A multimodality vascular imaging phantom with fiducial markers visible in DSA, CTA, MRA, and ultrasound.

The objective was to design a vascular phantom compatible with digital subtraction angiography, computerized tomography angiography, ultrasound and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Fiducial markers were implanted at precise known locations in the phantom to facilitate identification and orientation of plane views from three-dimensional (3-D) reconstructed images. A vascular conduit connected to tubing at the extremities of the phantom ran through an agar-based gel filling it. A vessel wall in latex was included around the conduit to avoid diffusion of contrast agents. Using a lost-material casting technique based on a low melting point metal, geometries of pathological vessels were modeled. During the experimental testing, fiducial markers were detectable in all modalities without distortion. No leak of gadolinium through the vascular wall was observed on MRA after 5 hours. Moreover, no significant deformation of the vascular conduit was noted during the fabrication process (confirmed by microtome slicing along the vessel). The potential use of the phantom for calibration, rescaling, and fusion of 3-D images obtained from the different modalities as well as its use for the evaluation of intra- and inter-modality comparative studies of imaging systems are discussed. In conclusion, the vascular phantom can allow accurate calibration of radiological imaging devices based on x-ray, magnetic resonance and ultrasound and quantitative comparisons of the geometric accuracy of the vessel lumen obtained with each of these methods on a given well defined 3-D geometry.

Selective ablation of photovoltaic materials with UV laser sources for monolithic interconnection of devices based on a-Si:H

Lasers are essential tools for cell isolation and monolithic interconnection in thin-film-silicon photovoltaic technologies. Laser ablation of transparent conductive oxides (TCOs), amorphous silicon structures and back contact removal are standard processes in industry for monolithic device interconnection. However, material ablation with minimum debris and small heat affected zone is one of the main difficulty is to achieve, to reduce costs and to improve device efficiency. In this paper we present recent results in laser ablation of photovoltaic materials using excimer and UV wavelengths of diode-pumped solid-state (DPSS) laser sources. We discuss results concerning UV ablation of different TCO and thin-film silicon (a-Si:H and nc-Si:H), focussing our study on ablation threshold measurements and process-quality assessment using advanced optical microscopy techniques. In that way we show the advantages of using UV wavelengths for minimizing the characteristic material thermal affection of laser irradiation in the ns regime at higher wavelengths. Additionally we include preliminary results of selective ablation of film on film structures irradiating from the film side (direct writing configuration) including the problem of selective ablation of ZnO films on a-Si:H layers. In that way we demonstrate the potential use of UV wavelengths of fully commercial laser sources as an alternative to standard backscribing process in device fabrication.

Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor is a p21Cip1/WAF1 transcriptional target conferring resistance of keratinocytes to UV light-induced apoptosis.

Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, is expressed in T lymphocytes, and exerts an anti-apoptotic function in these cells. We reported that GITR is also highly expressed in the skin, specifically in keratinocytes, and that it is under negative transcriptional control of p21(Cip1/WAF1), independently from the cell cycle. Although GITR expression is higher in p21-deficient keratinocytes and skin, it is down-modulated with differentiation and in response to UVB. The combined analysis of keratinocytes with increased GITR expression versus normal keratinocytes and skin of mice with a disruption of the GITR gene indicates that this protein protects keratinocytes from UVB-induced apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo.

UV irradiation of human keratinocytes activates the inflammasome

Human keratinocytes represent a potent source of the pro-inflammatory cytokines pro-interleukin(IL)-1α and -β. ProIL-1β requires processing by caspase-1 (IL-1β-converting enzyme, ICE) for activation and receptor binding. ProIL-1α and -β lack a signal peptide and leave the cell via the alternative secretion pathway, which is independent of the classical ER/Golgi pathway. Both cytokines are stored in the cytoplasm and can be activated and released upon UV irradiation. In macrophages maturation of proIL-1β requires the activation of inflammasomes, innate multiprotein immune complexes, which are essential for the activation of caspase-1 and thereby for processing of proIL-1β. However, the intracellular pathways, which are responsible for activation of proIL-1β and secretion of IL-1β in keratinocytes, are unknown. We show that human keratinocytes express inflammasome proteins in vitro and in vivo. UVB irradiation of keratinocytes results in an increase of cytoplasmic Ca2+ from intracellular stores. This shift is required for inflammasome-dependent activation of caspase-1 and subsequent processing of proIL-1β and secretion of IL-1β. In contrast to macrophages, caspase-1 cannot activate proIL-18 in keratinocytes, although secretion of this cytokine is also induced by UVB irradiation. In vivo, caspase-1 is also essential for UVB-induced inflammation in the skin, since caspase-1 knockout mice showed a strongly reduced inflammatory response after UVB irradiation. Our results suggest that keratinocytes are important immuno-competent cells under physiological and pathological conditions.

