Component-based approach to the holonic control of a robot assembly cell

The aim of this paper is to describe the implementation of a new approach for the introduction of so called 'holonic manufacturing' principles into existing production control systems. Such an approach is intended to improve the reconfigurability of the control system to cope with the increasing requirements of production change. A conceptual architecture is described and implemented in a robot assembly cell to demonstrate that this approach can lead to a manufacturing control system which can adapt relatively simply to long-term change. A design methodology and migration strategy for achieving these solutions using conventional hardware is proposed to develop execution level of manufacturing control systems.

Fishing effort validation and substitution possibilities among components: the case study of the VIII division European anchovy fishery

Command and control regulation programs, particularly input constraints, typically fail to achieve stated objectives, because fishermen may substitute unregulated for regulated inputs. It is, thus, essential to have an understanding of the internal structure of production technology. A primal formulation is used to estimate a translog production function at the vessels level that includes fishing effort and fisherman’s skill. The flexibility of the selected functional permits the analysis of the substitution possibilities among inputs by estimating the elasticity of substitution with no prior constraints. Particular attention is paid to the empirical validation of fishing effort as an aggregate input, which implies either, the acceptation of the joint hypothesis that inputs making up effort are weakly separable from the inputs out of the subgroup or considering that effort is an intermediate input produced by a non-separable two stage technology. Cross sectional data from the Spanish purse seine fleet operating in the VIII Division European anchovy fishery provide evidence of limited input substitution possibilities among the inputs making up the empirically validated fishing effort translog micro-production function.

Population characteristics of gulf menhaden, Brevoortia patronus

The status of the Gulf menhaden, Brevoortia patronus, fishery was assessed with purse-seine landings data from 1946 to 1997 and port sampling data from 1964 to 1997. These data were analyzed to determine growth rates, biological reference points for fi shing mortality from yield per recruit and maximum spawning potential analyses, spawner-recruit relationships, and maximum sustainable yield (MSY). The separable virtual population approach was used for the period 1976–97 (augmented by earlier analyses for 1964–75) to obtain point estimates of stock size, recruits to age 1, spawning stock size, and fishing mortality rates. Exploitation rates for age-1 fi sh ranged between 11% and 45%, for age-2 fi sh between 32% and 72%, and for age-3 fi sh between 32% and 76%. Biological reference points from yield per recruit (F0.1: 1.5–2.5/yr) and spawning potential ratio (F20: 1.3–1.9/yr and F30: 0.8–1.2/yr) were obtained for comparison with recent estimates of F (0.6–0.8/yr). Recent spawning stock estimates (as biomass or eggs) are above the long-term average, while recent recruits to age 1 are comparable to the long-term average. Parameters from Ricker-type spawner-recruit relations were estimated, although considerable unexplained variability remained. Recent survival to age-1 recruitment has generally been below that expected based on the Ricker spawner-recruit relation. Estimates of long-term MSY from PRODFIT and ASPIC estimation of production model ranged between 717,000 t and 753,000 t, respectively. Declines in landings between 1988 and 1992 raised concerns about the status of the Gulf menhaden stock. Landings have fl uctuated without trend since 1992, averaging about 571,000 t. However, Gulf menhaden are short lived and highly fecund. Thus, variation in recruitment to age 1, largely mediated by environmental conditions, infl uences fi shing success over the next two years (as age-1 and age-2 fi sh). Comparisons of recent estimates of fi shing mortality to biological reference points do not suggest overfishing. (PDF file contains 22 pages.)

