 8 años 1 mes y 9 años 5 meses. Diseño experimental intrasujeto. Las variables utilizadas para el primer objetivo son: 1. Variable independiente intrasujeto: nivel lector; 2. Variable independiente intrasujeto: dominancia lateral. Variable dependiente: grado de lateralidad perceptiva visual en estímulos verbales. Para el segundo objetivo: diversas variables independientes intersujeto y la misma variable dependiente. El dispositivo experimental permite estudiar ambos objetivos mediante una técnica de lateralización de estímulos en presentación taquistoscópica. Dos listas elaboradas por los profesores: buenos y malos lectores. Para evaluar el nivel lector: test de análisis de la lecto-escritura (TALE). Para el nivel intelectual: escala de inteligencia para niños (Wisc) y test de matrices progresivas de Raven. Para evaluar la dominancia lateral motora y sensorial el test de dominancia lateral de Harris. Para la prueba taquistoscópica se utilizó un taquistoscopio de dos canales (CA-610), lave vocal (CA.340) y un tiner doble repetitivo (LA-51043). Análisis de varianza bifactorial para averiguar las diferencias cuantitativas en reconocimiento visual. 'T' de muestras relacionadas para contrastar el grado de asimetría perceptiva. Para la comparación de las asimetrías perceptivas entre grupos se han utilizado dos métodos convergentes: análisis de varianza bifactorial y análisis de varianza mixto 2 x 2 x 2. Correlación lineal de Pearson para averiguar el grado de correlación inversa en los distintos tipos y condiciones de estímulos. Existen escasas diferencias cuantitativas en reconocimiento visual de estímulos verbales neurolaterales según el nivel de habilidad lectora y según los niños tengan lateralidad diestra o cruzada. Sin embargo, estos problemas de lectura y lateralidad no implican deficiencias en la lateralidad perceptiva visual. Ciertas variaciones de la técnica experimental (condiciones de presentación, tipos de estímulos y de medida) ejercen un efecto diferencial sobre la lateralidad perceptiva visual en una misma muestra de sujetos. No se puede afirmar que la dominancia hemisférica cerebral es un factor etiológico relevante en la explicación de los problemas de la lectura.

Integració d'un sensor sonar d'escombrat lateral en un robot submarí

El grup de Visió per Computador i Robòtica (VICOROB) disposa de varis robots submarins per a la recerca i inspecció subaquàtica. Recentment s’ha adquirit un sensor sonar d’escombrat lateral el qual s’utilitza per realitzar imatges acústiques del fons marí quan aquest es mou principalment a velocitat constant i mantenint el rumb. Els robots del grup VICOROB estan equipats amb diferents tipus de sensors i càmeres per analitzar el fons marí. Aquest sensors són de gran qualitat i permeten conèixer de manera bastant satisfactòria l’entorn a les proximitats del robot. Freqüentment però, aquest sensors estant sotmesos a diferents restriccions depenent de la seva naturalesa de funcionament, de tal manera que es necessària la seva combinació per resoldre determinats problemes en diferents situacions. Amb aquest projecte, es pretén integrar un nou sistema de captura d’imatges sonores del fons marí, en un dels robots. Amb la integració d’aquest nou sensor, s’espera obtenir una opció alternativa els sistemes actuals que pugui aportar informació addicional sobre el fons. Aquest sistema podrà ser utilitzat per realitzar tasques per les quals els altres sensors no estant preparats o bé per complementar informació d’altres sensor

Cisplatin ototoxicity and hair cell regeneration in the zebrafish lateral line

Hair cell death and regeneration on the zebrafish posterior lateral line was investigated after cisplatin administration. Hair cell regeneration was first observed by 24 hours of recovery and was further analyzed after specific recovery intervals. Disruption of the notch signaling pathways by the y-secretase inhibitor DAPT resulted in an increase in hair cells at three days of recovery.

The role of lateral ocean physics in the upper ocean thermal balance of a coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM

The sensitivity of the upper ocean thermal balance of an ocean-atmosphere coupled GCM to lateral ocean physics is assessed. Three 40-year simulations are performed using horizontal mixing, isopycnal mixing, and isopycnal mixing plus eddy induced advection. The thermal adjustment of the coupled system is quite different between the simulations, confirming the major role of ocean mixing on the heat balance of climate. The initial adjustment phase of the upper ocean (SST) is used to diagnose the physical mechanisms involved in each parametrisation. When the lateral ocean physics is modified, significant changes of SST are seen, mainly in the southern ocean. A heat budget of the annual mixed layer (defined as the “bowl”) shows that these changes are due to a modified heat transfer between the bowl and the ocean interior. This modified heat intake of the ocean interior is directly due to the modified lateral ocean physics. In isopycnal diffusion, this heat exchange, especially marked at mid-latitudes, is both due to an increased effective surface of diffusion and to the sign of the isopycnal gradients of temperature at the base of the bowl. As this gradient is proportional to the isopycnal gradient of salinity, this confirms the strong role of salinity in the thermal balance of the coupled system. The eddy induced advection also leads to increased exchanges between the bowl and the ocean interior. This is both due to the shape of the bowl and again to the existence of a salinity structure. The lateral ocean physics is shown to be a significant contributor to the exchanges between the diabatic and the adiabatic parts of the ocean.