Água aquecida e radiação UV-C no controle pós-colheita de Cryptosporiopsis perennans em maçãs

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a colonização de Cryptosporiopsis perennans na epiderme de maçãs e a eficiência da aplicação de água aquecida e radiação UV-C no controle desse patógeno. Em maçãs submetidas à inoculação de C. perennans, a colonização de lenticelas e das áreas adjacentes pelo patógeno foi avaliada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A sensibilidade dos conídios de C. perennans aos tratamentos foi avaliada em suspensão aquosa, às temperaturas de 28, 45, 50 e 55ºC, por 15 e 30 s, e às doses de radiação UV-C de 0,018, 0,037, 0,075, 0,150, 0,375, 0,750, 1,500 e 3,000 kJ m-2. Em maçãs submetidas à inoculação de C. perennans, foram avaliados os efeitos de 0,375, 0,750 e 1,500 kJ m-2 de radiação UV-C e da aspersão de água aquecida à 50ºC, por 15 e 30 s no controle do patógeno. O fungo produziu abundante micélio e conídios nas lenticelas e nas áreas adjacentes, na epiderme das maçãs. A água aquecida a 50ºC por 15 s e à dose de radiação de UV-C de 0,750 kJ m-2 reduzem em mais de 99% a sobrevivência de conídios. A aspersão de água aquecida a 50ºC por 15 s e à dose de radiação de UV-C de 0,375 kJ m-2, controlam C. perennans em maçãs.

Sulpun kuvantaminen painelajittelussa

Painelajittelussa sellusta poistetaan epäpuhtauksia. Painelajittimien suunnittelussa on tärkeää ymmärtää lajittimessa tapahtuvia ilmiöitä. Työn tavoitteena oli kehittää kuvaamiseen perustuva mittausjärjestelmä kuitujen liikkeiden mittaamista varten. Mittauksen kohteena ovat sellusulpun kuitujen ja epäpuhtauksien nopeudet. Kuvaamisessa käytetyllä kaksoisvalotuksella pystytään mittaamaan kuitujen ja roskien nopeuksia. Nopeuksien mittaamiseen kuvista kehitettiin järjestelmä ja tutkittiin mahdollisuutta automatisoida mittaaminen. Yksittäisten kuitujen havaitsemiseen sellumassasta käytettiin optisella kirkasteella kirkastettuja kuituja ja UV-valoa. Kuituja värjättiin myös mustiksi ja kuvattiin näkyvällä valolla. Kaksoisvalotukseen käytettiin kahta stroboskooppia. Prosessin kuvaamisessa käytettiin ulkoisella herätteellä ohjattavaa kameraa. Kuvan tuomiseen kameralle ja kohteen valaistukseen käytettiin boroskooppia. Saatujen kuvien käsittelyä ja nopeuksien mittausta varten tehtiin tietokoneohjelma. Käytetyn boroskoopin valovoima ei ollut riittävä kuvausten suorittamiseen, mutta muilta osin laitteisto havaittiin toimivaksi. Kuitujen ja roskien nopeuksia pystyttiin laskemaan ohjelmalla kuvista, joita otettiin ilman boroskooppia. Mittaustiedon hankinnan automatisointi näyttää mahdolliselta tekemällä muutoksia kuvauslaitteistoon.

Natural aphrodisiacs: studies of commercially-available herbal recipes, and phytochemical investigation of "Erythroxylum vacciniifolium" Mart. (Erythroxylaceae) from Brazil