Assessing the sustainability of brackish water aquaculture systems in the Phillipines. Working Paper 1: A typology of brackish-water pond aquaculture systems in the Philippines

Aquaculture in the Philippines is a long-standing activity but has witnessed relatively recent, rapid, technical change with the introduction of hatchery technology and commercial feed-mills changing the production possibilities for a fishpond operator. We are confronted with a diversity of aquaculture practices in the coastal areas of the Philippines, with new technologies being incorporated into more traditional systems. As a first step to understanding the sector, we therefore present a typology of farming systems with the motivation of generating domains (farm “types”) over which we can compare performance on a number of indicators. Our typology, restricted to brackish-water pond systems, is constructed using multivariate methods (principal components analysis, cluster analysis). Eight variables are used relating to the management of the farm across all the major factors of production. A stratified net sample of 136 observations provides the data for the analysis, from a farm-level survey carried out between January and June 2003 in the two main brackish-water production regions in the Philippines. We define five farm types from this analysis. In later work we will show how the use of this typology can be used for comparative study of economic, social and ecological performance at the farm-level. [PDF contains 42 pages]

Potential for poverty focused integration of aquaculture into irrigation systems in Batticaloa District

The visit highlighted the vital contribution of the inland fisheries sector to provision of basic food security within the uncleared area (farmers report very low consumption frequencies for all other fish or meat protein substitutes). A 30-mile system of Brackish water lagoons which demarcates the cleared and uncleared areas is the main source of retailed fish in the uncleared area. Second in importance is the inland tank fishery, where the bulk of production emanates from 17 major irrigation reservoirs. [PDF contains 29 pages]

Growth responses and yield of heterotis (Heterotis niloticus) on artificial diet

The growth responses and yield of Heterotis niloticus on artificial diets of varying protein levels were studied in a bid to assess the implication of feeding Heterotis in intensive fish production venture for a rearing period of 84 days. One hundred and twenty juvenile H.niloticus were fed for 12 weeks on 28%, 31%, 34% and 37% dietary crude protein levels. The fish were reared in 4 concrete tanks stocked at the rate of 10 fish per M super(2) 100,00/hectare). Consequently, the weight gain, food conversion ratio, serum protein and albumin-globulin ratio were determined to assess the growth and state of health of the fish. The yield was appraised through economic considerations of cost of production of fish and diets (feed). The varying crude protein levels significantly influenced mean weight gain, percentage weight gain and food conversion ratio however, the 37% crude protein in diet produced the best growth. The serum protein was highest in fish raised on 31% crude protein diet while the highest value was recorded for albumin-globulin ratio on diet containing 34% crude protein. The yield from treatments 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 114.38 of/84 days 571.9kg/g hect);146.79g/84 days 733.95kg/hect), respectively. However, treatment 3 recorded the highest value for profit index

An evaluation of the artisanal fisheries resources of the Cross River State of Nigeria

The Cross River State (Nigeria) marine and freshwater artisanal capture fisheries are divided into 4 categories according to the type of resources being exploited. Schaefer's production model is applied to each of the fisheries to estimate the maximum sustainable yields (Ymax). The total potential yield for all the fisheries in natural waters is 178,650 tonnes/year. This potential is unlikely to be achieved as more fishermen are abandoning the occupation due to the scarcity of boats, outboard engines and nets. Even if the full potentials were realized the production would still be short of what the State should produce by about 30.5%. Investment opportunities which, if effected can help to narrow the gap between the available and the desired level of production are enumerated

Investment prospects of fish farming in the Jos-Plateau, Nigeria

The investment prospects of fish farming in the Jos-Plateau, Nigeria, strategically located in about the centre of the country are discussed with special reference to its numerous abandoned mine lakes and the tripartite role of government, universities and individuals. In the Jos-Plateau, about 17.0 km super(2) is covered by these disused mine lakes, making up about 20-30% of the area covered. In such enterprise, problems commonly encountered, like population growth and government planning policies, fish demand and supply, manpower, feed and seed availability, preservation, processing and marketing are discussed. Inspite of these, prospects still abound with regards to land-use of these numerous disused mine lakes and feed availability based on the principles of using both industrial and farm by-products for fish culture, processing and marketing. These potentials, if properly harnessed, will help to supplement the protein insufficiency in the diet of the populace. In this regard, proposals on the economics of production and sales, strategies for achieving these development goals, cost-benefit analysis and their implications in further development of fish culture are discussed

Exploitation of soil biota ecosystem services in agriculture: a bioeconomic approach

