Human and ecological risk assessment of a crop protection chemical: a case study with the azole fungicide epoxiconazole.

Conventional risk assessments for crop protection chemicals compare the potential for causing toxicity (hazard identification) to anticipated exposure. New regulatory approaches have been proposed that would exclude exposure assessment and just focus on hazard identification based on endocrine disruption. This review comprises a critical analysis of hazard, focusing on the relative sensitivity of endocrine and non-endocrine endpoints, using a class of crop protection chemicals, the azole fungicides. These were selected because they are widely used on important crops (e.g. grains) and thereby can contact target and non-target plants and enter the food chain of humans and wildlife. Inhibition of lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) mediates the antifungal effect. Inhibition of other CYPs, such as aromatase (CYP19), can lead to numerous toxicological effects, which are also evident from high dose human exposures to therapeutic azoles. Because of its widespread use and substantial database, epoxiconazole was selected as a representative azole fungicide. Our critical analysis concluded that anticipated human exposure to epoxiconazole would yield a margin of safety of at least three orders of magnitude for reproductive effects observed in laboratory rodent studies that are postulated to be endocrine-driven (i.e. fetal resorptions). The most sensitive ecological species is the aquatic plant Lemna (duckweed), for which the margin of safety is less protective than for human health. For humans and wildlife, endocrine disruption is not the most sensitive endpoint. It is concluded that conventional risk assessment, considering anticipated exposure levels, will be protective of both human and ecological health. Although the toxic mechanisms of other azole compounds may be similar, large differences in potency will require a case-by-case risk assessment.

Protection of horses against Culicoides biting midges in different housing systems in Switzerland

Species belonging to the Culicoides complexes (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae), obsoletus and pulicaris, in Switzerland, are potential vectors of both bluetongue virus (BTV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV). The epidemic of BTV in 2006 and 2007 in Europe has highlighted the risk of introduction and spread of vector-borne diseases in previously non-endemic areas. As a measure of prevention, as part of an integrated control programme in the event of an outbreak of African horse sickness (AHS), it is of utmost importance to prevent, or substantially reduce, contact between horses and Culicoides. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of three protection systems, net, fan, repellent, or combinations thereof, with regard to their potential to reduce contact between horses and Culicoides. Three different equine housing systems, including individual boxes (BX), group housing systems (GR), and individual boxes with permanently accessible paddock (BP) were used. The efficacy of the protection systems were evaluated by comparing the total number counts of collected female Culicoides, of non-blood-fed and blood-fed Culicoides, respectively, with UV black light traps. The study was conducted over 3 summer months during 2012 and 2013 each and focused on the efficacy and practicality of the protection systems. The repellent was tested in 2012 only and not further investigated in 2013, as it showed no significant effect in reducing Culicoides collected in the light traps. Net protection system provided the best overall protection for the total number of female Culicoides, non-blood-fed and blood-fed Culicoides in all tested housing systems. The net, with a pore size of 0.1825 mm(2), reduced the total number of Culicoides collected in the housing systems BP, GR and BX by 98%, 85% and 67%, respectively. However, in the GR housing system, no significant difference between the effectiveness of the fan and the net were determined for any of the three Culicoides categories. The results of the present study demonstrated that horse owners can substantially reduce their horses' exposure to Culicoides, by using net protection in the housing systems BX, BP and GR. In GR housing systems, protection against Culicoides using a fan is also recommended.

Legal Change and the Social Value of Lawsuits

This paper integrates the literatures on the social value of lawsuits, the evolution of the law, and judicial preferences to evaluate the hypothesis that the law evolves toward efficiency. The setting is a simple accident model with costly litigation where the efficient law minimizes the sum of accident plus litigation costs. In the steady state equilibrium, the distribution of legal rules is not necessarily efficient but instead depends on a combination of selective litigation, judicial bias, and precedent.

An Economic Model of Fair Use

The doctrine of fair use allows unauthorized copying of original works of art, music, and literature for limited purposes like criticism, research, and education, based on the rationale that copyright holders would consent to such uses if bargaining were possible. This paper develops the first formal analysis of fair use in an effort to derive the efficient legal standard for applying the doctrine. The model interprets copies and originals as differentiated products and defines fair use as a threshold separating permissible copying from infringement. Application of the analysis to several key cases (including the recent Napster case) shows that this interpretation is consistent with actual legal reasoning. The analysis also underscores the role of technology in shaping the efficient scope of fair use.

