Manejo y conservación del suelo y agua en los Andes del Sur de Ecuador

El manejo y la conservación de los recursos suelo y agua han sido y son motivo de gran preocupación para la sostenibilidad del Planeta en cuanto a la soberanía alimentaria y el desarrollo de la vida en general, esto se remarca en los países en vías de desarrollo que presentan fuertes contrastes, como lo es el Ecuador. Las limitaciones en la recolección de los datos climatológicos, de suelo, cobertura vegetal, entre otros; así como la aplicación de metodologías que se adapten a las realidades locales en cuanto a la medición de parámetros de calidad de agua y suelo, y la estimación de la erosión, motivaron el desarrollo de esta investigación; que inicialmente genera y analiza datos originales, estima con los modelos tradicionales el riesgo de pérdida de suelo, y propone un nuevo modelo para implementarlo en la región. Esto facilitaría la oferta de políticas o estrategias de manejo y conservación de los recursos naturales a diferentes escalas. En el Capítulo I, se hace una introducción general al tema de la tesis en relación al área de estudio, con una revisión del estado de la cuestión con algunos datos de investigaciones previas para la región. Se plantea el estado actual y en relación a este se describe el fin y los objetivos de la investigación. El Capítulo II, describe a detalle el área general de estudio y las zonas específicas, que por motivos de formato y limitaciones de espacio no pudieron ser incluidos en los artículos de los capítulos siguientes. También se describen los materiales y métodos que fueron requeridos para la generación de información de campo y laboratorio, durante el proceso de investigación y desarrollo de la tesis. En el Capítulo III, se describen las primeras relaciones de la cobertura vegetal con algunos parámetros de suelo y agua. Este capítulo describe un acercamiento al tema de investigación tanto de campo como de laboratorio a escala local (7 cuencas). El muestreo del suelo fue sistemático y el del agua uno en la estación seca y otro en la lluviosa. En este apartado se analiza únicamente la erodabilidad y topografía del suelo. El Capítulo IV, estima el riesgo de erosión del suelo causado por el cambio de la cubierta vegetal en un ecosistema de bosque de neblina montano, este análisis es a escala local. Fue modelada para esta zona la Ecuación Universal de Perdida de Suelo Revisada (RUSLE), para entender cómo se desarrolla el proceso erosivo y estimar los posibles escenarios futuros si es que la dinámica del cambio de uso de suelo continuara al ritmo actual. En el Capítulo V, se desarrolla el modelo a escala regional, en una cuenca semiárida con un fuerte gradiente altitudinal y pluviométrico. La cuenca representa un corte transversal del sistema montañoso de los Andes del sur de Ecuador. Aquí se observan grandes diferencias climáticas en distancias relativamente cortas, principalmente con la precipitación, estas diferencias son producto de una topografía accidentada. En este capítulo se propone una metodología con buenas posibilidades de ser utilizada para estimar el riesgo de la erosión del suelo, en regiones con datos escasos. Finalmente, el Capítulo VI contiene la discusión general de la tesis, incluyendo las conclusiones más relevantes. Fue posible analizar la espacio-temporalidad de los procesos erosivos para dos ecosistemas de un gradiente altitudinal y pluviométrico de los Andes. Por lo tanto, consideramos este trabajo útil para emprender investigaciones a mayor detalle y a diferentes escalas de los procesos erosivos del suelo, y así ir entendiendo y midiendo la relación e influencia de los diferentes factores que intervienen en dichos procesos, para proponer alternativas fundamentadas en bien del manejo y conservación del recurso suelo.

Colombian Jazz dance suite : a synthesis of the music of the colombian andes and modern jazz

This thesis is an attempt to unite two distinct and dissimilar musical genres, the music of the Colombian Andes and modem jazz. The compositions to be analyzed in this thesis are meant to function as parts of a whole. Thus, they will be linked by thematic and rhythmic material. In their entirety the pieces will form a suite of dances not unlike those of Baroque composers, with titles that denote the name of the particular air being employed by the composer, who is also the author of this thesis. These individual dances are orchestrated for a jazz ensemble consisting of piano, string bass, drums, alto saxophone, and guitar. The rhythmic underpinning of this work is inspired by the folk music of Colombia and the harmonic content will be derived from the jazz idiom. The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate the possible product of the fusion of musical disciplines that are on the surface in no way related. This thesis will also attempt to show an example of how cultures can meld socio-artistically.

