Microbiologia da carne moída: 3. avaliação da qualidade em diferentes épocas do ano

Um método modificado anteriormente, baseado na redução da resazurina, para a avaliação sob o ponto de vista microbiológico da carne moída existente no comércio, foi estudado quanto à sua aplicação em diferentes épocas do ano, como as chamadas safra e entresafra da comercialização da carne bovina. Os resultados sugerem a possibilidade de aplicação do teste nas diversas épocas, inclusive quando o produto é preparado a partir de carne previamente congelada, distribuída ao mercado varejista. Não foi observada diferença significativa entre as contagens totais de bactérias de amostras obtidas em dois estabelecimentos comerciais, nas épocas de safra e entresafra.

Nutrição mineral de gramineas tropicais. V. Cálcio na produção de matéria seca e na composição de macronutrientes no milheto forrageiro (Pennisetum americanum)

Para pesquisar o efeito de diferentes níveis de Ca, sobre a produção de matéria seca e a composição do milheto forrageiro, foi conduzido um experimento em casa de vegetação, durante 38 dias. Foram aplicados os tratamentos: 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 e 300 ppm de Ca na solução nutritiva. As plantas foram divididas em folhas adjacentes, as duas mais próximas da espiga, folhas não adjacentes, espigas e colmos e secas a 70°C sendo posteriormente para N, P, K, Ca, e Mg. Os autores concluíram que: A aplicação dos diferentes níveis de Ca na produção de matéria seca obedece a uma equação de segundo grau com uma produção máxima aos 200 ppm de Ca na solução nutritiva. Os níveis de Ca aplicados reduzem a concentração de N, P, K e Mg nas partes da planta. Os níveis de Ca aplicados nas soluções nutritivas não afetam os requerimentos mínimos dos elementos para a nutrição bovina.

Estudo de alguns fatores condicionantes da fixação específica de leveduras psicrofóbicas em hospedeiros animais

Utilizando-se 3 amostras de leveduras psicrofóbicas: Torulopsis pintolopesii, Torulopsis bovina e Candida slooffii foram realizadas experiências visando a determinação dos possíveis fatores condicionantes da especificidade destas leveduras para determinados hospedeiros. Estes fatores parecem estar relacionados às exigências nutritivas das amostras, apresentando interesse no estudo da associação ecológica. Não foram detectados fatores estomacais determinantes da especificidade para o hospedeiro, observada em algumas amostras, embora não estejam excluídos fatores nutricionais presentes em áreas mais distais do trato digestivo. Alguns resultados sobre a viabilidade de leveduras em presença de soros animais sugerem que fatores séricos podem ser importantes na fixação de microrganismos nos animais hospedeiros.

Novetats que afecten a la nutrició animal a Europa. Nou model europeu de producció animal

La nutrició animal a la Unió Europea (UE) ha estat afectada per vàries crisis, com la de les vaques boges (encefalopatia bovina espongiforme) (BSE), les hormones a la carn, la contaminació per les dioxines, els Organismes Genèticament Modificats (GMO) i l’ús d’antibiòtics com a promotors de creixement (AMGP). Des dels anys 70, la producció animal a la UE ha estat encaminada a buscar regulacions legals per a millorar la seva seguretat i eficàcia. Si més no, durant els últims cinc anys, casos com la BSE i d’altres han col·locat al sector en primera línia de les notícies, la qual cosa ha trencat la confiança dels consumidors en el consum de carn. Aquesta presentació intentarà explicar per què i com la UE està tractant aquests temes i què és el que el sector està fent per recobrar la confiança dels consumidors. La intenció és respondre a algunes qüestions que preocupen al sector, com per exemple: La producció animal europea, és menys segura que les altres? Per què les regulacions legals són més exigents per a nutrició animal que per als humans? El sector s’està preguntant si aquesta crisi pot produir un nou model europeu de producció animal. Finalment, l’actual sistema de ramaderia s’haurà de discutir: quantitat o qualitat.

