Room temperature aging to guarantee microbiological safety of Brazilian artisan Canastra cheese

Canastra cheese is one of the oldest and most traditional cheeses made from raw milk in Brazil. However, this type of practice may have severe consequences for human health. According to the current legislation, any cheese made from raw milk must be aged for at least 60 days. Traditionally, Canastra cheese is consumed after different ripening periods, but consumers usually prefer those that are aged less than eight days. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of physicochemical and microbiological parameters, with emphasis on the pathogenic microbiota regulated by law, on cheese aged at room temperature and under refrigeration. Cheese samples were collected from eight different cheese producers located in the Serra da Canastra region twice a year (rainy and dry seasons) and analyzed with 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, and 64 days of ripening. Room temperature aging effectively reduced pathogens, reaching the total count established by law in 22 days, regardless of the season. However, ripening under refrigeration, it was ineffective in reducing the Staphylococcus aureus counts to the legislation limits, even after 64 days. Therefore, Canastra cheese should be ripened for at least 22 days at room temperature in order to fulfill the safety regulatory limits.

Effect of high hydrostatic pressure on antioxidant content of 'Ataulfo' mango during postharvest maturation

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of pressurization on the concentration of some antioxidant compounds and the antiradical efficiency during the ripening process of 'Ataulfo' mango. The fruits at physiological maturity stage were pressurized at 15, 30, or 60 MPa for 10 or 20 min. Control fruits were not pressurized. The fruits were stored at 25 °C and changes in the concentration of ascorbic acid, total phenols, total flavonoids, total carotenoids, and antiradical efficiency were evaluated. It was demonstrated that in 'Ataulfo' mango high hydrostatic pressure treatments at 60 and 30 MPa for 20 minutes induced the synthesis of ascorbic acid during storage maybe as a consequence of physiological changes and possible structural modification of the cells, while the fruits pressurized at 15 MPa showed no effect on this parameter. On the other hand, the use of 15 MPa for 10 minutes increased the synthesis of phenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, and antiradical efficiency in 'Ataulfo' mango compared to that of the control fruit. In conclusion, this behavior seemed to be due to the low hydrostatic pressure treatments (15 Mpa), which stimulated the synthesis of antioxidants in the mango fruit and ripening was not inhibited.

Characterization and development of marolo (Annona crassiflora, Mart.)

The objectives of this study was the physical, chemical, and physiological characterization of marolo (Annona crassiflora, Mart.) during its development. The fruits were harvested 12 Km off Itumirim, Southern Minas Gerais, Brazil, at 20-d intervals from anthesis to fruit maturity. The first fruits were harvested within 60 days. The total development of the fruit took 140 days starting from anthesis. At 140 days after anthesis, the fruit reached its maximum size, with mass of 1.380g, transverse diameter of 13.0 cm, and longitudinal diameter of 11.5 cm. During its development, the fruit showed increase in mass and in traverse and longitudinal diameters. The changes during maturation and ripening, such as: pH reduction and starch degradation, pectic solubilization, and increase in total sugars, soluble solids (ºB), respiratory rate (CO2), titratable acidity, vitamin C, and β-caroteno were observed from the 120th day of marolo development. A decrease in ability to sequester free radicals was observed up the 120th day, followed by an increase. The volatile compounds identified at the end of the development included the esters group only.

Quality evaluation of parmesan-type cheese: a chemometric approach

Parmesan-type cheeses are the most consumed special cheeses in Brazil. It is generally sold in retail shops, either grated or in wedge-shaped pieces, and its quality varies considerably, which is reflected directly in its price. There is lack of processing standardization and, since the ripening period is fundamental for the quality of this hard, semi-fat cooked cheese, this stage seems to be the thin line between low and high quality products. It is important to note that the Italian Parmegiano Reggiano is matured for a period of twelve months, as well as its rival Grana Padano, and this long ripening period causes changes making them gourmet, highly-valued cheeses. In the present study, twelve different Parmesan-type cheeses were purchased from the Brazilian retail market and evaluated for microbiological, physicochemical, and instrumental parameters. Heterogeneous quality was confirmed by microbiological problems detected in the samples and physicochemical composition that did not meet current Brazilian specifications. The use of principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis made it possible to separate the samples into three distinct groups, mainly due to different acidity and moisture levels, water activity, and hardness values. The price per kg was also considered and was correlated with moisture, acidity, and texture.