Tab.1: Total estimated muskox numbers and quotas in management zones of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut

In view of the drastic growth in the Canadian Inuit population, the rising costs of living, the missing job and income alternatives and the high unemployment rate in the arctic, efforts are being made to make use of the muskox populations in order to provide additional sources of food and/or revenue. The present paper attempts to review the course of muskox utilization in the Canadian Arctic and to tentatively assess its present as weIl as its future economic importance. Starting with the pre-European status of muskoxen in Canada, the drastic reduction in numbers resulting from the combined efforts of hide traders, whalers and expedition parties in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the impact of the legal protection and the recovery since 1917 are being described. Establishing muskox farms with semi-domesticated herds failed in Canada in the 1970's. Since 1969, though, increasing numbers of animals have been allotted to many Inuit communities, and despite the fact that most of the animals were primarily used for subsistence purposes, some communities could reserve part of their quotas for trophy (sport) hunters. While controlled sustainable subsistence and trophy hunts may eventually be carried out over the whole muskox range, including recently colonized northern Quebec, commercial harvesting for meat, hides and wool, introduced in 1981, will at least for some time be restricted to Banks and Victoria islands which at present show 78 % of the Canadian muskox population and 94 % of the overall quota.

The Sheepskin Marketing Channel in Ethiopia after Liberalization: The Survival Strategies of the Participants

Sheepskin market in Ethiopia seems to enjoy the benefits of the economic liberalization policy since 1991, such as price deregulation or liberalization of economic activities. The close observation on the profiles and activities of each actor in the marketing channel, however, illustrates that the actors have tried to complement the lack of appropriate infrastructure and legal protection, which should be provided by the government, through utilizing their social and blood ties. While these ties have implemented the role of the government, there are risks that the marketing channel might be developed based on coalition with social network and the poor without the network would be excluded.

Impact of product-related environmental regulations / voluntary requirements on Thai firms

The rules governing the trade of goods in global markets have shifted toward non-tariff measures related to environmental and chemical safety. Unlike traditional environmental/safety requirements, the scope of modern regulations covers products’ environmental performance and chemical safety. To comply with these modern regulations, production practices along the entire supply chain must be realigned to manage certain chemical substances incorporated into the final product. This paper examines the implications of product-related environmental and chemical safety regulations on different firms operating in Thailand.

Professional Liability of the Construction Professional as an Expert Witness in the Spanish Legal Framework

Inside COBRA 2011 RICS International Research Conference, the present paper is linked to analyze the liability of the construction professional in his practice as a expert witness in the Spanish legal framework. In a large number of legal procedures related to the building it is necessary the intervention of the expert witness to report on the subject of litigation, and to give an opinion about possible causes and solutions. This field is increasingly importantly for the practice of construction professional that requires an important specialization. The expert provides his knowledge to the judge in the matter he is dealing with (construction, planning, assessment, legal, ...), providing arguments or reasons as the base for his case and acting as part of the evidence. Although the importance of expert intervention in the judicial process, the responsibilities arising from their activity is a slightly studied field. Therefore, the study has as purpose to think about the regulation of professional activities raising different aims. The first is to define the action of the construction professional-expert witness and the need for expert evidence, establishing the legal implications of this professional activity. The different types of responsibilities (the civil, criminal and administrative) have been established as well as the economic, penal or disciplinary damages that can be derived from the expert report

The value of cultural assets. Maintenance Costs and economic sustainability at heritage

Under the 12th International Conference on Building Materials and Components is inserted this communication related to the field of management of those assets that constitute the Spanish Cultural Heritage and maintenance. This work is related to the field of management of those assets that constitute the Spanish Cultural Heritage which share an artistic or historical background. The conservation and maintenance become a social demand necessary for the preservation of public values, requiring the investment of necessary resources. The legal protection involves a number of obligations and rights to ensure the conservation and heritage protection. The duty of maintenance and upkeep exceeds the useful life the property that must endure more for their cultural value for its usability. The establishment of the necessary conditions to prevent deterioration and precise in order to fulfill its social function, seeking to prolong the life of the asset, preserving their physical integrity and its ability to convey the values protected. This obligation implies a substantial financial effort to the holder of the property, either public or private entity, addressing a problem of economic sustainability. Economic exploitation, with the aim of contributing to their well-maintained, is sometimes the best way to get resources. The work will include different lines of research with the following objectives. - Establishment of processes for assessing total costs over the building life cycle (LCC), during the planning stages or maintenance budgets to determine the most advantageous operating system. - Relationship between the value of property and maintenance costs, and establishing a sensitivity analysis.

