Nursing Home-Acquired Pneumonia Presenting at the Emergency Department

Nursing home-acquired pneumonia (NHAP) is one of the most common infections arising amongst nursing home residents, and its incidence is expected to increase as population ages. The NHAP recommendation for empiric broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, arising from the concept of healthcare-associated pneumonia, has been challenged by recent studies reporting low rates of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. This single center study analyzes the results of NHAP patients admitted through the Emergency Department (ED) at a tertiary center during the year 2010. There were 116 cases, male gender corresponded to 34.5 % of patients and median age was 84 years old (IQR 77-90). Comorbidities were present in 69.8 % of cases and 48.3 % of patients had used healthcare services during the previous 90 days. In-hospital mortality rate was 46.6 % and median length-of-stay was 9 days. Severity assessment at the Emergency Department provided CURB65 index score and respective mortality (%) results: zero: n = 0; one: n = 7 (0 %); two: n = 18 (38.9 %); three: n = 26 (38.5 %); four: n = 30 (53.3 %); and five; n = 22 (68.2 %); and sepsis n = 50 (34.0 %), severe sepsis n = 43 (48.8 %) and septic shock n = 22 (72.7 %). Significant risk factors for in-hospital mortality in multivariate analysis were polypnea (p = 0.001), age ≥ 75 years (p = 0.02), and severe sepsis or shock (p = 0.03) at the ED. Microbiological testing in 78.4 % of cases was positive in 15.4 % (n = 15): methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (26.7 %), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (20.0 %), S. pneumoniae (13.3 %), Escherichia coli (13.3 %), others (26.7 %); the rate of MDR bacteria was 53.3 %. This study reveals high rates of mortality and MDR bacteria among NHAP hospital admissions supporting the use of empirical broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy in these patients.

Bacteriological evaluation of wounds in seriously burned hospitalized patients

During the period between May and December 1988, 21 patients were studied bacteriologically at Hospital João XXIII's burn's unit which belongs to "Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais" in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. A qualitative and quantitative evaluation of aerobic and facultative bacteria from burn wounds was carried out by the standard filter paper disc technique, including antibiotic susceptibility. At the same time an evaluation of those bacteria isolated from the environmental unit was performed. The most common organisms recovered from wounds of patients were: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. P. pseudomallei was the most frequent strain recovered from environmental specimens. In nearly all patients specimens (16 in total) from whom P. aeruginosa was isolated, the rate of CFU/cm² of skin was above 10². In nine of these, it reached 10(5), wich is equivalent to 10(7) CFU/g of burned tissue.

Avaliação de bacteriófagos com atividade antibacteriana em isolados provenientes de doentes com pneumonia associada ao ventilador

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Genética Molecular e Biomedicina

Sensibilidade antimicrobiana de bactérias aeróbicas isoladas de úlceras leishmanióticas, em Corte de Pedra, BA

Um estudo prospectivo, sobre a sensibilidade antimicrobiana da flora bacteriana em úlceras cutâneas leishmanióticas, foi realizado em pacientes portadores de leishmaniose tegumentar, em Corte de Pedra, Bahia. Foram estudados 84 pacientes, principalmente adolescentes e adultos dedicados à lavoura, apresentando lesão cutânea única. Staphylococcus aureus predominou (83%) nas culturas, sendo sensível à maioria dos antibióticos testados. Flora bacteriana mista esteve presente na úlcera em 37 (44,1%) pacientes. Entre as bactérias Gram-negativas isoladas, foram mais freqüentes Enterobacter sp (13,1%), Proteus sp (8,3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7,1%) e Klebsiella sp (7,1%), sendo sensíveis principalmente à ciprofloxacina, aminoglicosídeos, cefalosporinas de terceira geração e carbapenêmicos.

Funcionalização de fibras de celulose em papel com nanopartículas: aplicação como bactericida