De tout temps, hommes et femmes ont cherché par tous les moyens à développer, préserver ou recouvrer leurs propres capacités sexuelles mais également à stimuler le désir du partenaire. L?utilisation d?aphrodisiaques naturels a été l?un des recours les plus répandus. De nos jours, la commercialisation de nouvelles "love drugs" de synthèse, e.g. Viagra®, Cialis®, Levitra®, a remis au goût du jour les aphrodisiaques classiques et à relancer la recherche sur des molécules nouvelles. La pratique croissante de l?automédication, le matraquage publicitaire sur les aphrodisiaques naturels, la prolifération sur le marché de compléments alimentaires non contrôlés et l?absence de véritable législation accroissent les risques qui pèsent sur la santé publique. Dans le but d?évaluer les risques potentiels sur le consommateur de produits aphrodisiaques commercialisés, le développement et la validation d?une méthode rapide d?analyse qualitative et quantitative de la yohimbine dans ces préparations du marché sont exposés dans la première partie de ce travail. La yohimbine est un antagoniste ?2-adrénocepteur du système nerveux central et périphérique, elle est employée depuis plus d?un siècle dans le traitement des dysfonctionnements érectiles. Cette méthode analytique utilise la chromatographie liquide couplée à l?ultraviolet et à la spectrométrie de masse (LC-UV-MS) et au total, vingt préparations aphrodisiaques ont été étudiées. La dose journalière de yohimbine mesurée s?est révélée très variable selon les produits puisqu?elle varie de 1.32 à 23.16 mg. La seconde partie de ce travail concerne l?étude phytochimique et pharmacologique d?Erythroxylum vacciniifolium Mart. (Erythroxylaceae), une plante, appelée localement catuaba, utilisée dans la médecine traditionnelle brésilienne comme tonique et aphrodisiaque. Dans un premier temps, l?extrait alcaloïdique a été analysé par chromatographie liquide haute performance (HPLC) couplée soit à un détecteur UV à barrette d?iode (LC-UV-DAD), soit à un spectromètre de masse (LC-MS), ou soit à un spectromètre de résonance magnétique nucléaire (LC-RMN). L?interprétation de ces données spectrales enregistrées en ligne a permis d?obtenir des informations structurales et d?identifier partiellement près de 24 alcaloïdes appartenant à la classe des tropanes et potentiellement originaux. Par des méthodes classiques de chromatographie liquide sur l?extrait alcaloïdique de la plante, dix sept tropanes nouveaux ont ensuite été isolés dont les catuabines et leurs dérivés, et les vaccinines. Tous ces composés sont des tropane-diols ou triols estérifiés par au moins un groupe acide 1-méthyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylique. Un de ces composés a été identifié comme un tropane N-oxyde. Toutes les structures ont été déterminées par spectrométrie de masse haute résolution et spectroscopie RMN multi-dimensionnelle. Parmi les nombreux tests biologiques réalisés sur ces tropanes, seuls les tests de cytotoxicité se sont révélés faiblement positifs pour certains de ces composés.<br/><br/>Throughout the ages, men and women have incessantly pursued every means to increase, preserve or recapture their sexual capacity, or to stimulate the sexual desire of selected individuals. One of the most recurrent methods has been the use of natural aphrodisiacs. Nowadays, the commercialization of new synthetic "love drugs", e.g. Viagra®, Cialis® and Levitra®, has fascinated the public interest and has led to a reassessment of classical aphrodisiacs and to the search for new ones. The practice of self-medication by an increasing number of patients, the incessant aggressive advertising of these herbal aphrodisiacs, the invasion of the medicinal market with uncontrolled dietary supplements and the absence of real directives amplifies the potential health hazards to the community. In order to evaluate the possible risks of commercialized aphrodisiac products on consumer health, the development and validation of a rapid qualitative and quantitative method for the analysis of yohimbine in these products, is reported in the first part of the present work. Yohimbine, a pharmacologically well-characterized ?2-adrenoceptor antagonist with activity in the central and peripheral nervous system, has been used for over a century in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. The analytical method is based on liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet and mass spectrometry (LC-UV-MS) and in total, 20 commercially-available aphrodisiac preparations were analyzed. The amount of yohimbine measured and expressed as the maximal dose per day suggested on product labels ranged from 1.32 to 23.16 mg. The second part of this work involved the phytochemical and pharmacological investigation of Erythroxylum vacciniifolium Mart. (Erythroxylaceae), a plant used in Brazilian traditional medicine as an aphrodisiac and tonic, and locally known as catuaba. With the aim of obtaining preliminary structure information on-line, the alkaloid extract was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to diode array UV detection (LC-UVDAD), to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and to nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (LCNMR). Interpretation of on-line spectroscopic data led to structure elucidation and partial identification of 24 potentially original alkaloids bearing the same tropane skeleton. Seventeen new tropane alkaloids were then isolated from the alkaloid extract of the plant, including catuabines D to I, their derivatives and vaccinines A and B. All compounds were elucidated as tropane-diol or -triol alkaloids esterified by at least one 1-methyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid. One of the isolated compounds was identified as a tropane alkaloid N-oxide. Their structures were determined by high resolution mass spectrometry and multi-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. Among the numerous bioassays undertaken, only the cytotoxicity tests exhibited a weak positive activity of certain compounds.

