Learning by Reading : A literature study on the use of authentic texts in the EFL upper elementary classroom

The English language is widely used throughout the world and has become a core subject in many countries, especially for students in the upper elementary classroom. While textbooks have been the preferred EFL teaching method for a long time, this belief has seemingly changed within the last few years. Therefore, this study looks at what prior research says about the use of authentic texts in the EFL upper elementary classroom with an aim to answer research questions on how teachers can work with authentic texts, what the potential benefits of using authentic texts are and what teachers and students say about the use of authentic texts in the EFL classroom. While this thesis is written from a Swedish perspective, it is recognized that many countries teach EFL. Therefore, international results have also been taken into consideration and seven previous research studies have been analyzed in order to gain a better understanding of the use of authentic texts in the EFL classroom. Results indicate that the use of authentic texts is beneficial in teaching EFL. However, many teachers are still reluctant to use these, mainly because of time constraints and the belief that such texts are too difficult for their students. Since these findings are mainly focused on areas outside of Sweden, additional research is needed before conclusions can be drawn on the use of authentic texts in the Swedish upper elementary EFL classroom.

APORTACIONES DIDÁCTICAS EN LOS LIBROS DE TEXTO Y SU RELACIÓN CON LA ANSIEDAD ANTE EL APRENDIZAJE DE UNA LENGUA EXTRANJERA : Una exploración cualitativa de tres libros de texto de español como lengua extranjera paso 1 de educación secundaria

El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar qué competencias generales y qué competencias comunicativas, según el enfoque comunicativo, se promueven en tres libros de texto de español como lengua extranjera y determinar su relación con la variable afectiva de la ansiedad. Para alcanzar los planteamientos de nuestra investigación utilizamos una aproximación cualitativa, empleando el cuestionario de análisis NAKIBAR 2004 perteneciente al trabajo de investigación realizado por Joseba Ezeiza Ramos (2004). Los resultados muestran que los tres materiales didácticos satisfacen cada criterio del enfoque comunicativo en diversos grados. Sin embargo, ambos libros constituyen la exteriorización de dicho método, con el fin preciso de apoyar al estudiante en desarrollar la habilidad de poner en función los procesos de comunicación. Es por esto por lo que este tipo de actividades podrían potencialmente activar sentimientos de aprensión

An Empirical Study on Teachers’ Choice of Extensive Literature in the Swedish Upper Secondary EFL Classroom

The importance of extensive literature reading in the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) context has been given increasing attention in recent research. Literature reading is also a required part of the national syllabi of the (EFL) courses offered to both adolescents and adults at Upper Secondary level in Sweden. This thesis aims to investigate the teachers’ process of making literature choices for extensive reading in upper secondary EFL courses in Sweden. Eight teachers of three different student groups took part in the study, representing adolescent university preparatory programs and vocational programs, as well as programs for adult students. Questionnaires were used and the data was analyzed for patterns revealing three main factors affecting teachers’ literature choice: language proficiency, reading experience and contextual factors. These three factors were fitted into the theoretical framework of psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic reading models, with the addition of a perspective of motivational research. The results of this survey underline the importance of extensive reading, according to teachers, and that motivation for literature choice can be primarily related to factors associated with psycholinguistic reading models. The survey also points to the need for further investigating of teachers’ own experiences of literature reading, searching for deeper motivational factors which influence teaching choices. Another future field of research is the choice of reading activities assigned together with the chosen literature, which probably also influence teachers’ choices in the Swedish EFL classroom.

The Role of Motivational Strategies in the Upper Elementary Classroom : A systematic literature review about teacher strategies that promote self-confidence, motivation and a conducive learning environment

The aim of this literature review is to investigate which strategies teachers use to motivate pupils to communicate orally in English. The literature review also investigates how these teacher strategies affect pupils. The methodology used for this investigation is a systematic literature review. Various databases have been used when searching for literature. Scientific articles and theses have been searched for. They have also been read and analyzed before they have become a part of this review. The results indicate that some teachers feel insecure when speaking English. Therefore Swedish is spoken in many language classrooms. Teachers speaking in front of the class is the traditional way of teaching, and it does not seem to be a strategy who influences pupils positively. If teachers speak the target language among pupils they often get more motivated and focused pupils who feel comfortable speaking English. Young pupils are fast learners. By exposing them to the English language in early ages they receive great opportunities to learn a foreign language and strengthen their self-confidence. Drama, songs and rhymes are preferable strategies to use when teaching young learners. What position teachers decide to take in the classroom is also a significant element when teaching foreign languages.