Lateral phase separation in grafted diblock copolymer films

Tethered films of polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) copolymers of varying composition and molecular weight were investigated using atomic force microscopy and the observed structures compared with theoretical predictions. Although the experimental results were in qualitative agreement with the theory, there was significant quantitative variation. This was attributed to the presence of solvent in the films prior to and during annealing, a hypothesis supported by new preliminary calculations reported here. Solvent exchange experiments (where a good solvent for both polymer blocks was gradually replaced by a selective solvent), were also performed on the films. This procedure generated textured films in which the structure was defined by miscibility of the polymer blocks with the second solvent.

Net nutrient absorption and liver metabolism in lactating dairy cows fed supplemental dietary biotin

The effect of feeding supplemental biotin on net absorption and metabolism of nutrients by the portal-drained viscera (PDV; the gut, pancreas, spleen and associated fat) and liver of lactating dairy cows was measured. Three cows in early to mid-lactation catheterised for measurements of net nutrient absorption and metabolism by the PDV and liver were fed a total-mixed ration with or without supplemental biotin at 20 mg/day using a switch-back design (ABA v. BAB) with three 2-week periods. There were no effects of feeding biotin on dry matter intake (22.2 kg/day), milk yield (29.5 kg/day) or milk composition. There was also no effect of feeding biotin on net release of glucose by the liver, net liver removal of glucose precursors (propionate, alanine, lactate) or net liver release of p-hydroxybutyrate. Feeding biotin increased net PDV release of ammonia. Reasons for the response are not certain, but a numerical increase in net PDV release of acetate suggests that rumen or hindgut fermentation was altered. Results of the present study do not support the hypothesis that supplemental biotin increases liver glucose production in lactating dairy cows.

Effect of feeding supplemental fibrolytic enzymes or soluble sugars with malic acid on milk production

Two trials were conducted to evaluate effects of feeding supplemental fibrolytic enzymes or soluble sugars and malic acid on milk production. In trial 1, 257 cows at four sites were fed a basal diet consisting of no more than 60% of forage DM as corn silage and less than 40% as alfalfa hay. Cows were assigned randomly within site, parity, and two stages of lactation to: 1) control; 2) enzyme A; 3) enzyme B; and 4) soluble sugars and malic acid. There was a 14-d pretreatment and an 84-d treatment period. Enzyme solutions were sprayed on either the forage component or the TMR each day while mixing feed. Trial 2 was similar, except 122 cows at one site in the United Kingdom were fed diets containing forage that was 75% corn silage and 25% grass silage, and all cows began the study between 25 to 31 DIM. Mean milk productions for 233 cows that completed trial 1 were 32.9, 32.5, 32.4, and 32.9 kg/d for control, enzyme A, enzyme B, and soluble sugars and malic acid, respectively. Mean milk productions for 116 cows that completed trial 2 were 28.2, 27.9, 28.8, and 28.4 kg/d, respectively. In vitro analyses of the activities of enzyme solutions indicated that all major cellulose and hemicellulose degrading activities were present; however, the pH optima (approximate pH = 4 to 5) were more acidic, and the temperature optimum (approximately 50 C) was greater than normal pH and temperature in the rumen. If fibrolytic activity in the rumen is a major mechanism of action of supplemental fibrolytic enzymes, it appears that considerable activity of these preparations was lost due to conditions in the rumen. In conclusion, feeding supplemental fibrolytic enzymes or malic acid with soluble sugars had no effect on milk production under the conditions used in this study.

Stress generation in the tension wood of poplar is based on the lateral swelling power of the G-layer

The mechanism of active stress generation in tension wood is still not fully understood. To characterize the functional interdependency between the G-layer and the secondary cell wall, nanostructural characterization and mechanical tests were performed on native tension wood tissues of poplar (Populus nigra x Populus deltoids) and on tissues in which the G-layer was removed by an enzymatic treatment. In addition to the well-known axial orientation of the cellulose fibrils in the G-layer, it was shown that the microfibril angle of the S2-layer was very large (about 36 degrees). The removal of the G-layer resulted in an axial extension and a tangential contraction of the tissues. The tensile stress-strain curves of native tension wood slices showed a jagged appearance after yield that could not be seen in the enzyme-treated samples. The behaviour of the native tissue was modelled by assuming that cells deform elastically up to a critical strain at which the G-layer slips, causing a drop in stress. The results suggest that tensile stresses in poplar are generated in the living plant by a lateral swelling of the G-layer which forces the surrounding secondary cell wall to contract in the axial direction.