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The influence of blue-green algae on development of the zooplankton. [Translation of: Byull.mosk.Obshch.Ispyt.Prir.(Biol.) 67, 128-131, 1962]

Many have observed the reduction of the quantity of zooplankton in the presence of water blooms. It is known that in seas zooplankton as it were avoids places of accumulation of blue-green algae. By observations on one of the tributaries of the Rybinsk reservoir - the River Shumorovka - the authors tried by simultaneous collections to trace the changes in numbers, not only of zoo- and phytoplankton but also of bacteria. The plankton was collected by quantitative nets with suitable numbers of gauze and bacteria were taken account of by the method of direct calculation on membrane filters. It can be seen that the development of blue-green algae appears as an important factor, determining not only the intensity but also the direction of the process of production of zooplankton.

Marketing of the Spanish film industry in the entertainment market

This project analyzes the role that marketing plays at present.It is a distinctive in the film industry because of the emergence of new patterns of production, distribution and exhibition due to the unstoppable progress of digital technologies, the expansion of the internet and consumer changes in the spectator. To perform this analysis, a description of the situation of the film industry in the competitive market, Hollywood, and the evolution of digital technology in general are included. It is also essential in the project, to observe, the marketing applied to the different phases of the globalized cinema. And then introduce the potential Spanish marketing strategies.

Propagation of cosmic rays through interstellar space

The propagation of cosmic rays through interstellar space has been investigated with the view of determining what particles can traverse astronomical distances without serious loss of energy. The principal method of loss of energy of high energy particles is by interaction with radiation. It is found that high energy (10¹³-10¹⁸ev) electrons drop to one-tenth their energy in 10⁸ light years in the radiation density in the galaxy and that protons are not significantly affected in this distance. The origin of the cosmic rays is not known so that various hypotheses as to their origin are examined. If the source is near a star it is found that the interaction of electrons and photons with the stellar radiation field and the interaction of electrons with the stellar magnetic field limit the amount of energy which these particles can carry away from the star. However, the interaction is not strong enough to affect the energy of protons or light nuclei appreciably. The chief uncertainty in the results is due to the possible existence of general galactic magnetic field. The main conclusion reached is that if there is a general galactic magnetic field, then the primary spectrum has very few photons, only low energy (˂ 10¹³ ev) electrons and the higher energy particles are primarily protons regardless of the source mechanism, and if there is no general galactic magnetic field, then the source of cosmic rays accelerates mainly protons and the present rate of production is much less than that in the past.

A Estratégia de Saúde da Família e sua proposta de (re)estruturação do modelo assistencial do SUS: a perspectiva de quem molda sua operacionalização