An allometric modelling approach to identify the optimal body shape sssociated with, and differences between brazilian and peruvian youth motor performance

Children fromdevelopedanddevelopingcountriesdifferintheirbodysizeandshapedueto markeddifferencesacrosstheirlifehistorycausedbysocial,economicandculturaldifferenceswhicharealsolinkedtotheirmotorperformance(MP).Weusedallometricmodelsto identifysize/shapecharacteristicsassociatedwithMPtestsbetweenBrazilianandPeruvianschoolchildren.Atotalof4,560subjects,2,385girlsand2,175boysaged9–15years werestudied.Heightandweightweremeasured;biological maturation wasestimated with thematurityoffsettechnique;MPmeasuresincludedthe12minuterun(12MR),handgrip strength(HG),standinglongjump(SLJ)andtheshuttlerunspeed(SR)tests;physicalactivity(PA)wasassessedusingtheBaeckequestionnaire.Amultiplicativeallometricmodel wasadoptedtoadjustforbodysizedifferencesacrosscountries.Reciprocalponderalindex (RPI)wasfoundtobethemostsuitablebodyshapeindicatorassociatedwiththe12MR, SLJ,HGandSRperformance.Apositivematurationoffset parameterwasalsoassociated withabetterperformanceinSLJ,HGandSRtests.Sexdifferenceswerefoundinallmotor tests.BrazilianyouthshowedbetterscoresinMPthantheirPeruvianpeers,evenwhen controlling fortheirbodysizedifferencesThecurrentstudyidentifiedthekeybodysize associatedwithfourbodymass-dependentMPtests.Biological maturationandPAwere associatedwithstrengthandmotorperformance.Sexdifferenceswerefoundinallmotor tests,aswellasacrosscountriesfavoringBrazilianchildrenevenwhenaccountingfortheir bodysize/shapedifferences.

Centile curves and reference values for height, body mass, body mass index and waist circumference of peruvian children and adolescents

This study aimed to provide height, body mass, BMI and waist circumference (WC) growth centile charts for school-children, aged 4–17 years, from central Peru, and to compare Peruvian data with North-American and Argentinean references. The sample consisted of 8753 children and adolescents (4130 boys and 4623 girls) aged 4 to 17 years, from four Peruvian cities: Barranco, La Merced, San Ramón and Junín. Height, body mass and WC were measured according to standardized techniques. Centile curves for height, body mass, BMI and WC were obtained separately for boys and girls using the LMS method. Student t-tests were used to compare mean values. Overall boys have higher median heights than girls, and the 50th percentile for body mass increases curvilinearly from 4 years of age onwards. In boys, the BMI and WC 50th percentiles increase linearly and in girls, the increase presents a curvilinear pattern. Peruvian children are shorter, lighter and have higher BMI than their counterparts in the U.S. and Argentina; in contrast, age and sex-specific WC values are lower. Height, body mass and WC of Peruvian children increased with age and variability was higher at older ages. The growth patterns for height, body mass, BMI and WC among Peruvian children were similar to those observed in North-American and Argentinean peers.

Developmental and physical-fitness associations with gross motor coordination problems in peruvian children

he aims of this cross-sectional study were to examine the developmental characteristics (biological maturation and body size) associated with gross motor coordination problems in 5193 Peruvian children (2787 girls) aged 6–14 years from different geographical locations, and to investigate how the probability that children suffer with gross motor coordination problems varies with physical fitness. Children with gross motor coordination problems were more likely to have lower flexibility and explosive strength levels, having adjusted for age, sex, maturation and study site. Older children were more likely to suffer from gross motor coordination problems, as were those with greater body mass index. However, more mature children were less likely to have gross motor coordination problems, although children who live at sea level or at high altitude were more likely to suffer from gross motor coordination problems than children living in the jungle. Our results provide evidence that children and adolescents with lower physical fitness are more likely to have gross motor coordination difficulties. The identification of youths with gross motor coordination problems and providing them with effective intervention programs is an important priority in order to overcome such developmental problems, and help to improve their general health status.