Growth and maturation of pequi fruit of the Brazilian cerrado

The objective of this study was to characterize the development of pequi fruit (Caryocar brasiliense) of the Brazilian cerrado. It takes 84 days (12 weeks) for pequi to develop with the onset of flowering in September and early fruit set in January. Pequi fruit showed a simple sigmoid growth curve, and its growth was characterized based on fresh mass and longitudinal and transverse diameters. The contents of titratable acidity, soluble solids, β-carotene, and vitamin C increased during fruit growth, reaching their maximum values at the 12th week (84 days) after anthesis. Pequi is a fruit with an extremely high respiratory activity; its respiratory rate decreased during its development. Pequi fruit has been classified as a non-climacteric fruit due to the decrease of both respiration and ethylene production rates during maturation and ripening.

Determination of some quality properties of marinated sea bream (Sparus Aurata L., 1758) during cold storage

In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of sea bream (Sparus aurata) marinated some quality properties during cold storage. The fillets of fish were immersed into brine including 3.5% acetic acid 11% salt in the ratio of 1: 1.5 (fish: marinate brine) for marination process. After the process of ripening, samples were grouped into two and packed in plastic containers; one being plain (in sunflower oil) and the other being sauced (sauced prepared with sunflower oil). During storage, sensory, crude protein, lipid, dry matter and crude ash, TBA, TVB-N, TMA-N and peroxide analyses were done periodically. According to results of 200 days of storage, TVB-N values of sea bream marinates packaged as plain and sauced were 15.86/14.89 mg/100g, TBA 7.06/7.99 mg MA/kg, TMA-N 2.97/3.12, mg/100g, the value of peroxide was 7.23/7.45 meq/kg respectively. According to chemical and sensory analyses results obtained in the study; it was concluded that sea bream marinates packaged as plain and sauced can be stored in +4 °C for 200 days.

Influência do tipo de fruto, peso específico das sementes e período de armazenamento na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de mamão do grupo formosa

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência do tipo do fruto, do peso específico da semente e do período de armazenamento na germinação e vigor de sementes de mamão, do grupo Formosa. Durante a colheita, os frutos foram classificados por tipo, em comerciável e refugo. As sementes foram extraídas manualmente, lavadas e colocadas para secar à sombra. Após a secagem, as sementes foram submetidas a pré-limpeza em separador pneumático e, em seguida, classificadas em mesa de gravidade, por peso específico, nas classes leve, intermediária e pesada. As sementes foram acondicionadas em embalagem permeável (papel multifoliado), armazenadas em câmara fria e avaliadas quanto à germinação e vigor (primeira contagem, avaliação do vigor das plântulas e envelhecimento acelerado), no início e depois de 3 e 6 meses de armazenamento. Os melhores resultados foram encontrados quando se utilizou sementes da classe pesada. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes foi mantida até o terceiro mês de armazenamento. As sementes das classes pesada e intermediária mostram alta germinação e alto vigor, podendo ser utilizadas para composição de lotes comerciáveis de sementes de mamão.

Influência do repouso pós-colheita de frutos na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de mamão

Para avaliar a influência do repouso pós-colheita de frutos de mamão, sobre as alterações na qualidade fisiológica das sementes, este trabalho foi conduzido no Laboratório de Fitotecnia no Setor de Produção e Tecnologia de Sementes da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, em Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ. As sementes dos genótipos Solo e Formosa provenientes de frutos hermafroditas, foram colhidos no estádio de maturação II (1/4 fruto maduro). A extração das sementes foi realizada logo após a colheita, e também 10 dias após o repouso dos frutos em ambientes com temperaturas de 10 e de 25ºC. As sementes foram analisadas quanto à percentual de germinação e ao vigor pelos testes de primeira contagem, índice de velocidade de germinação, comprimento da plântula e teste de frio. Os resultados evidenciaram que o repouso dos frutos de mamão por 10 dias em temperatura de 25ºC aumentou a germinação e melhorou o potencial fisiológico das sementes de ambos os genótipos.