Modelo de gestión de costes medioambientales para el sector petroquímico venezolano

El crecimiento económico ha producido mejoras en el nivel de vida de la población que muchas veces tienen efectos medioambientales negativos en el largo plazo. Ante esta problemática, surge la necesidad a nivel empresarial de enmarcarse en un modelo de desarrollo sostenible que combine los objetivos de crecimiento económico con los de protección medioambiental. Esta situación puede representar altos costes para las empresas del sector petroquímico venezolano, debido al elevado riesgo de sus operaciones y al conjunto de regulaciones legales vigentes en materia medioambiental. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de la presente investigación ha sido proponer un modelo para la gestión de costes medioambientales de dicho sector fundamentado en la ecoeficiencia. Se planteó una investigación proyectiva, desde un enfoque holístico. Se utilizó un diseño de investigación univariable, transeccional contemporáneo, de fuente mixta. Univariable, porque se enfoca en la gestión de costes medioambientales como único evento a modificar. Transeccional contemporáneo, porque el evento se estudia en la actualidad y la medición de los datos se realiza en un solo momento. De fuente mixta, porque se combinó un diseño documental con un diseño de campo. Se utilizó un diseño documental para el análisis comparativo de las normativas de registro y control de costes medioambientales propuestas por organismos internacionales, mediante la aplicación de una matriz de análisis de categorías emergentes. Para el diagnóstico de la gestión de costes medioambientales en el sector petroquímico venezolano, se utilizó un diseño de campo en las empresas del sector que operan en la región zuliana. Para ello se aplicó un cuestionario con 100 ítems en escala Likert y 6 preguntas de opción múltiple. Dicho cuestionario fue validado mediante la revisión de expertos y se determinó su confiablidad a través del coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Los resultados muestran que los principales asuntos tratados por las normativas analizadas pueden agruparse en seis temas: alcance de la contabilidad de gestión medioambiental, clasificación, tratamiento contable, asignación, informes de costes medioambientales e indicadores de gestión. Se evidenció que las guías de aplicación de la contabilidad de gestión medioambiental abordan todos los temas identificados pero no hay uniformidad en los criterios asumidos. Por el contrario, las normativas en el ámbito de la contabilidad financiera consideran principalmente los aspectos relacionados con el tratamiento contable de los costes medioambientales y su inclusión en los estados financieros. En cuanto a la gestión de costes medioambientales que realizan las empresas del sector petroquímico venezolano, se evidenció su limitación por la escasa consideración de criterios de ecoeficiencia y la poca aplicación de herramientas de contabilidad de gestión, que dificultan la determinación y el control de costes medioambientales. Tomando como base los resultados obtenidos, se diseñó el modelo de Gestión de Costes Medioambientales Ecoeficiente (GCME). Dicho modelo plantea como deben incorporarse los criterios de ecoeficiencia y las herramientas de contabilidad de gestión medioambiental para la planificación, coordinación y control en la gestión de costes medioambientales. Se plantea que estas etapas deben desarrollarse permanentemente para asegurar la mejora continua del proceso y su adaptación a los cambios tecnológicos y a las regulaciones legales. Se hace énfasis en las directrices que deben seguir las empresas del sector petroquímico venezolano para la aplicación del modelo GCME. Sin embargo, por su generalidad y adaptación a las Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad vigentes en Venezuela, dicho modelo es aplicable a diversos sectores industriales que requieran mejorar su desempeño económico-medioambiental. ABSTRACT Economic growth has led to improvements in the standard of living of the population that often have negative environmental effects over the long term. Faced with this problem, at the enterprise-level, the need to be framed in a sustainable development model that combines the goals of economic growth with environmental protection arises. This situation may represent high costs for the Venezuelan petrochemical companies due to the high risk of their operations and to all the applicable legal regulations on environmental matters. Therefore, this research aims to propose a model for the environmental costs management of these companies based on eco-efficiency. A projective research was performed from a holistic approach. An univariate, contemporary cross-sectional and mixed source research design was used. It is univariate, because it focuses on environmental costs management as the single event to change. It is contemporary cross-sectional, because the event is currently studied and the data measurement is performed in a single moment. It relies on mixed source, because it combines a documentary design with a field design. A documentary design was used for the comparative analysis of the standards of registration and control of environmental costs proposed by international organizations, by applying an analysis matrix of emerging categories. For the diagnosis of the environmental costs management in the Venezuelan petrochemical industry, a field design was applied in the companies that operate in the Zulia region. A questionnaire with 100 items on a Likert scale and 6 multiple-choice questions was used. The questionnaire was validated by peer review and internal consistency reliability was determined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The results show that the main issues addressed in the analyzed regulations can be grouped into six themes: scope of environmental management accounting, classification, accounting, allocation, reporting of environmental costs and performance indicators. It was evident that implementation guides of environmental management accounting address all issues identified but there is no uniformity in the assumed criteria. Meanwhile, regulations in the financial accounting field mainly consider aspects related to the accounting treatment of environmental costs and their inclusion in the financial statements. Regarding the environmental costs management performed by Venezuelan petrochemical companies, its limitations were made evident by the low status of eco-efficiency criteria and insufficient application of management accounting tools, which hinder the identification and control of environmental costs. Based on the results, the model of eco-efficient environmental costs management (EECM) was designed. This model indicates how eco-efficiency criteria and tools of environmental management accounting for planning, coordination and control in the environmental costs management should be incorporated. It argues that these stages must be continually developed to ensure a continuous process improvement and its adaptation to technological and legal regulatory changes. The guidelines which the Venezuelan petrochemical companies should follow for the EECM model application have been emphasized. However, due to its generality and adaptation to the International Accounting Standards enforced in Venezuela, this model is applicable to various industries that require an improvement of their economic and environmental performance.

