The assessment of standardized training programs in public health preparedness

The Texas Bioterrorism Continuing Education Consortium (BCE) provided National Disaster Life Support (NDLS) training courses throughout the state of Texas in 2005, to help improve knowledge and skills pertaining to bioterrorism and other public health emergencies. The NDLS training courses include curriculum in Basic Disaster Life Support (BDLS) and Core Disaster Life Support (CDLS). A course evaluation which included items assessing ability and willingness of training participants, role of responders, and other variables was mailed to all NDLS participants who provided contact information. An analysis was conducted to determine whether the survey respondents participated in the Hurricanes Katrina and/or Rita relief efforts, as well as to evaluate the impact of the NDLS training courses on the participant's ability and willingness to respond during a disaster. The study population (n = 2150) consisted mostly of nurses (50%) (n=1074). A chi-square test of analysis indicated the following results. Among the survey respondents who took the CDLS course, there was no statically significant difference by occupation pertaining to ability or willingness to respond (x2 [df = 5] = 4.02, p= 0.546); (x2 [df = 5] = 2.45, p = .783). However, there was a statistically significant difference among those respondents who took the BDLS course with respect to ability, and a slightly significant difference with respect to willingness (x2 [df = 5] = 13.35, p = .020 and (x2 = [df = 5] = 10.299, p = .067). These findings are similar to previous studies assessing willingness to respond to a disaster.^ A second analysis was conducted with these survey data to evaluate the implications for disaster response training for the NDLS courses. Results indicated that the majority of disaster responders served in the role for which they were professionally trained (Physicians=68%; Nurses = 50.4%). Nurses, EMT, and Fire professionals served in multiple roles. These results suggest the importance of developing training programs that will prepare professionals to serve in multiple roles. The development of standardized evaluation methods would fill an important gap in assessing impact of national training programs. ^

Clay mineral assemblages in the western Baltic Sea

Surface samples and nine cores from the western Baltic Sea and marginal water bodies were investigated for clay mineral composition. The clay mineral assemblages of recent sediments are rather homogeneous. Variations result mainly from the erosion of different glacial source deposits. High percentages of illite and low kaolinite/chlorite and quartz/feldspar ratios are characteristic for this glacial source. Advection of kaolinite-rich suspensions from the North Sea is believed to account for higher kaolinite/chlorite ratios in the Mecklenburg Bight. A contribution of the rivers Trave and Oder to the western Baltic Sea is indicated by increased smectite values in marginal water bodies. They correspond to increased kaolinite/chlorite and quartz/feldspar ratios. In the main basins the river signal is diluted beyond recognition. Cores from the Arkona, Bornholm and Gotland Basins penetrate through post-Littorina muds and sediments of the Ancylus Lake/Yoldia Sea into Late Glacial sediments of the Baltic Ice Lake. Clay mineral assemblages are characterized by an increase in kaolinite/chlorite ratios from Late Glacial to Holocene sediments, with a distinct shift at each facies change. This allows the distinction and core to core correlation of main lithological units with kaolinite/chlorite ratios. Kaolinite enrichment of Holocene muds corresponds to a brackish-marine facies and may reflect influx of kaolinite-rich suspensions from the North Sea. Cores from the lagoon of the Oderhaff show fluctuations in the contributions of the two main sediment sources: river suspension and glacial deposits during the Late Glacial and Postglacial sequence. Lacustrine sediments, which were deposited prior to 5500 years B.P. are characterized by smectite, kaolinite and quartz from the drainage area of the Oder river. Erosion of coastal and offshore glacial boulder clays with the Littorina transgression supplied a marine component rich in illite, chlorite and feldspars to the brackish muds of the Oderhaff.