As doenças infecciosas emergentes e o desenvolvimento de resistência aos antibióticos, por parte das bactérias patogénicas e fungos, a um ritmo alarmante são uma questão de extrema preocupação. Apesar do aumento do conhecimento da patogénese microbiana e aplicação de terapias modernas, a taxa de mortalidade associada a infecções microbianas ainda permanece alta. Muitas destas infecções têm origem nos alimentos e água que ingerimos. Torna-se, portanto, urgente procurar novas estratégias e encontrar novos agentes antimicrobianos, a partir de substâncias naturais e inorgânicas para desenvolver novos fármacos ou agentes para controlar as infecções microbianas. É aqui, que a nanotecnologia entra em acção com o conceito de embalagem activa. Esta beneficia do uso de nanopartículas para aumentar a segurança e a qualidade de um produto pois estas possuem actividade antimicrobiana. A maioria das embalagens é feita de papel, que possui óptimas propriedades e características (baixo custo, porosidade e biodegrabilidade), tornando-se um substrato cobiçado em diversas áreas de investigação. Neste trabalho, uniu-se as vantagens do papel com as propriedades antimicrobianas das nanopartículas. Assim, impregnaram-se diferentes substratos de papel com nanopartículas, com o objectivo de testar qual o que apresenta maior actividade antibacteriana. Para tal utilizou-se o cartão, o saco de refeições de take-away, papel de mesa e papel de talheres, os quais foram impregnados com nanopartículas de prata, cobre, óxido de zinco e óxido de tungsténio, com concentrações variadas. Estas nanopartículas foram testadas em cinco bactérias diferentes: Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC6538), Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina (MRSA) (RN4220) e Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC29212), Escherichia coli (ATCC8739) e Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC9027) e numa levedura Candida albicans (ATCC10231). Dos testes anti-bacterianos realizados, concluiu-se que os melhores resultados foram obtidos para o cartão com AgNPs. Utilizando o cartão como substrato e as nanopartículas de prata como agente anti-bacteriano, estudou-se a influência da concentração de AgNPs (2, 10, 25 e 50mM). A concentração de 50mM revelou-se mais eficaz, em especial para a bactéria Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC9027).

Infecção bacteriana na leishmaniose cutânea: padrão bacteriano e sensibilidade a antibióticos

Foi estudada a flora bacteriana em úlceras leishmanióticas, destacando-se o encontro das espécies aeróbicas Staphylococus aureus e Pseudomonas aeruginosa. O estudo da sensibilidade destas espécies a antibióticos mostrou sensibilidade à vancomicina, à amicacina e ao cloranfenicol em 100% dos isolados testados de Staphylococus aureus e à amicacina, à gentamicina e à tobramicina em 100% dos isolados testados de Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Estas espécies foram, em geral, resistentes às penicilinas e à tetraciclina.

Formigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) como vetores de bactérias em dois hospitais do município de Divinópolis, Estado de Minas Gerais

A presença de formigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) em ambientes hospitalares pode constituir um problema de saúde pública, especialmente por serem vetores mecânicos de organismos patogênicos. O trabalho teve como objetivo realizar o levantamento de formigas e analisar a presença de bactérias a elas associadas em dois hospitais regionais de médio porte da cidade de Divinópolis, MG. As coletas foram realizadas mensalmente, durante um período de seis meses. Foram coletadas formigas Pheidole sp1 e sp2, Linepithema humile, Wasmannia auropunctata, Camponotus sp1 e sp2, Odontomachus sp, Solenopsis sp, Acromyrmex sp e Tapinoma melenocephalum. Observou-se que estas transportavam mecanicamente Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus patogênico e não patogênico e Escherichia coli. Tais resultados evidenciam a propensão à ocorrência de infecções hospitalares nesses locais pela transmissão mecânica de agentes patogênicos por formigas.

Synergistic interactions in mixed-species biofilms of pathogenic bacteria from the respiratory tract

IntroductionMixed-species biofilms are involved in a wide variety of infections. We studied the synergistic interactions during dual-species biofilm formation among isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.MethodsIsolates were cultured as single-species and all possible combinations of dual-species biofilms.ResultsThe 61 A. baumannii biofilms increased by 26-fold when cultured with S. maltophilia isolates; 62 A. baumannii biofilms increased by 20-fold when cultured with S. maltophilia isolates; and 31 P. aeruginosa biofilms increased by 102-fold when cultured with S. maltophilia 106.ConclusionsSynergy was observed between two isolates, including those that inherently lacked biofilm formation ability.

Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic target attainment of intravenous β-lactam regimens against Gram-negative bacteria isolated in a Brazilian teaching hospital

ABSTRACTINTRODUCTION: Monte Carlo simulations have been used for selecting optimal antibiotic regimens for treatment of bacterial infections. The aim of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic target attainment of intravenous β-lactam regimens commonly used to treat bloodstream infections (BSIs) caused by Gram-negative rod-shaped organisms in a Brazilian teaching hospital.METHODS: In total, 5,000 patients were included in the Monte Carlo simulations of distinct antimicrobial regimens to estimate the likelihood of achieving free drug concentrations above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC; fT > MIC) for the requisite periods to clear distinct target organisms. Microbiological data were obtained from blood culture isolates harvested in our hospital from 2008 to 2010.RESULTS: In total, 614 bacterial isolates, including Escherichia coli, Enterobacterspp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were analyzed Piperacillin/tazobactam failed to achieve a cumulative fraction of response (CFR) > 90% for any of the isolates. While standard dosing (short infusion) of β-lactams achieved target attainment for BSIs caused by E. coliand Enterobacterspp., pharmacodynamic target attainment against K. pneumoniaeisolates was only achieved with ceftazidime and meropenem (prolonged infusion). Lastly, only prolonged infusion of high-dose meropenem approached an ideal CFR against P. aeruginosa; however, no antimicrobial regimen achieved an ideal CFR against A. baumannii.CONCLUSIONS:These data reinforce the use of prolonged infusions of high-dose β-lactam antimicrobials as a reasonable strategy for the treatment of BSIs caused by multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacteria in Brazil.