Occupational UV exposure in French outdoor workers.

OBJECTIVES: Occupational ultraviolet (UV) exposure was evaluated in a population-based sample in France. METHODS: A random survey was conducted in 2012 in individuals aged 25 to 69 years. The median daily standard erythemal UV dose (SED) was estimated from exposure time and place and matched to satellite UV records. RESULTS: A total of 889 individuals were exposed to solar UV with highest doses observed among gardeners (1.19 SED), construction workers (1.13 SED), agricultural workers (0.95 SED), and culture/art/social science workers (0.92 SED). Information and communication technology, industry, and transport workers were highly exposed (>0.70 SED). Significant factors associated with high occupational UV exposure were sex (P < 0.0001), phototype (P = 0.0003), and taking lunch outdoors (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: This study identified not only expected occupations with high UV exposure but also unexpected occupations with high exposures. This could serve as a basis for future prevention.

Tratamentos hidrotérmico e com radiação UV-C no controle pós-colheita da podridão olho-de-boi em uma linha comercial de seleção de maçãs

Avaliaram-se os efeitos da aspersão hidrotérmica e da radiação UV-C no controle pós-colheita da podridão olho-de-boi (POB) em maçãs 'Fuji', após um e oito meses de armazenamento, e 'Gala', após cinco meses de armazenamento, ambas sob condição de atmosfera controlada (AC). Esses frutos foram inoculados ou mantidos com infecção natural de Cryptosporiopsis perennans. As maçãs 'Fuji' foram submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos, aplicados em uma linha comercial de seleção: sem tratamento (testemunha); aspersão hidrotérmica (água a 50ºC por 12 segundos); radiação UV-C (0,0069 kJ m-2); e aspersão hidrotérmica + radiação UV-C. As maçãs 'Gala' também foram submetidas a estes tratamentos utilizados em 'Fuji', exceto ao tratamento com aspersão hidrotérmica + radiação UV-C. Após os tratamentos, as maçãs foram incubadas a 22ºC por 15 dias e avaliadas quanto à incidência da doença. Nas maçãs 'Fuji', os tratamentos de aspersão hidrotérmica e/ou radiação UV-C reduziram a incidência da POB nos frutos inoculados e com infecção natural, proporcionando controle superior a 56% e 54%, em relação à testemunha, respectivamente. Em maçãs 'Gala' inoculadas, os tratamentos com aspersão hidrotérmica e radiação UV-C também reduziram o número de unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC) nos frutos, com controle superior a 70%, e a incidência da POB, com controle superior a 69% em relação à testemunha. Em maçãs 'Gala', com infecção natural, estes tratamentos apresentaram controle da POB superior a 85% em relação à testemunha. Os resultados obtidos mostram que os tratamentos com aspersão hidrotérmica e/ou radiação UV-C reduzem a incidência da POB em maçãs 'Fuji' e 'Gala', em linha comercial de seleção. Todavia, o uso da radiação UV-C, em ambas as cultivares, foi o tratamento que apresentou maior benefício e retorno econômico.

ZnO nanorods for efficient third harmonic UV generation.

ZnO nanorods grown by both high temperature vapour phase transport and low temperature chemical bath deposition are very promising sources for UV third harmonic generation. Material grown by both methods show comparable efficiencies, in both cases an order of magnitude higher than surface third harmonic generation at the quartz-air interface of a bare quartz substrate. This result is in stark contrast to the linear optical properties of ZnO nanorods grown by these two methods, which show vastly different PL efficiencies. The third harmonic generated signal is analysed using intensity dependent measurements and interferometric frequency resolved optical gating, allowing extraction of the laser pulse parameters. The comparable levels of efficiency of ZnO grown by these very different methods as sources for third harmonic UV generation provides a broad suite of possible growth methods to suit various substrates, coverage and scalability requirements. Potential application areas range from interferometric frequency resolved optical gating characterization of few cycle fs pulses to single cell UV irradiation for biophysical studies.