Radiolarian biostratigraphy in the central Indian Ocean

Identifiable radiolarians of stratigraphic importance were recovered at eight of the sites drilled on Leg 115. The assemblages range in age from Holocene to middle Eocene (Dictyoprora mongolfieri Zone, about 48 Ma). Faunal preservation is particularly good in two stratigraphic intervals: the Holocene through upper Miocene (0-9 Ma), and the lowermost Oligocene to middle Eocene (35-48 Ma). Fluctuating rates of silica accumulation at these drill sites during the Cenozoic reflect changing tectonic and paleoceanographic conditions. In particular, the gradual closure of the Indonesian and Tethyan seaways and the northward migration of the Indian subcontinent severely restricted zonal circulation and silica accumulation in tropical latitudes during the late Oligocene through middle Miocene. By the late Miocene the Indian subcontinent had moved sufficiently north of the equator to allow trans-Indian zonal circulation patterns to become reestablished, and biosiliceous sedimentation resumed. The composition of the radiolarian assemblages in the tropical Indian Ocean is closely comparable with that of the 'stratotype' sequences in the equatorial Pacific. However, there are some notable exceptions in Indian Ocean assemblages: (1) the scarcity of the genera Pterocanium and Spongaster in the Neogene; (2) the absence of the stratigraphically important Podocyrtis lineage, P. diamesa -> P. phyxis -> P. ampla, in the middle Eocene; and (3) the scarcity of taxa of the genus Dorcadospyris, with the exception of D. ateuchus. The succession of radiolarian events was tabulated for those stratigraphic intervals where the assemblages were well preserved. We identified 55 events in the middle Eocene to earliest Oligocene, and 31 events in the late Miocene to Holocene. The succession of events is closely comparable with that of the tropical Pacific. However, there are exceptions that appear to be real, rather than artifacts of sample preservation, mixing, and core disturbance.

Distribution of benthos in late Quaternary turbidite layers of sediment cores from the North-West African continental margin

The CaCO3-contents and the fractions > 40 µm have been analysed from 5 kastenloten, one piston core and two kastengreifer taken between Senegal and Cape Verde Islands. Numerous benthonic and planktonic organisms and different terrigenous components have been distinguished. The four cores off Senegal reach middle Wuerm sediments; cores GIK12329-6 and TAG72-1 reach the V-zone and core GIK12331-4 the X-zone (Eem); the two kastengreifer contain sediments of Holocene age. Correlation of the cores has been made. Holocene sedimentation rates decrease from the shallow cores (6-11 cm/1000 years) to the deep-sea (1-2 cm/1000 years). The following climatic variations could be deduced from the sediments off the Senegal: during Holocene climate was in general as today, the Senegal river transporting fine grained material to the sea. The upper Wuerm was arid with no river influence but with red dune sand transported to the continental slope. During middle Wuerm the climate was humid again. The deep-sea cores have been influenced by eolian material from arid regions during glacial and interglacial periods, indicated by relatively high "Wuestenquarz-numbers". However, during Wuerm "Wuestenquarz-numbers" are higher than during Holocene and Eem, indicating that more intensely red coloured sediment was exposed to wind activity on the continent during this period. Varying amounts of terrigenous material and CaCO3-contents indicate varying wind strengths (lower in Holocene and Eem than during Wuerm). The boundary between humid and arid Wuerm climate was at approximately 20 °N. Influence of upwelling is difficult to establish in the sediments off Senegal, because river influence, while increasing fertility also dilutes the diatoms which are typical for upwelling. High amounts of organic carbon, low plankton/benthos ratios of foraminifers and low plankton foraminifer/radiolarian ratios in Holocene sections might be interpreted as influenced by upwelling. Turbidites occur in cores 72 and 31 and at the Holocene/Pleistocene boundary of core GIK12329-6. Their composition indicates provenance from the continental shelf of the Cape Verde Islands for core 31 and the continental shelf and slope off Senegal for core TAG72-1. Volcanic material, rare in the normal pelagic sediment of core GIK12331-4 is more frequent in the turbidites.

La chiriguana, de Josefina Pelliza : un melodrama eclesiástico

Este artículo ofrece una lectura crítica de La Chiriguana (1877), novela de la escritora Josefina Pelliza de Sagasta (Entre Ríos, 1848-Buenos Aires, 1888), a la luz de las teorías sobre el melodrama desarrolladas por Peter Brooks, Ben Singer y Ann Kaplan. Se abre con una reflexión sobre posibles razones para explicar la casi completa exclusión de esta obra del actual canon literario argentino del siglo XIX. Luego, tras delinear sucintamente las características que definen al melodrama, el artículo distingue entre esta modalidad narrativa y un subgénero cercano: la novela sentimental, tomando como ejemplos paradigmáticos las dos novelas de Pelliza, La Chiriguana y Margarita. Asimismo, el presente artículo indaga en torno a la relación entre la novela propiamente dicha, su paratexto (prólogo) y el lugar de los literatos en la cultura argentina de aquellas décadas. Finalmente, a partir de algunas concepciones de José Pedro Barrán y de Carlos Monsiváis, se plantea en qué medida La Chiriguana puede pensarse como un texto bisagra entre una sensibilidad “bárbara" y aquella típica de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, la sensibilidad “civilizada", propia de la era del disciplinamiento.