Historia de la protección del patrimonio arquitectónico en España. 1933-1985

El trabajo de investigación que presentamos tiene como principal objetivo, la recopilación, el registro, el análisis y la reflexión sobre una época, tan trascendental como poco estudiada desde el ámbito arquitectónico, como es el período comprendido entre las dos normas de mayor relevancia en relación a la protección del Patrimonio Histórico Español del último siglo. Nos referimos a la Ley sobre Defensa, Conservación y Acrecentamiento del Patrimonio Histórico Nacional de 13 de mayo de 1933 y la Ley 13/1985, de 25 de junio, del Patrimonio Histórico Español. A través de la investigación realizada, se pretende aportar una visión integral de esta etapa, desde el enfoque arquitectónico, fundamentando la misma en el desarrollo de pautas metodológicas, abordadas desde la recopilación exhaustiva del material bibliográfico y documental para su posterior análisis. A partir de esta fase inicial, se han identificado los nexos comunes entre los estudios existentes sobre el patrimonio monumental español previos a la Guerra Civil y las investigaciones dedicadas a la historia de las últimas décadas del siglo XX. De esta forma, se ha procurado trazar un “puente” documental, con el que trasponer virtualmente el vacío bibliográfico existente. Históricamente, la protección del patrimonio histórico edificado y urbano, ha preocupado y ocupado a multitud de profesionales que, desde disciplinas dispares, han emprendido la tarea ímproba de comprender y explicar cuáles han sido los avatares, históricos y legales, que han marcado su evolución. Tal preocupación ha generado una bibliografía ingente y diversa, desde la protección formal y precisa, sobre uno u otro material, pasando por el marco historiográfico de las tendencias conservacionistas y las teorías decimonónicas, las filigranas formadas por las cuantiosas normas promulgadas desde la Novísima Recopilación, hasta la incidencia del planeamiento urbano en la tutela del patrimonio, incluidas la trama de competencias y yuxtaposiciones administrativas. Documentos de toda índole y profundidad científica, que como mosaicos hispanomusulmanes, dibujan el panorama patrimonial en el que la criba de material resulta una tarea, en ocasiones, inextricable. El título de este documento, en sí mismo, circunscribe la materia que ha sido el objeto de análisis durante el proceso de investigación, el Patrimonio Arquitectónico Monumental. El eje o núcleo basal de estudio se sitúa en los bienes inmuebles, los edificados, que, a su vez, ostentan la declaración de Bien de Interés Cultural, y que, por ende, pertenecen al Patrimonio Histórico Español. La metodología de trabajo se ha desarrollado de forma concéntrica, desde aspectos generales de la protección del patrimonio monumental, como el marco legal que antecede a la promulgación de la Ley de 1933, y el estado previo de los bienes susceptibles de ser preservados. Reconocemos en el ámbito legislativo, el fundamento orgánico que regula y dirige la tutela del patrimonio histórico español y la acción conservadora, y que delimita el ámbito a partir del cual se condiciona el devenir de los bienes culturales. Del esquema de situación surgido del análisis previo, se han detectado los factores claves en la transición hacia la Ley de Patrimonio Histórico Español; la evolución conceptual del “Patrimonio”, como apreciación genérica, y el testimonio de este progreso a través de los valores históricos, artísticos y culturales. El presente documento de investigación, consta de una primera fase, correspondiente al Capítulo 1, que se ha desarrollado a partir, principalmente, de la ordenación jurídica que rige el Patrimonio Histórico Español, a través de leyes, decretos, órdenes y disposiciones anexas, complementado con el material bibliográfico dedicado a la revisión histórica del proceso legal de la protección del patrimonio histórico-artístico. Si bien no ha sido nuestro propósito realizar un estudio pormenorizado del volumen jurídico e histórico que precede a la Ley de 1933, y que da inicio al período de estudio de la presente investigación, sí lo ha sido centrarnos en la elaboración de un extracto de aquellos elementos de la doctrina de mayor relevancia y repercusión en la protección del patrimonio histórico-artístico y/o monumental español. A lo largo de este estudio hemos comprobado lo que algunos juristas ya habían planteado, acerca de la profunda dispersión, ramificación, y diversificación de esfuerzos, tanto en la legislación específica como en la urbanística. Esta disgregación se ha extendido al ámbito de las medidas de reconocimiento caracterizado por la elaboración de múltiples catálogos e inventarios, con desigual transcendencia, alcance y utilidad. El resultado ha sido una división de esfuerzos, desdibujando el objetivo y convirtiendo la acción del reconocimiento en múltiples empresas inconexas y de escasa trascendencia. Nuestra investigación avanza en el análisis de la protección del patrimonio, como concepto globalizador, con el desarrollo del Capítulo 2, en el que se incluye una serie de mecanismos directos e indirectos que, individualmente, suelen carecer de la fuerza efectiva que muchos de los monumentos o conjuntos monumentales requieren para sobrevivir al paso del tiempo y sus circunstancias. En primer lugar, en este segundo capítulo nos hemos centrado, específicamente, en el mecanismo regulado por la Ley del Patrimonio Histórico Español, y el régimen general de protección implementado a partir de su promulgación en 1985. En especial, consideraremos la declaración de Interés Cultural como grado máximo de protección y tutela de un bien, y su posterior inscripción en el Registro General correspondiente, dependiente del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte. Este mecanismo representa el instrumento por antonomasia que condensa las facultades de tutela del Estado sobre un bien del que se considera poseedor y aglutinador de valores “culturales” —como cohesión de los valores históricos, artísticos, sociales, etc. — representativos de la idiosincrasia española, y sobre el cual no existen dudas sobre la necesidad de garantizar su permanencia a través de su conservación. En segunda instancia, hemos analizado el Planeamiento Urbanístico, como aglutinador de valores culturales contenidos en la ciudad y como contenedor de los efectos generados por el hombre a partir de su interacción con el medio en el que habita