El ensayo inmunoenzimatico en microgotas sobre nitrocelulosa (Dot-ELISA) en el diagnostico de la enfermedad de Chagas: II. Estudio seroepidemiologico en cuatro comunidades rurales de Venezuela

Se realizó estudio seroepidemiológico sobre la infección por Trypanosoma cruzi en habitantes de cuatro comunidades rurales de Venezuela, que presentan diferentes situaciones epidemiológicas en relación a la Enfermedad de Chagas, con la finalidad de evaluar la técnica de Dot-ELISA y compararla con las pruebas serológicas convencionales. En los caseríos de Kamana y caño Hondo del estado Zulia, donde no existe transmisión, la seropositividad fue 15,7% en adultos solamente. En las comunidades de las Rosas y Solano del estado Cojedes, área de alta endemicidad, la seropositividad en los menores de 14 años fue 8,9% y en los mayores de 15,51,6%. En el estudio comparativo con las pruebas serolgicas convencionlaes, Dot-ELISA presentó altos índices de co-positividad, co-negatividad y eficiencia. El valor predictivo positivo de la prueba fue de 66% y 60% con al antígeno citoplasmático e integral respectivamente, en el estado Zulia y 100% y 95% en el estado Cojedes. Estos resultados sugieren que Dot-ELISA puede ser una alternativa práctica para estudios seroepidemiológicos sobre la infección por Trypanosoma cruzi en los paises en desarrollo.

Caracterització de les activitats anticolinesteràsica, antiagregant i neuroprotectora dels compostos duals heterodímers Hup7TH i Hup7TCl

L’interès per obtenir nous compostos eficaços en el tractament de la MA ha conduit a la síntesi d’una nova família d’IAChE de lloc d’unió dual (lloc catalític i perifèric). S’han determinat les IC50 de les formes racèmiques, dextrògires i levògires dels heterodímers Hup7TCl i Hup7TH per l’AChE humana recombinant i la BChE humana, mostrant totes elles una alta afinitat pels dos enzims. Paral•lelament, s’ha estudiat l’efecte d’aquests compostos en l’agregació amiloidogènica de la PrP106-126 induïda per AChE bovina, i tots ells han inhibit de forma significativa aquest procés. Finalment, s’han realitzat experiments de neuroprotecció amb els mateixos fàrmacs davant de privació sèrica en cèl•lules SH-SY5Y, obtenint-se un augment de la viabilitat cel•lular en el cas del compost racèmic (±)Hup7TCl.

Simulador de productivitat en una explotació lletera

El proyecto tiene como objetivo el desarrollo de una aplicación de simulación del proceso productivo en una explotación lechera para llevar a cabo las clases prácticas de la asignatura de Producción Bovina en la Facultat de Veterinària de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Esta aplicación debe ser una herramienta para la formación de futuros profesionales del sector. Se requiere de un conjunto de tecnologías que resuelvan tres aspectos principales: la comunicación de diversos usuarios con el software de manera simultánea, la gestión de los datos del escenario de simulación y finalmente la propia simulación.

Els bara : una comunitat ramadera. El robatori de zebús a Madagascar

Els membres de l'ètnia bara de Madagascar, eminentment ramadera, viuen la seva cultura entorn d'un animal, el zebú, que no només és moneda de canvi i força per al transport, sinó tot un símbol per a aquest poble, i entorn del qual se segueixen tot un seguit de rituals. L'estudi es centra en el robatori de zebús, com a ritual de pas de l'edat jove a l'adulta. Tanmateix, el poble bara és en l'actualitat víctima d'un prejudici lamentable, ja que s'associa amb els lladres de bestiar en el context del problema social i econòmic actual de bandits armats i el robatori de l'espècie bovina a gran escala.Passant d'allò general a allò concret, l'estudi s'estructura de la següent manera: en primer lloc, es fa una aproximació inicial a l'ètnia bara i a la seva cultura lligada al seu ramat, fent esment al fenomen de la desforestació que devasta el país i que guarda certa relació amb l'objecte de recerca; posteriorment, es passa a explicar en què consisteix el robatori de zebús, les diverses motivacions que el provoquen i la seva evolució fins a l'actualitat.

