Phlebotominae fauna in the Province of Tucumán, Argentina

American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis is endemic in the province of Tucumán since 1916 where the first Argentinian case of leishmaniasis was reported. An epidemic outbreak took place in the province during 1986-1988, after that the number of cases increased gradually again between 1991-1996. Since October of 1999 sand flies captures were performed at different places associated with current and past transmission or sites identified as risky ones. The collections were carried out with CDC mini light trap and modified Shannon trap. In this study 2338 Phlebotominae were captured being prevalent Lutzomyia neivai (Lu intermedia complex) (97.7%), followed by Lu. migonei. We report Lu. shannoni for the first time in the province. Phlebotominae was abundant in the warm and humid months and showed a peak before the summer rains. Lutzomyia neivai showed a pattern (peridomestic prevalence, anthropophilia, abundance in secondary forest) consistent with other outbreak studies. Thus, the results reinforce this species incrimination as vector of leishmaniasis in the area. Domestic animals close to houses increase its abundance, and so the probable associated risk of human-Phlebotominae contact. Further studies should be done to understand the role of each Phlebotominae species in the transmission of leishmaniasis in Tucumán in order to design entomological surveillance strategies.

Evaluation of an in-house specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) avidity ELISA for distinguishing recent primary from long-term human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection

This article describes the standardization and evaluation of an in-house specific IgG avidity ELISA for distinguishing recent primary from long-term human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. The test was standardized with the commercial kit ETI-CYTOK G Plus (Sorin Biomedica, Italy) using 8 M urea in phosphate-buffered saline to dissociate low-avidity antibodies after the antigen-antibody interaction. The performance of the in-house assay was compared to that of the commercial automated VIDAS CMV IgG avidity test (bioMérieux, France). Forty-nine sera, 24 from patients with a recent primary HCMV infection and 25 from patients with a long-term HCMV infection and a sustained persistence of specific IgM antibodies, were tested. Similar results were obtained with the two avidity methods. All 24 sera from patients with recently acquired infection had avidity indices compatible with acute HCMV infection by the VIDAS method, whereas with the in-house method, one serum sample had an equivocal result. In the 25 sera from patients with long-term infection, identical results were obtained with the two methods, with only one serum sample having an incompatible value. These findings suggest that our in-house avidity test could be a potentially useful tool for the immunodiagnosis of HCMV infection.

Effects of eucalyptol on house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) and blow fly (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

The effects of eucalyptol were evaluated against the house fly, Musca domestica L., and blow fly, Chrysomya megacephala (F.). The bioassay of adults, using topical application, indicated that M. domestica males were more susceptible than females, with the LD50 being 118 and 177 µg/fly, respectively. A higher LD50 of C. megacephala was obtained; 197 µg/fly for males and 221 µg/fly for females. Living flies of both species yielded a shorter life span after being treated with eucalyptol. The bioassay of larvae, using the dipping method on the third instar, showed that M. domestica was more susceptible than C. megacephala, with their LC50 being 101 and 642 µg/µl, respectively. The emergence of adults, which had been treated with eucalyptol in larvae, decreased only in M. domestica. Having the volatile property, fumigation or impregnated paper test of eucalyptol or the efficacy of repellence or attractiveness merits further investigations to enhance bio-insecticidal efficacy.

A simple and cheaper in house varicella zoster virus antibody indirect ELISA

We have developed a cheaper an simple in house indirect ELISA that uses the live attenuated VZV vaccine as a coating antigen. The alternative ELISA had an agreement of 94% when compared with a commercial VZV ELISA kit. Moreover, our ELISA proved to be more reliable than the kit when assessing true negative samples. By adding a standard serum, we were able to produce results in international units per millilitre. Also, the addition of an extra step with 8M urea allowed the assessment of VZV IgG avidity without excessive costs. The cost per sample to test VZV IgG was 2.7 times cheaper with our ELISA, allowing the testing of many samples without the burden of production of VZV antigen in the laboratory.

Some ultrastructural superficial changes in house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) and blow fly (Diptera: Calliphoridae) larvae induced by eucalyptol oil

The ultrastructural superficial changes in third instar house fly (Musca domestica) and blow fly (Chrysomya megacephala) induced by eucalyptol oil were observed using scanning electron microscopy. Dipped in 0.902 g/ml eucalyptol for 30 sec, the larvae integument of both species showed significant aberrant appearance of the body surface, particularly swelling integument, bleb formation, partial breach and deformation of spines.