An allometric modelling approach to identify the optimal body shape associated with, and differences between brazilian and peruvian youth motor performance

Children fromdevelopedanddevelopingcountriesdifferintheirbodysizeandshapedueto markeddifferencesacrosstheirlifehistorycausedbysocial,economicandculturaldifferenceswhicharealsolinkedtotheirmotorperformance(MP).Weusedallometricmodelsto identifysize/shapecharacteristicsassociatedwithMPtestsbetweenBrazilianandPeruvianschoolchildren.Atotalof4,560subjects,2,385girlsand2,175boysaged9–15years werestudied.Heightandweightweremeasured;biological maturation wasestimated with thematurityoffsettechnique;MPmeasuresincludedthe12minuterun(12MR),handgrip strength(HG),standinglongjump(SLJ)andtheshuttlerunspeed(SR)tests;physicalactivity(PA)wasassessedusingtheBaeckequestionnaire.Amultiplicativeallometricmodel wasadoptedtoadjustforbodysizedifferencesacrosscountries.Reciprocalponderalindex (RPI)wasfoundtobethemostsuitablebodyshapeindicatorassociatedwiththe12MR, SLJ,HGandSRperformance.Apositivematurationoffset parameterwasalsoassociated withabetterperformanceinSLJ,HGandSRtests.Sexdifferenceswerefoundinallmotor tests.BrazilianyouthshowedbetterscoresinMPthantheirPeruvianpeers,evenwhen controlling fortheirbodysizedifferencesThecurrentstudyidentifiedthekeybodysize associatedwithfourbodymass-dependentMPtests.Biological maturationandPAwere associatedwithstrengthandmotorperformance.Sexdifferenceswerefoundinallmotor tests,aswellasacrosscountriesfavoringBrazilianchildrenevenwhenaccountingfortheir bodysize/shapedifferences.

Centile curves and reference values for height, body mass, body mass index and waist circumference of peruvian children and adolescents

This study aimed to provide height, body mass, BMI and waist circumference (WC) growth centile charts for school-children, aged 4–17 years, from central Peru, and to compare Peruvian data with North-American and Argentinean references. The sample consisted of 8753 children and adolescents (4130 boys and 4623 girls) aged 4 to 17 years, from four Peruvian cities: Barranco, La Merced, San Ramón and Junín. Height, body mass and WC were measured according to standardized techniques. Centile curves for height, body mass, BMI and WC were obtained separately for boys and girls using the LMS method. Student t-tests were used to compare mean values. Overall boys have higher median heights than girls, and the 50th percentile for body mass increases curvilinearly from 4 years of age onwards. In boys, the BMI and WC 50th percentiles increase linearly and in girls, the increase presents a curvilinear pattern. Peruvian children are shorter, lighter and have higher BMI than their counterparts in the U.S. and Argentina; in contrast, age and sex-specific WC values are lower. Height, body mass and WC of Peruvian children increased with age and variability was higher at older ages. The growth patterns for height, body mass, BMI and WC among Peruvian children were similar to those observed in North-American and Argentinean peers.

Developmental and physical-fitness associations with gross motor coordination problems in peruvian children

he aims of this cross-sectional study were to examine the developmental characteristics (biological maturation and body size) associated with gross motor coordination problems in 5193 Peruvian children (2787 girls) aged 6–14 years from different geographical locations, and to investigate how the probability that children suffer with gross motor coordination problems varies with physical fitness. Children with gross motor coordination problems were more likely to have lower flexibility and explosive strength levels, having adjusted for age, sex, maturation and study site. Older children were more likely to suffer from gross motor coordination problems, as were those with greater body mass index. However, more mature children were less likely to have gross motor coordination problems, although children who live at sea level or at high altitude were more likely to suffer from gross motor coordination problems than children living in the jungle. Our results provide evidence that children and adolescents with lower physical fitness are more likely to have gross motor coordination difficulties. The identification of youths with gross motor coordination problems and providing them with effective intervention programs is an important priority in order to overcome such developmental problems, and help to improve their general health status.

Enseñanza del conflicto armado en la escuela: entre la memoria y el abandono : estudio de caso en los colegios IED Alberto Lleras Camargo y Gimnasio los Andes

La presente tesis, corresponde a una investigación de diseño cualitativo, sobre la enseñanza del conflicto armado en Colombia, describe y analiza la producción, trasmisión y apropiación de discursos y narrativas, sobre este fenómeno en dos contextos escolares donde se desarrollo el trabajo de campo. Los resultados de las observaciones, entrevistas en profundidad y revisión documental realizadas en los contextos escolares, muestran que existen númerosos discursos y narrativas sobre el conflicto que dependen de quién, cuándo y dónde se enuncian y que han mutado a lo largo de la historia. Los docentes y estudiantes apropian, transmiten y reciben selectivamente estas narrativas, dicha selección la desarrollan dependiendo de las características de la persona y de su entorno, en términos de su clase, género, generación, trayectoria familiar y académica, así como de sus experiencias personales en relación con este fenómeno.