Iron overload, an immunosuppression marker in HIV-infected patients.

Purpose: Iron overload (IO) has been associated with increased cardiovascular risk (CVR) and metabolic syndrome (MS) in the general population; both elevated CVR and MS are frequent in HIV- patients. Our aim was to analyze the prevalence of IO in a cohort of asymptomatic patients with HIV infection, and related factors. Methods: Cross-sectional study of a cohort of HIV outpatients in regular follow-up. Demographic, epidemiological, clinical, analytical and therapeutic data were collected. Patients completed a questionnaire about CVR factors and 10-year CV disease risk estimation (Framingham score), underwent a physical exam, and a fasting blood analysis. IO was defined as a plasma ferritin level higher than 200 m/L in women and 300 m/L in men. Results: 571 patients (446 men, 125 women), with a mean age of 43.2 years, sexual transmission of HIV in 68.5%, median CD4 count 474 cell/μL (IQR: 308-666), and 36.3% Aids cases 86.2% were on antiretroviral therapy (ART), and 74.8% of them had undetectable HIV viral load 14.6% met MS criteria, and mean CVR at 10 years was 6.67%. IO was detected in 11% of cases. Patients with IO were more immunosuppressed (CD4 count 369 vs 483/μL, p<0.0001), presented a higher prevalence of detectable HIV viral load (17.6% vs 8.9%; p<0.005), and of Aids cases (14.9% vs 8.7%; p<0.023), and lower plasma levels of cholesterol, HDLc and LDLc (154 vs 183, 34 vs 43, 93 vs 110 mg/dL, respectively; p<0.0001. In the multivariate analysis, the only related factor was CD4 count <350 cell/μL (OR 2.86, 95% CI 1.6-4.9; p<0.0001). IO was not associated with CVR nor with MS. Conclusions: IO is not uncommon in HIV patients, and it is only related with immunosuppression defined as CD4 count <350 cell/ mL, and in contrast to general population, it is not related with increased CVR nor with MS.

Nevirapine vs efavirenz in virologically supressed patients: Differences in lipoprotein subclasses and inflammatory biomarkers.

Background: The interaction between lipid disturbances and inflammatory markers is not well known in patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART). As nevirapine (NVP) is associated with a better lipid profile than efavirenz (EFV), we investigated the relationships between lipid profiles, lipoprotein subclasses and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with prolonged viral suppression with either NVP or EFV and no obvious clinical inflammation. Methods: 122 clinically stable HIV-infected patients with HIV-1 RNA <20 copies longer than 6 months on NNRTI therapy were studied. 72 (59%) were on EFV and 50 (41%) on NVP. Any potentially inflammatory co-morbid diseases (concurrent viral hepatitis, diabetes, hypertension, chronic liver or renal diseases), or statin treatment, were exclusion criteria. Inflammatory biomarkers included hsCRP, LpPLA2, sCD40L, IL-6, IL-8, t-PA, MCP-1, p-selectin and VCAM-1. Lipoprotein subclass measures (VLDL, LDL, IDL and HDL particle number and size) were obtained by the use of proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Results: 82% were male; median age 45 years. Median CD4 count 550/μL (IQR 324). Median time since HIV diagnosis 96 months (IQR 102) and accumulated time on ART 50 months (IQR 101). Patients on NVP had higher time since HIV diagnosis (126.9 [66.7] vs 91.3 [6.6] months, p=0.008) a prolonged time on ART (89.6 [54.6] vs 62.3 [52.2] months, p=0.01) and were older (47.7 vs 40.7 years, p=0.001) than those on EFV. NVP-treated patients presented increased HDL-c (55.8 [16] vs 48.8 [10.7] mg/dL, p=0.007) and apoA1 levels (153.4 [31.9] vs 141.5 [20.5] mg/dL, p=0.02), and reduced apoB/apoA1 ratio (0.68 [0.1] vs 0.61 [0.1], p=0.003) than EFV-treated patients. No differences in inflammatory markers or lipoprotein subclasses were found between NVP and EFV. In patients with extreme lipid values (less favorable: 75th percentiles of LDL, small/dense LDLp and small HDLp, or more favorable: HDL p75 and apoB/apoA1 ratio p25), no consistent differences in inflammatory biomarkers were found. Conclusions: Patients with prolonged viral suppression on NVP present significantly higher HDL and apoA1 levels and reduced apoB/apoA1 ratios than those on EFV, but no differences were found in lipoprotein particles nor inflammatory biomarkers. Relationships between lipid parameters and inflammatory biomarkers in NNRTItreated patients are complex and do not show a linear relationship in this study.