Effectiveness of house dust mite acaricide tri-n-butyl tin maleate on carpets, fabrics and mattress foam: a standardization of methodology

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the acaricide tri-n-butyl tin maleate, industrially applied to samples of carpets, mattress foam, and fabrics used for furniture upholstery, soft toys and shoe uppers. Approximately 100 adult house dust mites of the species Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus were inoculated into a Petri dish containing the sample (a piece of carpet, mattress foam, or fabric), treated with the acaricide, randomly collected. Mite-maintenance culture medium was added on top of each sample. After one, two, three, seven and 30 days of incubation at 25 ºC and 75% relative humidity, each dish was examined using a 40X stereoscopic microscope (40X). One hundred percent acaricide effectiveness was obtained in treated materials by the end of the 30th-day postinoculation period, under optimal conditions for mite maintenance.

Primary screening of blood donors by nat testing for HCV-RNA: development of an "in-house" method and results

An "in-house" RT-PCR method was developed that allows the simultaneous detection of the RNA of the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and an artificial RNA employed as an external control. Samples were analyzed in pools of 6-12 donations, each donation included in two pools, one horizontal and one vertical, permitting the immediate identification of a reactive donation, obviating the need for pool dismembering. The whole process took 6-8 hours per day and results were issued in parallel to serology. The method was shown to detect all six HCV genotypes and a sensitivity of 500 IU/mL was achieved (95% hit rate). Until July 2005, 139,678 donations were tested and 315 (0.23%) were found reactive for HCV-RNA. Except for five false-positives, all 310 presented the corresponding antibody as well, so the yield of NAT-only donations was zero, presenting a specificity of 99.83%. Detection of a window period donation, in the population studied, will probably demand testing of a larger number of donations. International experience is showing a rate of 1:200,000 - 1:500,000 of isolated HCV-RNA reactive donations.

Geographical distribution and intra-domiciliary capture of sylvatic triatomines in La Convención province, Cusco, Peru

The geographical distribution and intra-domiciliary capture of sylvatic triatomines in three districts of the province of La Convención, Cusco, Peru are presented. In the district of Vilcabamba, eight adults of Rhodnius pictipes and five adults of Panstrongylus geniculatus were found. In the district of Ocobamba, 19 adults, 14 nymphs, and eggs of P. rufotuberculatus were found. In the district of Echarate, six adults and 10 nymphs of Eratyrus mucronatus, an adult of R. pictipes and P. geniculatus, and a nymph of P. rufotuberculatus were also found. The geographical distribution of E. mucronatus has extended to Cusco. This is the first report in Peru of household colonization by this triatomine.

Otimização de processos de logística in-house

A presente dissertação foi realizada no âmbito do Mestrado de Engenharia e Gestão Industrial da Escola Superior de Estudos Industriais e de Gestão, de Vila do Conde. O projeto desenvolvido tem como tema principal a Otimização de processos de Logística in-house baseado num projeto, em contexto empresarial da empresa cliente, Continental Mabor S.A., da Rangel Distribuição e Logística, S.A. Este projeto tem como objetivo a “aglomeração” de dois armazéns do cliente, devido à necessidade de ocupação do armazém de produto acabado interno, para aumento da área de produção. Inicialmente foi feita uma revisão de literatura sobre os temas mais relevantes de suporte para o projeto, nomeadamente na otimização e melhoria contínua. Seguidamente é apresentado o Grupo Rangel, bem como a Rangel Distribuição e Logística, S.A., onde se enquadra o projeto e para se perceber o enquadramento e objetivo. A metodologia usada, caso de estudo, permitiu a aplicação de conceitos e ferramentas usados na literatura neste contexto, como ferramentas de otimização e melhoria continua como as melhores práticas de Kaizen-Lean. Na fase de diagnóstico do atual sistema, foi realizado um mapeamento de fluxo de processos e uma descrição detalhada do layout dos dois armazéns: Armazém de Produto Acabado (APA) e Armazém de Produto Acabado Externo (APAE), bem como todos os recursos, quer técnicos quer humanos necessários. Verificamos ao longo deste projeto várias limitações, inclusive limitações impostas pelo cliente, tal como não aprovar um estudo para um novo layout do armazém. Foi aprovado apenas a replicação do já existente. Com isto, depararam-se constrangimentos na gestão deste projeto. Os custos aumentaram significativamente, embora estes não sejam apresentados por questões de confidencialidade, principalmente com a necessidade de aquisição de novos equipamentos retráteis, e mais baterias para os mesmos, devido às grandes distâncias que irão ser percorridas. Finalmente foi projetado o sistema futuro, de acordo com as necessidades reais do cliente tendo em consideração a otimização de recursos e uma gestão magra (Lean Management). Foi desenvolvida a implementação da metodologia “Kaizen diário”, a dar início em 2016 juntamente com o novo projeto APAE. Com esta projeção foram identificados problemas e implicações no projeto, bem como possíveis melhorias.