Tratamentos para superação da dormência em sementes de mamão

O trabalho teve como objetivo definir tratamentos adequados para a superação da dormência em sementes de mamão. Foram utilizadas sementes com e sem sarcotesta, extraídas de frutos do grupo Formosa, híbrido Tainung 01. Nas sementes sem sarcotesta, foram aplicados os seguintes tratamentos: lavagem em água corrente por 2 e 4 h, pré-secagem a 40ºC/96h, pré-esfriamento a 10ºC/14 dias, envelhecimento acelerado a 41ºC por 36, 48 e 72h, imersão em NaOCl 0,5% por 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5h, imersão em KNO3 1M por 30, 60, 90 e 120 min., imersão em GA3 400, 600 e 800 ppm por 24 h, umedecimento do substrato com GA3 400, 600 e 800 ppm, armazenamento por 3, 6 e 9 meses e choque térmico a 15-35ºC. Após cada tratamento, avaliou-se a germinação aos 15 e 30 dias após a semeadura. A presença da sarcotesta na semente diminui a velocidade e a porcentagem de germinação. Os tratamentos mais eficientes para a superação da dormência em sementes de mamão são o umedecimento do substrato com GA3 600 ppm ou a imersão das sementes em solução de GA3 600 ppm por 24 horas e a imersão das sementes em KNO3 1M por 30, 60 e 90 minutos. A dormência foi superada após o armazenamento das sementes por 3 a 6 meses.

Efeito do pólen nas características físicas e fisiológicas de sementes de mamão

A ocorrência do fenômeno xênia, considerado como o resultado do cruzamento que se manifesta na primeira geração da planta mãe, há muito é conhecida. Entretanto, pouco é conhecido a respeito da contribuição do efeito do pólen no comportamento das sementes de mamão. Objetivou-se neste trabalho, avaliar a influência do pólen nas características físicas e fisiológicas das sementes de mamão. As sementes utilizadas foram provenientes de frutos dos grupos Solo e Formosa, oriundos de polinização manual, correspondente aos seguintes tratamentos: T1- Solo autofecundado; T2 - Formosa autofecundado; T3 - Solo x Formosa; T4 - Formosa x Solo; T5 - T3 autofecundado; T6 - T4 autofecundado. Foram realizadas as seguintes determinações e testes: número de sementes por fruto, tamanho da semente, peso de mil sementes, testes de germinação, primeira contagem, envelhecimento acelerado, comprimento da radícula, hipocótilo e teste de frio. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições, sendo as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Não se verificou efeito da origem do pólen nas características físicas das sementes. Para qualidade fisiológica das sementes não foi possível avaliar o efeito da xênia, uma vez que, observou-se a manifestação precoce da heterose.

Impact of different irrigation strategies on grapes and wine quality of four grapevine cultivars (Vitis sp.) in cool climate conditions. An investigation into the relationships among ABA, water status, grape cultivar and wine quality