Bone turnover markers in HIV-infected patients before starting antiretroviral therapy.

Purpose: Bone turnover markers (BTM) - aminoterminal propeptide of type 1 collagen (P1NP) and C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (b-CTX) - are related to bone density and fracture risk. A high prevalence of osteopenia/osteoporosis and hypovitaminosis D has been reported in HIV patients, however there are few data about BTM in this population. Our aim was to analyse the prevalence of elevated serum levels of BTM in HIV patients before starting antiretroviral therapy (ART), and related factors. Methods: Cross-sectional study of a series of HIV-patients who started ART during June/11-June/12 in our hospital. Patients with presence of diseases or treatments known to affect bone metabolism were excluded. Epidemiological, clinical, and immunovirological data in addition to serum fasting levels of glucose, lipid profile, calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD), parathyroid hormone (PTH), P1NP, and β-CTX were collected. Definitions: hypovitaminosis D if 25OHD<30 ng/ml, vitamin D deficiency if 25OHD<20 ng/ml; elevated levels of BTM if β-CTX (ng/ml) >0.64 (men<70 years),>0.85 (men>70 years),>0.58 (pre-menopause women), >0.99 (post-menopause women), or P1NP (ng/mL)>69.4 (men<60 years), >71.1 (men>60 years), >55.7 (pre-menopause women), >61.2 (post-menopause women). Results: 47 patients were included, 91.5% men, median age 37.1 years (30.0-44.3), and 93.6% sexual transmission of HIV (34 HMX, 10 HTX). Median time since the diagnosis of HIV was 3.4 months (1.4- 31.7); there were 7 (14.9%) Aids cases, median CD4 count was 277/ mm3 (155-433), and HIV-VL 4.8 log10 (4.1-5.2). Median serum 25OHD was 29 mg/L (21.9-41.1), with a prevalence of hypovitaminosis of 52.2%, and deficiency of 17.4%. PTH was in range in all cases. Median serum P1NP was 33.3 ng/mL (24.5-52.5) and β-CTX 0.25 ng/mL (0.20-0.45); five (11.4%) patients presented high levels of BTM: 4 men, median age 37.1 years, median CD4 count 247/mm3, median HIV-VL 5.18 log10, and one with hypovitaminosis D. Elevated BTM were related with no clinical, analytical, immunovirological parameters nor with serum levels of 25OHD nor PTH. Conclusions: The prevalence of elevated BTM was high in this series of HIV-patients, mostly young men, with short time of HIV infection and with no immunovirologic control. BTM were related with no clinical nor analytical data.

Clinical and Virological Efficacy of Etravirine Plus Two Active Nucleos(t)ide Analogs in an Heterogeneous HIV-Infected Population.