Molecular properties of gases of ODP Leg 204 sites

The recognition of finely disseminated gas hydrate in deep marine sediments heavily depends on various indirect techniques because this mineral quickly decomposes upon recovery from in situ pressure and temperature conditions. Here, we discuss molecular properties of closely spaced gas voids (formed as a result of core recovery) and gas hydrates from an area of relatively low gas flux at the flanks of the southern Hydrate Ridge offshore Oregon (ODP Sites 1244, 1245 and 1247). Within the gas hydrate occurrence zone (GHOZ), the concentration of ethane (C2) and propane (C3) in adjacent gas voids shows large variability. Sampled gas hydrates are enriched in C2 relative to void gases but do not contain C3. We suggest that the observed variations in the composition of void gases is a result of molecular fractionation during crystallization of structure I gas hydrate that contains C2 but excludes C3 from its crystal lattice. This hypothesis is used to identify discrete intervals of finely disseminated gas hydrate in cored sediments. Variations in gas composition help better constrain gas hydrate distribution near the top of the GHOZ along with variations in pore water chemistry and core temperature. Sediments near the base of the gas hydrate stability zone are relatively enriched in C2+ hydrocarbon gases. Complex and poorly understood geological and geochemical processes in these deeper sediments make the identification of gas hydrate based on molecular properties of void gases more ambiguous. The proposed technique appears to be a useful tool to better understand the distribution of gas hydrate in marine sediments and ultimately the role of gas hydrate in the global carbon cycle.

Identidades y alteridades en el Río de la Plata : Una visión histórica desde la banda oriental del "río mar"

Desde un recorrido histórico de "larga duración", en el texto se estudian los itinerarios y factores que han incidido con mayor gravitación en la construcción de la identidad nacional uruguaya, con la referencia de su particular dialéctica con sus alteridades regionales. Se hace especial hincapié en las raíces y en los efectos del signo "antiporteñista" (devenido a menudo en "antiargentinismo") del nacionalismo uruguayo más clásico. En esa perspectiva, se analiza la influencia en estos asuntos de tópicos como el de los cambios producidos en los ejes geopolíticos de la Cuenca platense, en las trayectorias polémicas de los relatos de nación predominantes en la historia uruguaya, en sus perfiles cosmopolitas y en sus alteridades regionales, en la interconexión del tema con los retos de la construcción del "Uruguay internacional". El texto culmina con una reflexión que procura contribuir al señalamiento de algunas raíces históricas de la agenda de contenciosos contemporáneos entre Argentina y Uruguay

Identidades y alteridades en el Río de la Plata : Una visión histórica desde la banda oriental del "río mar"

Desde un recorrido histórico de "larga duración", en el texto se estudian los itinerarios y factores que han incidido con mayor gravitación en la construcción de la identidad nacional uruguaya, con la referencia de su particular dialéctica con sus alteridades regionales. Se hace especial hincapié en las raíces y en los efectos del signo "antiporteñista" (devenido a menudo en "antiargentinismo") del nacionalismo uruguayo más clásico. En esa perspectiva, se analiza la influencia en estos asuntos de tópicos como el de los cambios producidos en los ejes geopolíticos de la Cuenca platense, en las trayectorias polémicas de los relatos de nación predominantes en la historia uruguaya, en sus perfiles cosmopolitas y en sus alteridades regionales, en la interconexión del tema con los retos de la construcción del "Uruguay internacional". El texto culmina con una reflexión que procura contribuir al señalamiento de algunas raíces históricas de la agenda de contenciosos contemporáneos entre Argentina y Uruguay.