y se relaciona. En tercer término, hemos recopilado y estudiado la concepción de los catálogos, como noción genérica de protección. Desde hace siglos, este género ha estado definido como una herramienta capaz de intervenir en la protección del patrimonio histórico, aunque de una manera difícilmente cuantificable, mediante la identificación, enumeración y descripción de una tipología concreta de monumentos o grupos de ellos, contribuyendo al reconocimiento de los valores cualitativos contenidos en éstos. El tercer capítulo analiza el mecanismo directo de tutela que ejerce la Administración en el patrimonio monumental. La declaración de monumentalidad o de Bien de Interés Cultural y su inclusión en el Registro General de Protección. La protección teórica y la protección jurídica de un monumento, analizadas hasta el momento, resultan tan necesarias como pueriles si no van seguidas de su consumación. En el caso de este tipo de patrimonio monumental, toda acción que tenga como objeto resguardar los valores implícitos en un bien mueble o inmueble, y en su materia, implica el cumplimiento de la protección. Por último, el cuarto capítulo se convierte en el punto culminante, y por ende crucial, del proceso de protección del Patrimonio Cultural, el de la consumación de la intervención. La teoría, la crítica, la normativa y hasta las doctrinas más radicales en materia de protección del patrimonio cultural, carecen de sentido si no las suceden los hechos, la acción, en antítesis a la omisión o la desidia. De ello ha dado pruebas elocuentes la propia historia en multitud de ocasiones con la destrucción, por indolencia o desconocimiento, de importantes vestigios del patrimonio arquitectónico español. Por este motivo, y para ser consecuentes con nuestra tesis hemos recuperado, concentrado y analizado la documentación de obra de tres monumentos imprescindibles del patrimonio construido (la Catedral de Burgos, el Palacio-Castillo de la Aljafería en Zaragoza y la Muralla de Lugo). En ocasiones, al examinar retrospectivamente las intervenciones en monumentos de gran envergadura, física y cultural como catedrales o murallas, algunos investigadores han tenido la sospecha o prevención de que las actuaciones no han seguido un plan de actuación premeditado, sino que han sido el resultado de impulsos o arrebatos inconexos producto de la urgencia por remediar algún tipo de deterioro. En oposición a esto, y a través del estudio de las intervenciones llevadas a cabo en los tres monumentos mencionados, hemos podido corroborar que, a excepción de intervenciones de emergencia fruto de circunstancias puntuales, existe coherencia desde el proceso de análisis de situación de un bien a la designación de prioridades, que ha regido el proceso restaurador a lo largo de dos siglos. La evolución de las intervenciones realizadas en los monumentos analizados ha estado definida, además de por su complejidad, magnitud y singularidad constructiva, por el devenir de su estructura y su uso. En conclusión, la efectividad de la protección del patrimonio cultural español, radica en la concomitancia de múltiples aspectos, entre ellos: el cumplimiento acertado de las normas vigentes, específicas y accesorias; el conocimiento del bien y de sus valores históricos, artísticos, y culturales; su catalogación o inclusión en los inventarios correspondientes; el compromiso de los agentes e instituciones de los cuales depende; la planificación de las tareas necesarias que garanticen tanto la salvaguarda estructural como la conservación de sus valores; y la incorporación de un plan de seguimiento que permita detectar eventuales peligros que atenten contra su conservación. Pero, la situación óptima estaría dada por un sistema en el que estos mecanismos —regulaciones específicas y urbanísticas, Declaraciones de Bien de Interés Cultural, Catálogos e Inventarios, etc. — funcionaran, de forma parcial o total, como una maquinaria, donde cada pieza operara con independencia relativa, pero en sintonía con los demás engranajes. Hasta el momento, la realidad dista mucho de esta situación, convirtiendo esta convivencia en una utopía. Tanto los legisladores, como las autoridades y los técnicos involucrados, deben tener presente que, de ellos, de los parámetros asignados por la legislación, de la implementación de los instrumentos estipulados por ésta y de las decisiones tomadas por cada uno de los poderes directivos de los órganos competentes, dependerá el alcance y efectividad de la protección, ya que en cada vertiente existe, en mayor o menor medida, un porcentaje de interpretación y subjetividad. ABSTRACT The research that we present has as the main objective to collect, record, analyzed and reflection on a time, that was little studied from the architectural field. It is the period between the two laws of most relevance to the protection of Spanish Historical Heritage of the last century. We refer to the Law on the Protection and Conservation of National Heritage of 1933 and Law 16/1985 of Spanish Historical Heritage. Through this research, it aims to provide a comprehensive view of the stage from the architectural approach, basing it on the development of methodological guidelines. The investigation was initiated by the bibliography and documentary for further analysis. After this initial phase, we have identified the common links between existing studies on the Spanish architectural heritage prior to the Civil War and dedicated research into the history of the late twentieth century. Thus, we have tried to draw a documental bridge, with which virtually transpose the gap that has existed. Historically, professionals from diverse disciplines have been worried and busy of the protection of the built and urban heritage. They have undertaken the daunting task of understanding and explaining the historical and legal difficulties, which have marked its evolution. This concern has generated an enormous and diverse literature, from formal and precise protection, in the framework of conservation historiographical trends and nineteenth-century theories. Also, they have studied the impact of urban planning in the protection of heritage, including the competences and administrative juxtapositions. They have generated a lot of documents of all kinds and scientific depth. The title of this document, in itself, circumscribes the matter that has been analyzed during this research process, the Monumental Architectural Heritage. The basal studio