Niagara Peninsula of Ontario is the largest viticultural area in Canada. Although it is considered to be a cool and wet region, in the last decade many water stress events occurred during the growing seasons with negative effects on grape and wine quality. This study was initiated to understand and develop the best strategies for water management in vineyards and those that might contribute to grape maturity advancement. The irrigation trials investigated the impact of time of initiation (fruit set, lag phase and veraison), water replacement level based on theoretical loss through crop evapotranspiration (ETc; 100,50 and 25%) and different irrigation strategies [partial root zone drying (PRD) versus regulated deficit irrigation (RD!)] on grape composition and wine sensory profiles. The irrigation experiments were conducted in a commercial vineyard (Lambert Vineyards Inc.) located in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, from 2005 through 2009. The two experiments that tested the combination of different water regimes and irrigation time initiation were set up in a randomized block design as follows: Baco noir - three replicates x 10 treatments [(25%, 50% and 100% of ETc) x (initiation at fruit set, lag phase and veraison) + control]; Chardonnay - three replicates x seven treatments [(25%, 50% and 100% of ETc) x (initiation at fruit set and veraison) + control]. The experiments that tested different irrigation strategies were set up on two cultivars as follows: Sauvignon blanc - four replicates x four treatments [control, fully irrigated (100% ETc), PRD (100% ETc) and RDI (25% ETc)]; Cabemet Sauvignon - four replicates x five treatments [control, fully irrigated (100% ETc), PRD (100% ETc), RDI (50% ETc) and RDI (25% ETc)]. The controls in each experiment were nonirrigated. The irrigation treatments were compared for many variables related to soil water status, vine physiology, berry composition, wine sensory profile, and hormone composition [(abscisic acid (ABA) and its catabolites]. Soil moisture profile was mostly affected by irrigation treatments between 20 and 60 em depth depending on the grapevine cultivar and the regime of water applied. Overall soil moisture was consistently higher throughout the season in 100 and 50% ETc compare to the control. Transpiration rates and leaf temperature as well as shoot growth rate were the most sensitive variables to soil water status. Drip irrigation associated with RDI treatments (50% ETc and 25% ETc) had the most beneficial effects on vine physiology, fruit composition and wine varietal typicity, mainly by maintaining a balance between vegetative and reproductive parts of the vine. Neither the control nor the 100 ETc had overall a positive effect on grape composition and wine sensory typicity. The time of irrigation initiation affected the vine physiology and grape quality, the most positive effect was found in treatments initiated at lag phase and veraison. RDI treatments were overall more consistent in their positive effect on grape composition and wine varietal typicity comparing to PRD treatment. The greatest difference between non-irrigated and irrigated vines in most of the variables studied was found in 2007, the driest and hottest season of the experimental period. Soil water status had a greater and more consistent effect on red grapevine cultivars rather than on white winegrape cultivars. To understand the relationships among soil and plant water status, plant physiology and the hormonal profiles associated with it, abscisic acid (ABA) and its catabolites [phaseic acid (PA), dihydrophaseic acid (DPA), 7-hydroxy-ABA (TOH-ABA), 8' -hydroxy-ABA, neophaseic acid and abscisic acid glucose ester (ABA-GE)] were analyzed in leaves and berries from the Baco noir and Chardonnay irrigation trials over two growing seasons. ABA and some of its catabolites accurately described the water status in the vines. Endogenous ABA and some of its catabolites were strongly affected in Baco noir and Chardonnay by both the water regime (i.e. ET level) and timing of irrigation initiation. Chardonnay grapevines produced less ABA in both leaves and berries compared to Baco noir, which indicated that ABA synthesis is also cultivar dependant. ABA-GE was the main catabolite in treatments with high water deficits, while PA and DPA were higher in treatments with high water status, suggesting that the vine produced more ABA-GE under water deficits to maintain rapid control of the stomata. These differences between irrigation treatments with respect to ABA and catabolites were particularly noticeable in the dry 2007 season. Two trials using exogenous ABA investigated the effect of different concentrations of ABA and organs targeted for spraying, on grape maturation and berry composition of Cabemet Sauvignon grapevines, in two cool and wet seasons (2008-2009). The fIrst experiment consisted of three replicates x three treatments [(150 and 300 mg/L, both applications only on clusters) + untreated control] while the second experiment consisted in three replicates x four treatments [(full canopy, only clusters, and only leaves sprayed with 300 ppm ABA) + untreated control]. Exogenous ABA was effective in hastening veraison, and improving the composition of Cabemet Sauvignon. Ability of ABA to control the timing of grape berry maturation was dependant on both solution concentration and the target organ. ABA affected not only fruit composition but also yield components. Berries treated with ABA had lower weight and higher skin dry mass, which constitutes qualitative aspects desired in the wine grapes. Temporal advancement of ripening through hormonal control can lead to earlier fruit maturation, which is a distinct advantage in cooler areas or areas with a high risk of early frost occurrence. Exogenous ABA could provide considerable benefits to wine industry in terms of grape composition, wine style and schedule activities in the winery, particularly in wet and cool years. These trials provide the ftrst comprehensive data in eastern North America on the response of important hybrid and Vitis vinifera winegrape cultivars to irrigation management. Results from this study additionally might be a forward step in understanding the ABA metabolism, and its relationship with water status. Future research should be focused on ftnding the ABA threshold required to trigger the ripening process, and how this process could be controlled in cool climates.

