A fábrica do evento: as metamorfoses de uma sentença divinatória na Mesopotâmia

Esse artigo discute especificamente o feito guerreiro de Narâm-Sîn e a consulta divinatória associada a ele que formou uma longa tradição memorialística na Mesopotâmia entre os séculos XVIII a. C. e III a. C. Este longo processo conservou e propagou a memória do feito, revelando uma série de metamorfoses nas sentenças e suas interpretações. Adivinhos e escribas tiveram papel central nesta dinâmica de formação da memória e legitimação do fato. Neste quadro de formulação historiográfica, composto por documentação rarefeita, observa-se como os mesopotâmios passaram a admitir que o passado poderia servir como um reservatório de experiências para conhecer melhor o presente.

A crise realista: a desmaterialização do teatro e a responsabilização do espectador um século à procura da abstracção, da imaterialidade e do espectador responsável

Partindo da tese das «Seis Tentações do Teatro» do século XX, proposta por Jean Jacques Roubine, na sua obra pedagógica de 1990, Introdução às Grandes Teorias do Teatro, proponho fazer uma breve leitura do teatro no século XX baseada, provisoriamente, na evolução das formas dramáticas. Observando, depois, os aspectos que me parecem mais relevantes para a compreensão das idiossincrasias da cena performativa contemporânea, destaco, como o mais relevante, a rejeição do Realismo por parte das gerações herdeiras dos Simbolistas – como é o caso dos Surrealistas que levarão, no decurso de grande parte da primeira metade do século XX, ainda mais longe, a ideia de teatro como espiritual espaço da fantasia – como Kandinski com o seu conceito mais ou menos inspirado em Wagner que é o de “composição de cena” ou como Appolinaire em cuja peça, de 1917, As Maminhas de Tirésias, de 1917, figura a invenção do termo «surrealismo» Atento na evolução de alguns efeitos de rejeição do «realismo» na cena performativa contemporânea e mostrarei o processo de ensimesmamento dos espectadores e algumas das suas consequências. Procuro mostrar como, neste início de século XXl, nos remetemos de bom grado para a subjectividade e memória pessoal. De uma forma desviada, o que é realmente interessante é que serão os herdeiros do Simbolismo e do Surrealismo, os criadores «universalistas» de um teatro atravessado pelo utopia antropológica, com Grotowski à cabeça, que, até há pouco, pareciam estar a ganhar a aposta!

Cynipidae, bearbeitet von dr. K. W. von Dalla Torre ... und prof. dr. J. J. Kieffer ... Mit 422 abbildungen.

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Bethylidae, bearbeitet von prof. dr. J. J. Kieffer. Mit 205 abbildungen.

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Diapriidae, bearbeitet von prof. dr. J. J. Kieffer. Mit 165 abbildungen.

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Serphidae (=Proctotrupidae) et Calliceratidae (=Ceraphronidae) bearbeitet von prof. dr. J. J. Kieffer. Mit 103 abbildungen.

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Evaniidae, bearbeitet von prof. dr. J. J. Kieffer ... Mit 76 abbildungen.

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Oxidative potential for fine/ultrafine particles in occupational situations

Introduction : The redox properties of fine/ultrafine particles as well as nanoparticles (NP) are suggested to be important to explain their biological activity and could constitute a novel and promising metric for hazard evaluation. The acellular in vitro dithiothreitol (DTT) assay allows measuring this property. Objectives : (1) to evaluate sampling requirements for fine/ultrafine particle allowing measurement of their oxidative potential (2) to apply the methodology to occupational situations where particle from combustion sources are generated. Material and method : Sampling parameters (type of filters and loaded amount) and storage duration affecting the DTT measurements were evaluated. Based on these results, a methodological approach was defined and applied in two occupational situations where diesel and other combustion particles are present (toll station in a tunnel and mechanical yard for bus reparation). Results : Teflon filters loaded with diesel particles were found more suitable for the DTT assay, due to their better chemical inertness compared to quartz filters: after storage durations larger than 150 hours, an increased reactivity toward DTT was observed only with quartz filters. Reactivity was linearly correlated to the loaded mass until about 1000 μg/filter. Different redox reactivities were determined in both working places, with the mechanical yard presenting a higher DTT consumption rate. Discussion and conclusions : These results demonstrate the feasibility of this method to determine the oxidative potential of fine/ultrafine particles in occupational situations. We propose to include this approach for hazard assessment of work places with exposure to manufactured and other NP.