Etravirine (ETV) is recommended in combination with a boosted protease inhibitor plus an optimized background regimen for salvage therapy, but there is limited experience with its use in combination with two nucleos(t)ide reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). This multicenter study aimed to assess the efficacy of this combination in two scenarios: group A) subjects without virologic failure on or no experience with non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) switched due to adverse events and group B) subjects switched after a virologic failure on an efavirenz- or nevirapine-based regimen. The primary endpoint was efficacy at 52 weeks analysed by intention-to-treat. Virologic failure was defined as the inability to suppress plasma HIV-RNA to <50 copies/mL after 24 weeks on treatment, or a confirmed viral load >200 copies/mL in patients who had previously achieved a viral suppression or had an undetectable viral load at inclusion. Two hundred eighty seven patients were included. Treatment efficacy rates in group A and B were 88.0% (CI95, 83.9-92.1%) and 77.4% (CI95, 65.0-89.7%), respectively; the rates reached 97.2% (CI95, 95.1-99.3%) and 90.5% (CI95, 81.7-99.3), by on-treatment analysis. The once-a-day ETV treatment was as effective as the twice daily dosing regimen. Grade 1-2 adverse events were observed motivating a treatment switch in 4.2% of the subjects. In conclusion, ETV (once- or twice daily) plus two analogs is a suitable, well-tolerated combination both as a switching strategy and after failure with first generation NNRTIs, ensuring full drug activity. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01437241.

Antiretroviral therapy as a factor protective against anal dysplasia in HIV-infected males who have sex with males.

OBJECTIVES Chronic infection with oncogenic HPV genotype is associated with the development of anal dysplasia. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been shown to decrease the incidence of cervical carcinoma in women with HIV. We sought to: 1) describe the prevalence and grade of anal dysplasia and HPV infection in our study subjects; 2) analyze the grade of correlation between anal cytology, PCR of high-risk HPV, and histology; 3) identify the factors associated with the appearance of ≥ AIN2 lesions. DESIGN Cross-sectional, prospective study. METHODS A cohort of HIV-positive males (n = 140, mean age  = 37 years) who have sex with males (MSM) had epidemiological, clinical and analytical data collected. Anal mucosa samples were taken for cytology, HPV PCR genotyping, and anoscopy for histological analysis. RESULTS Within the cohort, 77.1% were being treated with ART, 8.5% anoscopy findings were AIN2, and 11.4% carcinoma in situ; 74.2% had high-risk (HR), 59.7% low-risk (LR) HPV genotypes and 46.8% had both. The combination of cytology with PCR identifying HR-HPV better predicts the histology findings than either of these factors alone. Logistic regression highlighted ART as a protective factor against ≥ AIN2 lesions (OR: 0.214; 95%CI: 0.054-0.84). Anal/genital condylomas (OR: 4.26; 95%CI: 1.27-14.3), and HPV68 genotype (OR: 10.6; 95%CI: 1.23-91.47) were identified as risk factors. CONCLUSIONS In our cohort, ART has a protective effect against dysplastic anal lesions. Anal/genital warts and HPV68 genotype are predictors of ≥ AIN2 lesions. Introducing PCR HPV genotype evaluation improves screening success over that of cytology alone.

Assisted reproductive technology and obstetric outcome in couples when the male partner has a chronic viral disease.

BACKGROUND Assisted reproductive technology (ART) with washed semen can achieve pregnancy with minimal risk of horizontal and vertical transmission of chronic viral diseases (CVD) such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepati- tis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) among serodiscordant couples. How- ever, few studies have been made of the use made by these couples of ARTs or of the obstetric results achieved. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this retrospective study, 93 men who were seropositive for HIV, HCV or HBV and who underwent assisted reproduction treatment at our centre (Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain) were included. Washed semen was tested to detect viral particles. Non-infected women were tested before and after each treatment, as were the neonates at birth and after three months. RESULTS A total of 62 sperm samples were washed, and none were positive for the detec- tion of viral molecules. Semen samples from 34 HBV positive males were not washed since the female partner had immunity to hepatitis B. In total, 38 clinical pregnancies were achieved (22% per cycle and 40.9% per couple) out of 173 cycles initiated, and 28 births were achieved (16.2% per cycle and 30.1% per couple), producing 34 live births. The rate of multiple pregnancies was 21.4%. Obstetric and neonatal results were similar in the groups of couples studied. At follow-up, no seroconversion was detected in the women or neonates. CONCLUSION Sperm washing and intracytoplasmic sperm injection are shown to be a safe and effective option for reducing the risk of transmission or super infection in serodiscordant or concordant couples who wish to have a child. Pregnancies ob- tained by ART in couples when the male is CVD infected achieve good obstetric and neonatal results.