is located in the historical buildings, which, in turn, hold the declaration of cultural interest, and thus belong to the Spanish Historical Heritage. The work methodology was developed concentrically from general aspects of the protection of monuments, such as the legal framework that predates the enactment of the 1933 Act, and the previous state of the monuments that should be preserved. We recognize in the legislative sphere, the organic base that regulates and directs the tutelage of Spanish heritage and conservative action. The situation scheme emerged from the previous analysis, and we detected the key factors in the transition to the Spanish Historical Heritage Act; the conceptual evolution of the Heritage as a generic assessment, and witness this progress through historical, artistic and cultural values. This research paper consists of a first phase, corresponding to Chapter 1, which has developed from the legal regulation governing the Spanish Historical Heritage, through laws, decrees, orders and related provisions, supplemented the bibliography dedicated to the historical review of the legal process of protecting historical and artistic heritage. While it was not our intention to conduct a detailed study of the legal and historical volume preceding the 1933 Act, and that started the study period of this investigation, yes he has been focusing on the production of an extract from those elements of the doctrine with greater relevance and impact on the protection of Spanish art-historical and / or architectural heritage. Throughout our study we have seen what some jurists had already raised, about the scattering, branching and diversification of efforts, both in specific law and in urban law. This disaggregation has been extended to the field of recognition measures characterized by the development of multiple catalogs and inventories, with varying significance, scope and usefulness. The result has been a division of efforts, blurring the objective and turning the action of the recognition in multiple attempts little consequence. Our research advances in the analysis of heritage protection, as globalization concept in the Chapter 2, which includes a number of direct and indirect mechanisms that individually, often lack the effective force that many of monuments have required to survive the test of time and circumstances. First, in this second chapter we focused specifically on the mechanism regulated by the Spanish Historical Heritage Act, and the general protection regime implemented since its enactment in 1985 . In particular, we consider the declaration of cultural interest as maximum protection and protection of cultural assets, and their subsequent entry in the relevant General Register under the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports . This mechanism is the instrument par excellence that condenses the powers of state care about a cultural asset, and which represents the cohesion of the historical, artistic, social values , etc. Secondly, we analyzed the Urban Planning, as a unifying cultural value in the city and as a container for the effects caused by man from its interaction with the environment in which he lives and relates. Thirdly, we have collected and studied the origin of catalogs, as generic notion of protection. For centuries, this genre has been defined as a tool to intervene in the protection of historical heritage, although difficult to quantify, through the identification, enumeration and description of a particular typology of monuments, and that contributing to the recognition of qualitative values contained therein. The third chapter analyzes the direct mechanism of protection performed by the Administration in the monuments with the statement of Cultural asset and inclusion in the General Protection Register. The theoretical and legal protection of a monument is as necessary as puerile if they are not followed by intervention. For this type of architectural heritage, any action which has the aim to safeguard the values implicit in the cultural asset involves protection compliance. Finally, the fourth chapter becomes the highlight, because it treated of the end process of the cultural heritage protection, the consummation of the intervention. The theory, the criticism, the rules and even the radical doctrines on the protection of cultural heritage, are meaningless if they do not take place the facts, the action, in antithesis to the omission. The history of the architectural heritage has given eloquent proof by itself. A lot of vestiges have been lost, in many times, for the destruction, through indolence or unknowledge. For this reason, and to be consistent with our thesis, we have collected and analyzed the projects documentation of three monuments (the Burgos Cathedral, the Aljafería Palace-Castle in Zaragoza and the Wall of Lugo). Sometimes, some researchers have suspected that there had not been planning. They suspect that the projects have been the result of different emergency situations. In opposition of this, we confirm that, except for emergency interventions result of specific circumstances, there have been a process of analysis to conclude in the priorities designation, which has guided the restoration process over two centuries. The complexity, magnitude and constructive uniqueness have defined the evolution of intervention. In conclusion, the effectiveness of the protection of Spanish cultural heritage lies in the conjunction of many aspects, including: the successful implementation of existing, specific and ancillary standards; the knowledge of good and its historical, artistic and cultural values; the cataloging and inclusion in the relevant inventories; and the commitment of the actors and institutions on which it depends. These planning tasks are necessary to ensure both structural safeguards as conservation values; and the introduction of a monitoring plan to detect possible dangers that threaten its conservation. But, the optimal situation would be given by a system in which these urban-regulations and specific mechanisms, would work together like a machine, where each piece operated with relative independence, but in tune with the other gears. So far, the reality is far from this situation, turning this coexistence in a utopia. Both legislators and officials and technicians involved must be aware that the effectiveness and scope of protection depends on your insight and commitment.