A two-stage continuous culture system to study the effect of supplemental alpha-lactalbumin and glycomacropeptide on mixed cultures of human gut bacteria challenged with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella serotype Typhimurium

Aims: Certain milk factors may promote the growth of a gastrointestinal microflora predominated by bifidobacteria and may aid in overcoming enteric infections. This may explain why breast-fed infants experience fewer intestinal infections than their formula-fed counterparts. The effect of formula supplementation with two such factors was investigated in this study. Methods and Results: Infant faecal specimens were used to ferment formulae supplemented with glycomacropeptide (GMP) and alpha-lactalbumin (alpha-la) in a two-stage compound continuous culture model. At steady state, all fermenter vessels were inoculated with 5 ml of 0.1 M phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.2) containing 10(8) CFU ml(-1) of either enteropathogenic Escherichia coli 2348/69 (O127:H6) or Salmonella serotype Typhimurium (DSMZ 5569). Bacteriology was determined by independent fluorescence in situ hybridization. Vessels that contained breast milk (BM), as well as alpha-la and GMP supplemented formula had stable total counts of bifidobacteria while lactobacilli increased significantly only in vessels with breast milk. Bacteroides, clostridia and E. coli decreased significantly in all three groups prior to pathogen addition. Escherichia coli counts decreased in vessels containing BM and alpha-la while Salmonella decreased significantly in all vessels containing BM, alpha-la and GMP. Acetate was the predominant acid. Significance and Impact of the Study: Supplementation of infant formulae with appropriate milk proteins may be useful in mimicking the beneficial bacteriological effects of breast milk.

The remote distractor effect in saccade programming: channel interactions and lateral inhibition

We explored the dependency of the saccadic remote distractor effect (RDE) on the spatial frequency content of target and distractor Gabor patches. A robust RDE was obtained with low-medium spatial frequency distractors, regardless of the spatial frequency of the tat-get. High spatial frequency distractors interfered to a similar extent when the target was of the same spatial frequency. We developed a quantitative model based on lateral inhibition within an oculomotor decision unit. This lateral inhibition mechanism cannot account for the interaction observed between target and distractor spatial frequency, pointing to the existence of channel interactions at an earlier level. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effect of feed restriction and supplemental dietary fat on gut peptide and hypothalamic neuropeptide mRNA concentrations in growing wethers

The objectives of the present study were 1) to evaluate the effects of supplemental fat and ME intake on plasma concentrations of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), cholecystokinin (CCK), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, ghrelin, and oxyntomodulin; and 2) to determine the association of these peptides with DMI and the hypothalamic concentration of mRNA for the following neuropeptides: neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti-related peptide (AgRP), and proopiomelanocortin (POMC). In a completely randomized block design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, 32 pens with 2 wethers each were restricted-fed (2.45 Mcal/lamb per day) or offered diets ad libitum (n = 16) with or without 6% supplemental fat (n = 16) for a period of 30 d. Dry matter intake was measured daily. On d 8, 15, 22, and 29, BW was measured before feeding, and 6 h after feeding, blood samples were collected for plasma measurement of insulin, GLP-1, CCK, ghrelin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, oxyntomodulin, glucose, and NEFA concentrations. On d 29, blood was collected 30 min before feeding for the same hormone and metabolite analyses. At the end of the experiment, wethers were slaughtered and the hypothalami were collected to measure concentrations of NPY, AgRP, and POMC mRNA. Offering feed ad libitum (resulting in greater ME intake) increased plasma insulin and NEFA concentrations (P = 0.02 and 0.02, respectively) and decreased hypothalamic mRNA expression of NPY and AgRP (P = 0.07 and 0.02, respectively) compared with the restricted-fed wethers. There was a trend for the addition of dietary fat to decrease DMI (P = 0.12). Addition of dietary fat decreased insulin and glucose concentrations (P < 0.05 and 0.01, respectively) and tended to increase hypothalamic mRNA concentrations for NPY and AgRP (P = 0.07 and 0.11, respectively). Plasma GLP-1 and CCK concentrations increased in wethers offered feed ad libitum compared with restricted-fed wethers, but the response was greater when wethers were offered feed ad libitum and had supplemental fat in the diet (fat x intake interaction, P = 0.04). The prefeeding plasma ghrelin concentration was greater in restricted-fed wethers compared with those offered feed ad libitum, but the concentrations were similar 6 h after feeding (intake x time interaction, P < 0.01). Supplemental dietary fat did not affect (P = 0.22) plasma ghrelin concentration. We conclude that insulin, ghrelin, CCK, and GLP-1 may regulate DMI in sheep by regulating the hypothalamic gene expression of NPY, AgRP, and POMC.

The occipital lateral plate mesoderm - a novel source for vertebrate neck musculature

In vertebrates, body musculature originates from somites, whereas head muscles originate from the cranial mesoderm. Neck muscles are located in the transition between these regions. We show that the chick occipital lateral plate mesoderm has myogenic capacity and gives rise to large muscles located in the neck and thorax. We present molecular and genetic evidence to show that these muscles not only have a unique origin, but additionally display a distinct temporal development, forming later than any other muscle group described to date. We further report that these muscles, found in the body of the animal, develop like head musculature rather than deploying the programme used by the trunk muscles. Using mouse genetics we reveal that these muscles are formed in trunk muscle mutants but are absent in head muscle mutants. In concordance with this conclusion, their connective tissue is neural crest in origin. Finally, we provide evidence that the mechanism by which these neck muscles develop is conserved in vertebrates.