Spatio-Temporal data modeling in response to deforestation monitoring (a case study of small region in Riau Province, Indonesia)

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies.

Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato GENOTYPES IN DOMESTIC LIVESTOCK AND HUMANS IN GOLESTAN PROVINCE, IRAN

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a globally parasitic zoonosis caused by larval stages of Echinococcus granulosus. This study investigated E. granulosus genotypes isolated from livestock and humans in the Golestan province, northern Iran, southeast of the Caspian sea, using partial sequencing data of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase 1 (nad1) mitochondrial genes. Seventy E. granulosus isolates were collected from animals in slaughterhouses: 18 isolates from sheep, 40 from cattle, nine from camels, two from buffaloes and one from a goat, along with four human isolates (formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues) from CE patients of provincial hospitals. All isolates were successfully analysed by PCR amplification and sequencing. The sequence analysis found four E. granulosus genotypes among the 74 CE isolates: G1 (78.3%), G2 (2.7%), G3 (15%) and G6 (4%). The G1-G3 complex genotype was found in all of the sheep, goat, cattle and buffalo isolates. Among the nine camel isolates, the frequency of G1-G3 and G6 genotypes were 66.7% and 33.3%, respectively. All four human CE isolates belonged to E. granulosus sensu stricto. This study reports the first occurrence of the G2 genotype in cattle from Iran and confirms the previously reported G3 genotype in camels in the same country.

A Atividade Cultural do Consulado Geral de Portugal em Boston

Relatório de Estágio apresentado para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciência Política e Relações Internacionais

Phlebotominae sand flies associated with a tegumentary leishmaniasis outbreak, Tucumán Province, Argentina

The distribution of sand flies and cases of tegumentary leishmaniasis in the area surrounding JB Alberd city, and the proximities of Catamarca province were studied, after an increase of reported cases from JB Alberdi, Tucumán province, in 2003. Of 14 confirmed cases, 57% were females and 57% were less than 15 years old, suggesting peridomestic transmission. However, 86% of them lived close to the Marapa river forest gallery and related wooded areas. Over 1,013 sand flies were collected; Lutzomyia neivai (Pinto, 1926) was prevalent at all the sites (92.3%), while Lutzomyia migonei (França, 1920) (6.7%) and Lu. cortelezzii (Brèthes, 1923) (1%) were also found. The spatial distribution of Lu. neivai overlapped that of the cases, with higher abundance in microfocal hot spots close to the river in stable vegetated habitats or modified habitats with shadow and animal blood sources. The cumulative outcome of anthropic, ecological and climatic factors could have contributed to the onset of the outbreak.

Aplicabilidade da ferramenta dineserv numa coffee house

No sector da Restauração é a competitividade que define a sobrevivência dos diversos (normalmente) pequenos empresários. Apesar de parecer uma área de negócio de relativa facilidade de actuação, a manutenção de todos os níveis do serviço a um nível tanto elevado quanto possível é de uma grande complexidade, a nível da higiene, qualidade dos alimentos ou do serviço prestado. Estando estes negócios tão ao alcance das pessoas, é na elevação dos níveis de serviço prestados que reside a maior fonte de diferenciação em relação à concorrência. No entanto, isto implica normalmente um elevado investimento financeiro, o que num cenário de crise como o actual pode não ser compensador em termos de negócio. Desta forma, este trabalho visa recolher a opinião dos inquiridos quanto ao serviço prestado, testando a aplicabilidade de uma ferramenta de avaliação de Qualidade em serviços ligeiramente adaptada a este tipo de estabelecimento em específico (Coffee House), e desenvolver simultaneamente estratégias, de acordo com as expectativas e necessidades dos consumidores, para uma possível melhoria de actuação da empresa no sector, oferecendo um serviço mais personalizado, com maior qualidade e adequado às reais necessidades do consumidor. Foram assim analisadas as opiniões dos clientes, sendo posteriormente analisadas estatisticamente, com vista à possível descoberta de características positivas que poderão eventualmente constituir mais-valias na performance desta junto dos seus clientes, bem como características menos positivas, que é possível melhorar, redefinindo a estratégia da empresa. Para estudar relações entre variáveis representativas de características dos clientes, foram elaboradas e analisadas algumas tabelas de contingência, ou crosstables, tentando perceber se alguns indicadores relativos ao perfil dos inquiridos influenciam as suas respostas. A aplicação da Análise Factorial visou agrupar as variáveis em dimensões representativas de quais os aspectos do serviço considerados mais relevantes para os clientes, seguida da procura de um modelo de regressão linear múltipla que tentasse explicar estatisticamente as contribuições de cada dimensão para a satisfação global dos clientes.