Prevalence rates of infection in intensive care units of a tertiary teaching hospital

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence rates of infections among intensive care unit patients, the predominant infecting organisms, and their resistance patterns. To identify the related factors for intensive care unit-acquired infection and mortality rates. DESIGN: A 1-day point-prevalence study. SETTING:A total of 19 intensive care units at the Hospital das Clínicas - University of São Paulo, School of Medicine (HC-FMUSP), a teaching and tertiary hospital, were eligible to participate in the study. PATIENTS: All patients over 16 years old occupying an intensive care unit bed over a 24-hour period. The 19 intensive care unit s provided 126 patient case reports. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rates of infection, antimicrobial use, microbiological isolates resistance patterns, potential related factors for intensive care unit-acquired infection, and death rates. RESULTS: A total of 126 patients were studied. Eighty-seven patients (69%) received antimicrobials on the day of study, 72 (57%) for treatment, and 15 (12%) for prophylaxis. Community-acquired infection occurred in 15 patients (20.8%), non- intensive care unit nosocomial infection in 24 (33.3%), and intensive care unit-acquired infection in 22 patients (30.6%). Eleven patients (15.3%) had no defined type. The most frequently reported infections were respiratory (58.5%). The most frequently isolated bacteria were Enterobacteriaceae (33.8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (26.4%), and Staphylococcus aureus (16.9%; [100% resistant to methicillin]). Multivariate regression analysis revealed 3 risk factors for intensive care unit-acquired infection: age > 60 years (p = 0.007), use of a nasogastric tube (p = 0.017), and postoperative status (p = 0.017). At the end of 4 weeks, overall mortality was 28.8%. Patients with infection had a mortality rate of 34.7%. There was no difference between mortality rates for infected and noninfected patients (p=0.088). CONCLUSION: The rate of nosocomial infection is high in intensive care unit patients, especially for respiratory infections. The predominant bacteria were Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus (resistant organisms). Factors such as nasogastric intubation, postoperative status, and age ³60 years were significantly associated with infection. This study documents the clinical impression that prevalence rates of intensive care unit-acquired infections are high and suggests that preventive measures are important for reducing the occurrence of infection in critically ill patients.

Effect of clarithromycin on the cell profile of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in mice with neutrophil-predominant lung disease

OBJECTIVE: Macrolide antibiotics have anti-inflammatory properties in lung diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of clarithromycin in pulmonary cellular inflammatory response in mice. METHOD: Eight adult Swiss mice were studied. All animals received an intranasal challenge (80 µL) with dead Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1.0 x 10(12) CFU/mL). Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed 2 days later, with total cell count and differential cell analysis. The study group (n = 4) received clarithromycin treatment (50 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneal) for 5 days. Treatment was initiated 2 days before intranasal challenge. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in total cell count between the groups (mean: 2.0 x 10(6) and 1.3 x 10(6), respectively). In both groups, there was a predominance of neutrophils. However, the study group had a higher percentage of lymphocytes in the bronchoalveolar lavage than the control group (median of 19% vs 2.5%, P = .029). CONCLUSION: Clarithromycin alters the cytological pattern of bronchoalveolar lavage of Swiss mice with neutrophil pulmonary inflammation, significantly increasing the percentage of lymphocytes.

Estudo da influência da flora intestinal do mosquito Anopheles sp. no estabelecimento da infecção por Plasmodium Berghei