Kinetics of antigen specific and non-specific polyclonal B-cell responses during lethal Plasmodium yoelii malaria

In order to study the kinetics and composition of the polyclonal B-cell activation associated to malaria infection, antigen-specific and non-specific B-cell responses were evaluated in the spleens of mice infected with Plasmodium yoelii 17 XL or injected with lysed erythrocytes or plasma from P. yoelii infected mice or with P. falciparum culture supernatants. Spleen/body weigth ratio, numbers of nucleated spleen cells and Immunoglobulin-containing and Immunoglobulin-secreting cells increased progressively during the course of infection,in parallel to the parasitemia. A different pattern of kinetics was observed when anti-sheep red blood cell and anti-trinitrophenylated-sheep red blood cell plaque forming cells response were studied: maximum values were observed at early stages of infection, whereas the number of total Immunoglobulin-containing and Immunoglobulin-secreting cells were not yet altered. Conversely, at the end of infection, when these latter values reached their maximum, the anti-sheep red blood cell and anti-trinitrophenylated-sheep red blood cell specific responses were normal or even infranormal. In mice injected with Plasmodium-derived material, a higher increase in antigen-specific PFC was observed, as compared to the increase of Immunoglobulin-containing and Immunoglobulin-secreting cell numbers. This suggested a "preferential" (antigen-plus mitogen-induced) stimulation of antigen-specific cells rather than a generalized non-specific (mitogen-induced) triggering of B-lymphocytes. On the basis of these and previous results, it is suggested that polyclonal B-cell activation that takes place during the course of infection appears as a result of successive waves of antigen-specific B-cell activation.

Oxidative potential of a panel of carbonaceous and metallic nanoparticles

Characterisation of nanoparticles (NP) based on size distribution, surface area, reactivity, and aggregation status of nanoparticles (NP) are of prime importance because they are usually closely related to toxicity. To date, most of the toxicity studies are quite time and money consuming. In the present study we report the oxidative properties of a panel of various NP (four Carbonaceous, nine Metal oxides, and one Metal as showed in Table 1) assessed with an acellular reactivity test measuring dithiothreitol (DTT) consumption (Sauvain et al. 2008). Such a test allows determining the ability of NP to catalyse the transfer of electrons from DTT to oxygen. DTT is used as a reductant species. NP were diluted and sonicated in Tween 80® to a final concentration of 50 g/mL. Printex 90 was diluted 5 times before doing the DTT assay because of its expected higher activity. Suspensions were characterised for NP size distribution by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (Nanosight©). Fresh solutions were incubated with DTT (100 μM). Aliquots were taken every 5 min and the remaining DTT was determined by reacting it with DTNB. The reaction rate was determined for NP suspensions and blank in parallel. The mean Brownian size distribution of NP agglomerates in suspension is presented in Table 1. D values correspond to 10th, and 50th percentiles of the particle diameters. All the NP agglomerated in Tween 80 with a D50 size corresponding to at least twice their primary size, except for Al2O3 (300 nm). The DTT test showed Printex 90 sample to be the most reactive one, followed by Diesel EPA and Nanotubes. Most of the metallic NP was nonresponding toward this test, except for NiO and Ag which reacted positively and ZnO which presented the most negative reactivity (see Figure 1). This last observation suggests that electron transfer between DTT and oxygen is hindered in presence of ZnO compared with the blank. Such "stabilization" could be attributable to ZnO dissolution and complexation between Zn2+ ions and DTT.

Nanoparticle reactivity toward dithiothreitol

Hazard determination of nanoparticles (NP) is challenging and should be based on a predictive and pragmatic tier approach. The biological effects of NP appear to be related not only to surface/size but also to their ability to generate free radicals/oxidants. We propose that the measurement of this property by acellular assays could be helpful for NP toxicity screening. This study investigated the effect of dispersing conditions on the oxidative capacity of a small selection of carbonaceous NP toward dithiothreitol (DTT). Increasing surfactant concentration decreased the DTT reactivity on these studied particles. Afterward, a panel of NP were studied under constant conditions. Classification of the NP panel based on their DTT reactivity was found to be dependent on the metric used (mass or surface) but not on the surfactant type. The DTT assay may be useful for an initial evaluation of the hazardousness of manufactured or unintentionally produced NP. However, the predictive potential of such a test towards biological effects still needs to be evaluated. [Authors]

Approaches to identifying and quantifying polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of molecular weight 302 in diesel particulates

Among the PAH class of compounds, high molecular weight PAH are now considered as relevant cancer inducers, but not all of them have the same biological activity. However, their analysis is difficult, mainly due to the presence of numerous isomers and due to their low volatility. Retention indices (Ri) for 13 dibenzopyrenes and homologues were determined by high-resolution capillary gas chromatography (GC) with four different stationary phases: a 5% phenyl-substituted methylpolysiloxane column (DB-5 ms), a 35% phenyl-substituted methylpolysiloxane column (BPX-35), a 50% phenyl-substituted methylpolysiloxane column (BPX-50), and a 35% trifluoropropylmethyl polysiloxane stationary phase (Rtx-200). Correlations for retention on each phase were investigated by using 8 independent molecular descriptors. Ri has been shown to be linearly correlated to PAH volume, polarisability alpha, Hückel-pi energy on the four examined columns. Ionisation potential Ip is a fourth variable which improves the regression model for DB-5ms, BPX-35, and BPX-50 column. Correlation coefficients ranging from r2 = 0.935 to r2 = 0.952 are then observed. Application of these indices to the identification and quantification of PAH with MW 302 in certified diesel particulate matter SRM 1650a is presented and discussed. [Authors]