O princípio da impessoalidade nas decisões administrativas

Estuda-se nesta tese o conteúdo jurídico do princípio da impessoalidade, previsto no art. 37, caput, da Constituição Federal de 1988, especificamente para fins de parametrização, controle e responsabilidade das decisões administrativas. Estruturam-se três eixos temáticos: a) noções introdutórias ideias de aproximação necessárias ao contexto e ao conceito do princípio da impessoalidade e do alcance de sua projeção nas decisões administrativas (póspositivismo e neoconstitucionalismo; constitucionalização; julgamento por princípios; relevância dos princípios; interesse público; direito administrativo como sistema; neutralidade política e a questão da justiça); b) impessoalidade no direito administrativo comprovação de que o princípio da impessoalidade ostenta arquétipo aberto para conferir maiores cobertura e proteção aos valores tutelados pelo texto constitucional, com ênfase à organização administrativa impessoal para assegurar um agir naturalmente impessoal (instrumentalização recíproca de princípios constitucionais; antecedentes históricos; direito estrangeiro; doutrina brasileira; impessoalidade na Constituição, nas leis e na jurisprudência; conceito de impessoalidade); c) impessoalidade nas decisões administrativas construção de um conceito de impessoalidade específico para as decisões administrativas, concebido desde a ideia de ponderação e conciliação de todos os interesses legítimos públicos e privados envolvidos em cada caso concreto (conceito e distinção de decisão administrativa impessoal em relação à decisão judicial imparcial; garantias e requisitos para a adoção de decisões impessoais, com destaque para os deveres de fundamentação (motivação), processualização e participação; algumas implicações de decisões impessoais [funcionário de fato; diminuição da discricionariedade; desvio de poder; motivação na dispensa de empregados públicos; responsabilidade civil extracontratual do Estado; necessidade de reconhecimento dos direitos dos administrados; nepotismo e revisitação da reformatio in pejus]; consequências da quebra da impessoalidade nas decisões administrativas [anulação; responsabilização do Estado e responsabilização do servidor] e, finalmente, técnicas para adoção de decisões administrativas impessoais).