A malária é uma doença infecciosa com um efeito devastador nas áreas afectadas. É provocada pelo protozoário Plasmodium e transmitida pelo insecto vector do género Anopheles. As fêmeas hematófagas ao alimentar-se de um hospedeiro infectado vão dar continuidade ao ciclo de vida do parasita e transmiti-lo a um novo hospedeiro na próxima refeição sanguínea. O intestino médio dos mosquitos é um órgão imunocompetente, onde a presença de microrganismos vai activar o sistema imunitário, determinando a sua capacidade vectorial. Novas abordagens de controlo biológico de doenças transmitidas por vectores parecem ganhar terreno. P. aeruginosa é uma bactéria Gram-negativa, potencialmente patogénica, em especial as estirpes produtoras de muco, sendo um microrganismo modelo em estudos de biofilmes. Estes são caracterizados por conferir tolerância a antibióticos e resistência ao sistema imune do hospedeiro. Com este trabalho pretendeu-se analisar o efeito da influência da flora bacteriana, nomeadamente isolados de Pseudomonas aeruginosa produtores de muco e não produtores, presentes no tracto digestivo de Anopheles sp. e a sua relação com a infecção por P. berghei. Com este estudo é possível afirmar a existência de uma proporcionalidade directa entre a taxa de infecção por P. berghei e a ausência da Microbiota. A presença de Pseudomonas produtoras de muco no intestino médio dos mosquitos demonstrou conferir algum grau de protecção no estabelecimento da infecção, bem como na intensidade da mesma. Contudo, mais estudos necessitam ser realizados e com um maior número de mosquitos, de forma a ultrapassar as limitações impostas pelo tratamento antibacteriano. Possivelmente, a sobreposição de respostas imunes anti-bacterianas e anti-Plasmodium, vão provocar um incremento no sistema imune e limitação das infecções por Plasmodium. Biofilmes bacterianos têm demonstrado a capacidade de aderir e inibir o crescimento de protozoários Uma melhor compreensão do papel da flora microbiana face ao sistema de defesa do hospedeiro poderá contribuir para o desenvolvimento de novas estratégias de controlo da transmissão da malária.

Antimicrobial activity of bergenin from Endopleura uchi (Huber) Cuatrec

Endopleura uchi (Huber) Cuatrec. is an Amazon species traditionally used as treatment for inflammations and female disorders. Bergenin was isolated from ethyl acetate fraction of bark of E. uchi by using column chromatography over sephadex LH-20 and then silica gel 60 flash. Its structure was identified on the basis of its NMR spectra. The antimicrobial activity of bergenin and fractions of methanol extract of E. uchi were evaluated against ATCC microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, C. guilliermondii, Aspergillus flavus, A. nidulans). Clinically isolated strains of all of these microorganisms, along with C. tropicalis, A. niger, Shigella sonnei, Serratia marcenses and Klebsiella pneumoniae were also evaluated. The growth inhibition caused by bergenin, extracts and fractions of E. uchi against ATCC microorganisms were similar to the inhibition to microorganisms clinically isolated. The ethyl acetate fraction and the isolate bergenin inhibit the growth of the yeasts C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. guilliermondii, but present lower activity against filamentous fungi Aspergillus flavus, A. nidulans, A. niger, and did not inhibit the Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The activity of the ethyl acetate fraction and bergenin are in agreement wit its high concentration found in bark extract of E. uchi. Moreover, the selective activity against three Candida species helps to understand its traditional use against infections that affect women.

Data quality in biofilm high-throughput routine analysis: intralaboratory protocol adaptation and experiment reproducibility

Biofilm research is growing more diverse and dependent on high-throughput technologies and the large-scale production of results aggravates data substantiation. In particular, it is often the case that experimental protocols are adapted to meet the needs of a particular laboratory and no statistical validation of the modified method is provided. This paper discusses the impact of intra-laboratory adaptation and non-rigorous documentation of experimental protocols on biofilm data interchange and validation. The case study is a non-standard, but widely used, workflow for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development, considering three analysis assays: the crystal violet (CV) assay for biomass quantification, the XTT assay for respiratory activity assessment, and the colony forming units (CFU) assay for determination of cell viability. The ruggedness of the protocol was assessed by introducing small changes in the biofilm growth conditions, which simulate minor protocol adaptations and non-rigorous protocol documentation. Results show that even minor variations in the biofilm growth conditions may affect the results considerably, and that the biofilm analysis assays lack repeatability. Intra-laboratory validation of non-standard protocols is found critical to ensure data quality and enable the comparison of results within and among laboratories.

Discrimination of bacteriophage infected cells using locked nucleic acid fluorescent in situ hybridization (LNA-FISH)

Bacteriophage-host interaction studies in biofilm structures are still challenging due to the technical limitations of traditional methods. The aim of this study was to provide a direct fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method based on locked nucleic acid (LNA) probes, which targets the phage replication phase, allowing the study of population dynamics during infection. Bacteriophages specific for two biofilm-forming bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter, were selected. Four LNA probes were designed and optimized for phage-specific detection and for bacterial counterstaining. To validate the method, LNA-FISH counts were compared with the traditional plaque forming unit (PFU) technique. To visualize the progression of phage infection within a biofilm, colony-biofilms were formed and infected with bacteriophages. A good correlation (r=0.707) was observed between LNA-FISH and PFU techniques. In biofilm structures, LNA-FISH provided a good discrimination of the infected cells and also allowed the assessment of the spatial distribution of infected and non-infected populations.