Caractérisation de stratégies stimulant l’immunité cellulaire par l’étude de la présentation antigénique d’une nanoparticule vaccinale et du blocage d’un mécanisme d’immunosuppression

Il existe plusieurs défis au développement d’une thérapie visant à stimuler l’immunité cellulaire. Dans la prévention contre certains virus et en immunothérapie du cancer, l’induction de lymphocytes T spécifiques est cependant primordiale. Dans la première partie de l’étude, nous avons porté notre attention sur la compréhension de la présentation croisée par le complexe majeur d’histocompatibilité de classe I (CMH I) médiée par des particules pseudo-virales (VLP) composées de la protéine de surface de potexvirus à laquelle nous avons ajouté un épitope de la protéine M1 du virus de l’influenza ou un épitope de la protéine gp100 du mélanome. Cette VLP se caractérise par sa capacité à stimuler, sans l’aide d’adjuvant, le système immunitaire et de présenter de façon croisée l’épitope inséré dans sa protéine de surface et ce, indépendamment de l’activité du protéasome. Nous avons, tout d’abord, comparé les propriétés de présentation antigénique croisée des VLP formées du virus de la mosaïque de la malva (MaMV) à celles des VLP du virus de la mosaïque de la papaye (PapMV). Les résultats confirment que ces propriétés sont partagées par plusieurs membres de la famille des potexvirus malgré des divergences de séquences (Hanafi et al. Vaccine 2010). De plus, nous avons procédé à des expériences pour préciser le mécanisme menant à la présentation de l’épitope inséré dans les VLP de PapMV. Les résultats nous confirment une voie vacuolaire dépendante de l’activité de la cathepsine S et de l’acidification des lysosomes pour l’apprêtement antigénique. L’induction de l’autophagie par les VLP semble également nécessaire à la présentation croisée par les VLP de PapMV. Nous avons donc établi un nouveau mécanisme de présentation croisée vacuolaire dépendant de l’autophagie (Hanafi et al. soumis Autophagy). En second lieu, en immunothérapie du cancer, il est aussi important de contrôler les mécanismes d’évasion immunitaire mis en branle par la tumeur. Nous avons spécifiquement étudié l’enzyme immunosuppressive indoleamine 2,3-dioxygénase (IDO) (revue de la littérature dans les tumeurs humaines; Hanafi et al. Clin. Can. Res 2011) et son inhibition dans les cellules tumorales. Pour ce faire, nous avons tenté d’inhiber son expression par la fludarabine, agent chimiothérapeutique précédemment étudié pour son activité inhibitrice de l’activation de STAT1 (signal transducers and activators of transcription 1). Étonnamment, nos résultats ont montré l’inhibition d’IDO dans les cellules tumorales par la fludarabine, indépendamment de l’inhibition de la phosphorylation de STAT1. Nous avons démontré que le mécanisme d’action dépendait plutôt de l’induction de la dégradation d’IDO par le protéasome (Hanafi et al. PlosOne 2014). Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse ont donc portés autant sur la compréhension d’une nouvelle plateforme de vaccination pouvant médier l’activation de lymphocytes T CD8+ cytotoxiques et sur le contrôle d’une immunosuppression établie par les cellules tumorales pour évader au système immunitaire. Ces deux grandes stratégies sont à considérer en immunothérapie du cancer et la combinaison avec d’autres thérapies déjà existantes pourra permettre une meilleure réponse clinique.