Poder da marca: interações entre direito antitruste e direito industrial

O presente trabalho busca analisar os diferentes tratamentos dispensados à marca no âmbito do controle preventivo e no controle repressivo de condutas. A análise da função social das marcas demonstrou que esta é uma propriedade que se realiza na concorrência e pela concorrência. Nesse sentido, não há dúvidas de que está sujeita aos princípios do Direito Concorrencial. Todavia, a maneira como esses princípios balizam a marca no controle de atos de concentração, de um lado, e no controle repressivo de condutas, de outro, difere. No âmbito do controle de atos de concentração, a atuação da autoridade concorrencial é orientada por uma variante do princípio da precaução, o que a autoriza a tomar decisões e impor restrições aos direitos marcários mesmo em um contexto de incerteza. No âmbito do controle repressivo de condutas, todavia, a intervenção do CADE está sujeita aos princípios do Processo Administrativo Sancionador. Neste contexto, as condutas que envolvem o uso de direitos de propriedade intelectual, incluindo as marcas, devem ser analisadas à luz do princípio da estrita legalidade. Um critério jurídico objetivo é necessário para distinguir o lícito do ilícito, sobretudo em um cenário no qual estão em jogo duas políticas públicas distintas: a de proteção à concorrência e a de proteção à direitos de propriedade industrial. Sendo essas duas políticas instrumentais e parciais, voltadas a um fim maior de política econômica, devem harmonizar-se, e não sobrepor-se uma a outra. Ademais, o escopo de atuação da autoridade concorrencial em processos que investiguem o uso abusivo de direitos marcários e atos de concorrência desleal deve ser esclarecido. O direito concorrencial, enquanto ramo autônomo do direito, com princípios e métodos interpretativos próprios, pode analisar institutos e figuras de outros ramos que com ele guardem relação sem ter de ficar adstrito ao posicionamento de outras instâncias.

A violência doméstica contra mulher e o atendimento jurídico na cidade de Maputo - Mocambique

Introdução: A violência doméstica contra as mulheres apresenta-se, na atualidade, como relevante questão social e problema de saúde pública que afeta a maioria dos países. Portanto, não está mais restrita a países considerados do terceiro mundo e tende a ampliarse e a se generalizar. Em Moçambique pouco se investigou sobre a importância e papel das Delegacias de Mulheres no processo de implementação da Lei 29/2009 sobre Violência Doméstica contra a Mulher. Objetivo: Conhecer como profissionais de Delegacias de Mulheres acolhem e encaminham aos Tribunais os casos de violência doméstica; como interpretam o texto da lei, seu alcance, limitação e desafios na defesa dos direitos das mulheres vivendo em situação de violência na cidade de Maputo. Metodologia: Trata-se de pesquisa de natureza qualitativa, na qual foram realizadas entrevistas com 21 profissionais, operadores de Delegacias da cidade de Maputo Moçambique, que autorizaram a entrevista, segundo Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Resultados e Discussão: Os entrevistados apresentaram, em seus relatos, grande identificação com o tipo de trabalho exercido, considerando as Delegacias como espaços significativos para o reconhecimento da cidadania das mulheres, assim como um campo de atuação políticojurídica em defesa dos direitos das mesmas via atuação na implementação da Lei 29/2009. Reconhecem a relevância da Lei, tendo em vista a significativa expressão da violência como prática naturalizada, na sociedade moçambicana, pela cristalização de valores tradicionais do poder masculino sobre as mulheres, secundados por diferentes práticas culturais. Tais entrevistados Identificam alcances, mas igualmente limites no processo de implementação da mesma, destacando a importância de sua maior divulgação em todas as regiões do país, quer urbanas, sobretudo nas periferias, assim como zonas rurais. Destacam, igualmente, a necessidade de maior capacitação dos próprios agentes do setor jurídico, considerando a multiplicidade de aspectos envolvidos na prática cotidiana dos serviços, notadamente nas delegacias, em relação à aplicação e ampliação do alcance da Lei. Considerações Finais: As tradicionais práticas culturais vigentes na sociedade moçambicana apresentaram-se como aspecto limitante para a implementação da Lei, assim como a remissão das penas, prevista na Lei, que, impossibilita a punição do agressor, em termos de detenção, uma vez que substitui a mesma por prestação de serviços à comunidade, pagamento de cestabásica e/ou multas, tendo em vista, sobretudo, sua estreita relação com o artigo 37 sobre a salvaguarda da família. Diante disso, foram sugeridas, para maior alcance e efetividade na aplicação da Lei, modalidades como o trabalho reflexivo com grupos de homens, com o objetivo de desconstrução dos tradicionais valores sobre masculinidade vigentes nas relações entre homens e mulheres nessa sociedade, que mantém tanto a desigualdade quanto a iniquidade de gênero, pela permanência de tradicionais valores culturais, a exemplo do lobolo e da poligamia