Identidades y alteridades en el Río de la Plata : Una visión histórica desde la banda oriental del "río mar"

Desde un recorrido histórico de "larga duración", en el texto se estudian los itinerarios y factores que han incidido con mayor gravitación en la construcción de la identidad nacional uruguaya, con la referencia de su particular dialéctica con sus alteridades regionales. Se hace especial hincapié en las raíces y en los efectos del signo "antiporteñista" (devenido a menudo en "antiargentinismo") del nacionalismo uruguayo más clásico. En esa perspectiva, se analiza la influencia en estos asuntos de tópicos como el de los cambios producidos en los ejes geopolíticos de la Cuenca platense, en las trayectorias polémicas de los relatos de nación predominantes en la historia uruguaya, en sus perfiles cosmopolitas y en sus alteridades regionales, en la interconexión del tema con los retos de la construcción del "Uruguay internacional". El texto culmina con una reflexión que procura contribuir al señalamiento de algunas raíces históricas de la agenda de contenciosos contemporáneos entre Argentina y Uruguay

Identidades y alteridades en el Río de la Plata : Una visión histórica desde la banda oriental del "río mar"

Desde un recorrido histórico de "larga duración", en el texto se estudian los itinerarios y factores que han incidido con mayor gravitación en la construcción de la identidad nacional uruguaya, con la referencia de su particular dialéctica con sus alteridades regionales. Se hace especial hincapié en las raíces y en los efectos del signo "antiporteñista" (devenido a menudo en "antiargentinismo") del nacionalismo uruguayo más clásico. En esa perspectiva, se analiza la influencia en estos asuntos de tópicos como el de los cambios producidos en los ejes geopolíticos de la Cuenca platense, en las trayectorias polémicas de los relatos de nación predominantes en la historia uruguaya, en sus perfiles cosmopolitas y en sus alteridades regionales, en la interconexión del tema con los retos de la construcción del "Uruguay internacional". El texto culmina con una reflexión que procura contribuir al señalamiento de algunas raíces históricas de la agenda de contenciosos contemporáneos entre Argentina y Uruguay

Magnesium/Calcium ratios measured on planktonic foraminifera of the LGM

As part of the Multi-proxy Approach for the Reconstruction of the Glacial Ocean (MARGO) incentive, published and unpublished temperature reconstructions for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) based on planktonic foraminiferal Mg/Ca ratios have been synthesised and made available in an online database. Development and applications of Mg/Ca thermometry are described in order to illustrate the current state of the method. Various attempts to calibrate foraminiferal Mg/Ca ratios with temperature, including culture, trap and core-top approaches have given very consistent results although differences in methodological techniques can produce offsets between laboratories which need to be assessed and accounted for where possible. Dissolution of foraminiferal calcite at the sea-floor generally causes a lowering of Mg/Ca ratios. This effect requires further study in order to account and potentially correct for it if dissolution has occurred. Mg/Ca thermometry has advantages over other paleotemperature proxies including its use to investigate changes in the oxygen isotopic composition of seawater and the ability to reconstruct changes in the thermal structure of the water column by use of multiple species from different depth and or seasonal habitats. Presently available data are somewhat limited to low latitudes where they give fairly consistent values for the temperature difference between Late Holocene and the LGM (2-3.5 °C). Data from higher latitudes are more sparse, and suggest there may be complicating factors when comparing between multi-proxy reconstructions.

Diversity of planktonic foraminifer fauna found in 18 deep-sea cores from the North Atlantic

Greenland stadial/interstadial cycles are known to affect the North Atlantic's hydrography and overturning circulation and to cause ecological changes on land (e.g., vegetation). Hardly any information, directly expressed as diversity indices, however, exists on the impacts of these millennial-scale variations on the marine flora and fauna. We calculated three diversity indices (species richness, Shannon diversity index, Hurlbert's probability of interspecific encounter) for the planktonic foraminifer fauna found in 18 deep-sea cores covering a time span back to 60 ka. Clear differences in diversity response to the abrupt climate change can be observed and some records can be grouped accordingly. Core SO82-05 from the southern section of the subpolar gyre, the cores along the British margin and core MD04-2845 in the Bay of Biscay show two modes of diversity distribution, with reduced diversity (uneven fauna) during cold phases and the reverse (even fauna) during warm phases. Along the Iberian margin high species diversity prevailed throughout most of the glacial period. The exceptions were the Heinrich stadials when the fauna abruptly shifted from an even to an uneven or less even fauna. Diversity changes were often abrupt, but revealed a high resilience of the planktonic foraminifer faunas. The subtropical gyre waters seem to buffer the climatic effects of the Heinrich events and Greenland Stadials allowing for a quick recovery of the fauna after such an event. The current work clearly shows that planktonic foraminifer faunas quickly adapt to climate change, albeit with a reduced diversity.