Assessment of the strategies of organic fruit production and fruit drying in Uganda

Organic agriculture in Uganda is developing at a fast pace and despite this trend Uganda is still unable to produce enough fresh and dry organic fruits mainly pineapple to meet the exporters demand. This current research investigated the strategies of farmers at production level by assessing the pros and cons of fruit growing, organic agriculture and fruit drying in order to understand the underlying causal factor for the low production of organic dry fruits in a major fruit producing district of Uganda. The study was carried out in two separate and distinctive areas; one which only produces and export fresh organic pineapple and the other which exports dried fruits (mainly pineapple and papaya). About 10% of the farmers in the two study areas were surveyed using questionnaires which were further followed by semi-structured interviews and participatory rural appraisals activities with various types of farmers in order to understand the different decisions and strategies of farmers. 82% and 74% of farmers in the two study areas grew fruits as it gave better economic returns and for 77% and 90% respectively in the two study areas, the reasons for growing fruit was the ease of selling compared to other crops. All the farmers were relying on coffee husk for growing organic pineapples. However, 50% of the farmers want to grow pineapples (either organic or conventional) but couldn't afford to buy coffee husk. Fruit drying was mainly a strategy to utilize cheap fruits during harvesting seasons for value addition. 71% and 42% of farmers in the two study areas wanted to dry fruits but it was beyond their economic capacity to buy the driers. Decision of the farmers whether to grow fruits or cereals, organic or conventional agriculture and selling the fruits as fresh or dry were dependent mainly on the economic, knowledge and resource availability of each type of practices. It is concluded that the main barrier for an increase in the production of organic dried fruits is at the processing level, and the limited capacity for investments in drying facilities.

Longitud cervical como predictor de exito en induccion de trabajo de parto en nuliparas

La inducción del trabajo de parto ha demostrado aumentar simultáneamente las tasas de cesárea, especialmente en nulíparas con cérvix clínicamente desfavorables. Ya que la valoración clínica del cérvix es un método subjetivo, aunque ampliamente utilizado, el objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la utilidad de la medición ecográfica de la longitud cervical comparándola con el puntaje de Bishop, en la predicción del éxito de la inducción del parto en las pacientes nulíparas en el servicio de Obstetricia del Hospital Universitario Clínica San Rafael, Bogotá. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, evaluando una cohorte prospectiva de 80 gestantes a quienes se les realizó valoración ultrasonográfica y clínica del cérvix antes de iniciar la inducción del trabajo de parto. Resultados: El análisis bivariado demostró que las pacientes con longitud cervical >20mm tienen 1.57 veces la probabilidad de tener parto por cesárea (RR 1.57 IC95% 1.03-2.39 p <0.05). De manera similar las pacientes con puntaje de Bishop 0 a 3 tienen 2.33 veces la probabilidad de tener parto por cesárea (RR 2.33 IC95% 1.28-4.23 p <0.05). La regresión logística binaria demostró que la edad materna y la longitud cervical fueron los únicos parámetros independientes con significancia estadística para predecir el éxito de la inducción. Conclusiones: La medición ecográfica de la longitud cervical tiene mayor utilidad que la valoración clínica del cérvix en la predicción del éxito de la inducción del parto en nulíparas.

Estrategias para el desarrollo sostenible y posicionamiento de la cadena productiva del plátano del Departamento de Arauca monitoreo y evaluación

El Departamento de Arauca es en la actualidad el primer productor de plátano a nivel nacional con un área sembrada de 28.410 hectáreas, una producción anual de 384.460 toneladas y un rendimiento promedio de 13,5 ton/ha. El establecimiento de una planta de procesamiento de plátano en el Departamento, es para CODEPLAR una oportunidad de crecimiento y consolidación de la cadena productiva. El impacto social y competitivo de este proyecto permitiría la generación de nuevas fuentes de empleo y la recuperación del incentivo a la vocación agropecuaria de la región. El presente estudio describe la situación de la cadena productiva, presenta una propuesta clara y operacional para el montaje de una planta de procesamiento de plátano en el Municipio de Tame, Vereda Corocito y propone estrategias desde el ámbito institucional, ambiental, logístico y comercial que ayuden a garantizar la sostenibilidad del desarrollo y crecimiento actual.