O olhar reflexivo sobre a implementação de programas/projetos de saúde pressupõe a elucidação dos modos pelos quais ocorrem as conexões entre a formulação e suas diretrizes e a operacionalização nos serviços de saúde. Portanto, o presente estudo centra seu olhar investigativo em questões da dimensão avaliativa voltadas para o planejamento e gestão de sistema local de saúde, assim como para a produção de tecnologias de planejamento e avaliação em saúde. Centrado na Atenção Básica, especialmente no Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF), o estudo buscou analisar tal estratégia levando em consideração as quatro grandes dimensões de reestruturação preestabelecidas pelo MS: (re)estruturação do modelo assistencial do SUS; (re)estruturação da demanda para os outros níveis do sistema; (re)estruturação dos processos de trabalho e das práticas em saúde, e (re)estruturação dos gastos no modelo assistencial do SUS. O trabalho define as dimensões de (re)estruturação do modelo assistencial e dos processos de trabalho e das práticas em saúde como objeto de estudo. Para tanto, propõe, inicialmente, compreender o contexto que molda a operacionalização do PSF, para perceber a dinâmica que se coloca, reprodução ou reestruturação da estrutura. Tomando como referencial o modelo de Estratificação do Agente de Giddens (1984), buscamos através de entrevistas com os profissionais das equipes de Saúde da Família perceber a compreensão teórica e a narrativa das práticas sobre alguns pressupostos básicos apontados pelo MS como potencializadores da capacidade de reestruturação do PSF e que são por eles operacionalizados no cotidiano de suas práticas. Os profissionais das equipes estudadas se identificam como agentes de mudança. E sendo agentes deste processo de reestruturação sofrem influencia da estrutura social (PSF e seus princípios) como também a influenciam, enquanto sujeitos que nela operam. Foi possível mapear um cenário de implantação e um universo bastante significativo de necessidades que chamamos de necessidades cognitivas, aspectos que se interagem influenciando na capacidade ou não de reestruturação do PSF. Em relação à capacidade de (re)estruturação do modelo assistencial do SUS, o momento é de transição entre modelos assistenciais, iniciando um processo, ainda que tímido, de mudança de enfoque, da abordagem curativa para uma abordagem que tende, ainda que fragmentada, a propiciar uma assistência integral, incorporando à oferta de ações curativas, ações programáticas em construção. Barreiras estruturais que se localizam no espaço da cultura institucional de organização dos serviços e consequentemente, dos Sistemas Locais de Saúde também dificultam a reestruturação sob a perspectiva do modelo assistencial. A capacidade de reestruturação dos processos de trabalho e das práticas em saúde parece ser incipiente, no contexto das equipes estudadas. A cultura organizacional dos serviços, a experiência acumulada dos profissionais em unidades organizadas de forma tradicional, associada a processos incipientes de educação permanente, dificultam a apreensão de novas práticas potencializadoras de um processo de trabalho que conjuguem o desenvolvimento compartilhado de projetos terapêuticos integrais, assim como de mecanismos gerenciais ordenados sob o enfoque do planejamento estratégico situacional. Mesmo cientes da complexidade que envolve os processos de reestruturação de modelos assistenciais em saúde, partimos da premissa de que a capacidade de reestruturação proposta pela Saúde da Família é possível, porque visa a mudança no modelo de produção da saúde, o qual é definido pelos mecanismos de gestão, mas também pelo modo com os profissionais de saúde operam no cotidiano seus processos de trabalho. Partindo desse pressuposto, o presente estudo optou em tomar como objeto de análise o cotidiano dos processos de trabalho dos profissionais das equipes de Saúde da Família. Num primeiro momento, o estudo buscou compreender o contexto que molda e condiciona a produção da saúde identificando a compreensão teórica e a narrativa da prática dos sujeitos que operam no PSF no cotidiano. O segundo momento do estudo resultou do primeiro, quando foi evidenciada a ausência, nos processos de trabalho das equipes, de um raciocínio programático que as orientasse na organização da oferta de ações de saúde às suas populações adscritas, direcionando para a abordagem das necessidades em saúde, contribuindo no reordenamento das práticas, conjugando as capacidades de trabalho potencial e real das equipes. Sendo assim, foi desenvolvida uma proposta de programação em saúde, ancorada no pressuposto central da programação, ou seja, no cotidiano das equipes de Saúde da Família. Ordenada pelas operações diagnóstica e normativa a proposta trabalhou com a análise das coberturas de produção Ideal (normativa), Real (quantitativo de procedimentos realizados pelo profissional durante um determinado espaço de tempo, oficialmente informada) e Potencial (Semana Típica de produção planejada).

Influence of oxygen plasma treatment on properties of ZrO2 films prepared by e-beam evaporation techniques

Zirconia films were prepared by e-beam evaporation, and oxygen plasma treatment was used to modify film properties. Spectrophotometry, x-ray diffractometry (XRD), and atomic force microscopy were used to characterize refractive index, extinction coefficient, rnicrostructure, and surface roughness, respectively. The experimental results indicate that both refractive index and extinction coefficient of the films were reduced slightly after oxygen plasma treatment, with the decrease of intrinsic stress and surface roughness. From XRD spectra, the intensity decrease of the T(110) diffraction peak was clearly observed after the treatment, which was caused by the restructuring of the film atoms. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.