El Estado y la organización social en la producción y distribución del café en los Andes venezolanos

ResumenLa penetración del Estado venezolano en la producción y comercialización del café entre 1974 y 1991 no logró desplazar el control social y económico a los grupos tradicionales de poder en la región de los Andes; estos se organizaron en nuevos núcleos de poder junto con los burócratas de las instituciones cafetaleras, demostrando la persistencia de elementos económicos en la organización social andina.AbstractThe involvement of Venezuelan State in production and marketing of coffee from 1974 to 1991 did not put an end to social and economic control by traditional power groups in the Andean region. Such groups organized into new power nuclei together with bureaucrats from coffee sector institutions, thus demonstrating the persistence of non-economic components of Andean social organization.

The influence of the 1992-1993 el niño on the reproductive biology of Scomber japonicus peruanus (Jordán & Hubb, 1925)

The influence of the 1992-1993 El Niño events on the reproductive behavior of the Scomber japonicus peruanus (Chub mackerel) was studied from samples collected monthly, along the Peruvian coast (3º23'S-14º00'S), from January 1990 to December 1993. The monthly variation of the gonadosomatic index and the frequency of the periods of gonad maturation evidenced that the spawning of the species occurred all year long, being more intense in summer. The values of the gonadosomatic index were higher during the occurrence of the 1992-1993 El Niño, while the body weight and gonad weight decreased. Regarding the condition factor, its values decreased in females over 35 cm in fork length.

Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies in Wild White-Lipped Peccary (Tayassu pecari) From Peru

In the Peruvian Amazon, the white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecan) is a desirable game species and is important for the local rural economy. Blood samples from 101 white-lipped peccaries from Peru were collected from 3 different conservation areas located in the municipalities of Manu and Tambopata, southeastern region of the Peruvian Amazon. Antibodies were assayed using the modified agglutination test (MAT, cut of value of 25). Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii were found in 89.1% (90 of 101) of animals, with titers of 1:25 in 9, 1:50 in 25, 1:100 in 20, 1:200 in 14, 1:400 in 12, 1:800 in 9, and 1:3,200 in 1; 87.7% and 89.2% of males and females, respectively, tested positively, and no association (P >= 0.05) with gender and occurrence of antibodies was observed.

Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Neotropical Thepytus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae)

The Neotropical lycaenid hairstreak genus Thepytus Robbins and its eight species are revised. Species treatments summarize nomenclature, distribution, habitat, behavior, and diagnostic traits, as well as noting why each species is considered distinct under a biological species concept. An identification key for males and a checklist are included. Beatheclus Balint & Dahners new synonym is synonymized with Thepytus, and Theppus beatrizae (Balint & Dahners) is a new combination. Other nomenclatural actions include the description of Thepytus jennifer Busby & Robbins new species. Thepytus nancyana Busby & Robbins new species, and Thepytus carmen Robbins & Duarte new species. A lectotype is designated or Thecla thyrea Hewitson, 1867, to ensure stability of this name. A phylogenetic analysis based on 22 coded morphological characters yields one equal weight most parsimonious 39-step tree. Implied weighting does not change the tree topology. Unambiguous changes in elevation optimized on the cladogram show that a montane lineage of Thepytus colonized the lowlands in at least one instance. The use of T. echelta (Hewitson) as a biological control agent for Psittacanthus (Loranthaceae) is discussed.

Confederações indígenas em luta por participação política, comercial e territorial: Argentina, 1852 - 1859

Entre 1852 e 1859, a atual Argentina se encontrava politicamente dividida entre Buenos Aires e a Confederação, que congregava as demais Províncias. Nesse período, diferentes grupos étnicos dos pampas, dos Andes e da Patagônia se organizaram em confederações indígenas com o objetivo de enfrentar os avanços territoriais, defender suas autonomias e a participação em lucrativas redes de comércio. Nesta luta por autonomia política, territorial e comercial, negociaram com os grupos criollos em luta pelo poder, avaliaram seus projetos e aderiram a aquele que os reconheceu enquanto interlocutores políticos e aliados militares. Participantes ativos da política argentina, conseguiram reconquistar territórios e oferecer intensas resistências aos criollos.