Using Swedish in the EFL-classroom : An Interview Study on Swedish Upper Secondary Students’ Attitudes towards Teachers’ L1 use in the EFL-classroom

There is very little focus in previous research on first language (L1) use by teachers in the upper secondary English as a foreign language (EFL) classroom from the students’ perspective. In this context and from a Swedish perspective, this thesis examines what attitudes students in the Swedish upper secondary school have towards their teachers’ use of L1 (Swedish) in the EFL-classroom. The method used was qualitative semi-structured interviews, where nine students in total were interviewed. The collected data was then coded, thematized and categorized. The results show that the students mainly believed Swedish should be used when teaching vocabulary, when teaching grammar and for classroom management. They did not believe the L1 should be used by them in questions and answers and in general talk in the classroom. They also endorsed an overall judicious use of Swedish by their teachers and that their use of this language should be adjusted to the specific teaching group. Finally, it can be concluded that further research is needed on how the L1 can be used judiciously in particular situations and on what attitudes students of varying proficiency and age, as well as students who do not have Swedish as their L1 have towards teachers’ L1 use in the EFL-classroom.

Variáveis internas que levam à manutenção de alunos em uma rede de ensino de idiomas

Este estudo procura entender as variáveis que possam determinar a fidelidade dos alunos a uma rede de ensino de idiomas (a empresa Y), líder no mercado há 50 anos. Partindo da hipótese de que a motivação do professor possa exercer um efeito positivo com relação à fidelidade dos alunos, são abordadas as questões referentes à motivação profunda do profissional, através do conceito de flow, teoricamente descrito e analisado por Mihalyi Csikszentmihalyi (1991, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1997). Numa perspectiva sócio-histórica, são trazidas informações do universo pessoal e profissional do professor, referentes a seu perfil psicológico, sua formação e seu desenvolvimento. Questões relativas a metodologias de ensino de língua estrangeira e a teorias de aprendizagem são também analisadas, com o objetivo de melhor situar e surtir melhor compreensão dos resultados da pesquisa. Coletaram-se os dados por meio de um questionário aplicado em 99 professores de 26 escolas da empresa Y (localizadas nos estados de Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul) e sua análise foi feita a partir de testes de correlação das variáveis pertinentes ao modelo teórico. O problema principal estudado na pesquisa é a existência, a freqüência e a profundidade de atividades autotélicas, geradoras de flow no contexto dos professores da empresa Y, testando a seguinte hipótese: quanto maior o flow, maior a fidelidade dos alunos. Na ótica de Csikszentmihalyi, a atividade autotélica é uma atividade que, por si só, gera prazer, satisfação, recompensa, e que atende às necessidades profundas do indivíduo, levando-o à experiência máxima (ou ao flow).

Os desafios para a implantação de cursos de línguas para a comunidade: o caso do CLC da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo

A presente dissertação é produto de uma investigação sobre o projeto implantado na Universidade Federal do Espírito (UFES) nos anos 90, para oferecimento de Cursos de Línguas para a Comunidade (CLC). O principal objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar as etapas de desenvolvimento do projeto e os desafios encontrados durante a sua implantação. O projeto desenvolvido é pioneiro na comunidade acadêmica capixaba e são escassos os relatos sobre experiências semelhantes à dos Cursos de Línguas para a Comunidade. Por isso mesmo, o presente trabalho servirá também de registro documental sobre o próprio CLC e de proposta de um modelo a ser implantado por outras instituições. A análise das etapas de desenvolvimento do CLC e dos desafios encontrados foi feita a partir do estudo de documentos da UFES e do próprio CLC, e de registros da imprensa local sobre os conflitos gerados e de que forma os obstáculos para implantação estão sendo gerenciados. Foram feitas também diversas pesquisas através de questionários para identificação do perfil dos alunos dos cursos de idiomas oferecidos.