Historia, patrimonio y territorio: políticas públicas de memoria en el frente del Segre y la frontera pirenaica catalana

La relación entre historia, patrimonio y territorio, en unos espacios culturales de clara relevancia durante la Guerra Civil y la Segunda Guerra Mundial, permite reflexionar sobre algunas políticas públicas de memoria desarrolladas a raíz de la confluencia que se ha dado entre el Programa Memorial Democràtic impulsado por la Generalitat de Catalunya, la acción decidida de algunos ayuntamientos comprometidos en preservar la memoria histórica, el mundo académico representado por la Universidad y el asociacionismo civil.

Once and for all - How people change strategy to ignore irrelevant information in visual tasks

Ignoring irrelevant visual information aids efficient interaction with task environments. We studied how people, after practice, start to ignore the irrelevant aspects of stimuli. For this we focused on how information reduction transfers to rarely practised and novel stimuli. In Experiment 1, we compared competing mathematical models on how people cease to fixate on irrelevant parts of stimuli. Information reduction occurred at the same rate for frequent, infrequent, and novel stimuli. Once acquired with some stimuli, it was applied to all. In Experiment 2, simplification of task processing also occurred in a once-for-all manner when spatial regularities were ruled out so that people could not rely on learning which screen position is irrelevant. Apparently, changes in eye movements were an effect of a once-for-all strategy change rather than a cause of it. Overall, the results suggest that participants incidentally acquired knowledge about regularities in the task material and then decided to voluntarily apply it for efficient task processing. Such decisions should be incorporated into accounts of information reduction and other theories of strategy change in skill acquisition.

“La fortaleza de Arbeca. El proyecto Vilars 2000”. Investigación, recuperación y socialización del conocimiento y del patrimonio

La fortaleza de Els Vilars (Arbeca, Lleida), construida en torno al 750 cal. ANE y abandonada poco después del 350 ANE, constituye un yacimiento clave para la comprensión de la Primera Edad del Hierro y la Época Ibérica en sus fases antigua y plena en el noreste de la Península Ibérica. Sus defensas excepcionales, muralla torreada, barrera de piedras hincadas y foso, la convierten en referente de la fortificación ibérica. El proyecto "Vilars 2000" tiene por objeto la investigación, la recuperación patrimonial y la difusión pública. Se exponen los objetivos del Plan Director, así como la estrategia de obtención de recursos económicos, incidiendo en su condición de valor turístico de primer orden.

Single-trial multisensory memories affect later auditory and visual object discrimination.

Multisensory memory traces established via single-trial exposures can impact subsequent visual object recognition. This impact appears to depend on the meaningfulness of the initial multisensory pairing, implying that multisensory exposures establish distinct object representations that are accessible during later unisensory processing. Multisensory contexts may be particularly effective in influencing auditory discrimination, given the purportedly inferior recognition memory in this sensory modality. The possibility of this generalization and the equivalence of effects when memory discrimination was being performed in the visual vs. auditory modality were at the focus of this study. First, we demonstrate that visual object discrimination is affected by the context of prior multisensory encounters, replicating and extending previous findings by controlling for the probability of multisensory contexts during initial as well as repeated object presentations. Second, we provide the first evidence that single-trial multisensory memories impact subsequent auditory object discrimination. Auditory object discrimination was enhanced when initial presentations entailed semantically congruent multisensory pairs and was impaired after semantically incongruent multisensory encounters, compared to sounds that had been encountered only in a unisensory manner. Third, the impact of single-trial multisensory memories upon unisensory object discrimination was greater when the task was performed in the auditory vs. visual modality. Fourth, there was no evidence for correlation between effects of past multisensory experiences on visual and auditory processing, suggestive of largely independent object processing mechanisms between modalities. We discuss these findings in terms of the conceptual short term memory (CSTM) model and predictive coding. Our results suggest differential recruitment and modulation of conceptual memory networks according to the sensory task at hand.

El Patrimonio paleontológico en los museos y colecciones visitables de Cataluña: evaluación de su gestión

La riqueza del patrimonio paleontológico de Cataluña ha hecho que la Paleontología catalana haya tenido un importante recorrido que se remonta a la segunda mitad del siglo XIX . Este desarrollo histórico ha originado que el patrimonio paleontológico"mueble" se encuentre ubicado dentro de instituciones museísticas de alcance y situaciones muy contrastadas. Para evaluar la situación del patrimonio paleontológico mueble presente en los museos y colecciones visitables de Cataluña, se ha realizado este trabajo de investigación, seleccionando una muestra de las 57 instituciones que tienen colecciones de Paleontología en Cataluña. Los tres objetivos que se pretendían alcanzar eran saber: [1] cuál era la situación y cómo se gestionaba el patrimonio paleontológico, que se encontraba en los museos y colecciones visitables de Cataluña, [2] si el patrimonio paleontológicos se encontraba suficientemente valorado por sus gestores en los museos y colecciones visitables, y por la Administración responsable, [3] cuál podía ser la gestión del patrimonio paleontológico mueble de Cataluña en tiempos de crisis, basándose en experiencias descritas en otros países. Con respecto al primer objetivo se puede decir que las colecciones de Paleontología presentes en los museos y las colecciones visitables de Cataluña son importantes tanto por el número de ejemplares como por su calidad. Indicadores de esta importancia los encontraríamos con los más de 675.000 unidades de registro , y en los más de 1.000 tipos descritos. Pero existen también colecciones de Paleontología de propiedad privada, de las que no se dispone de datos fiables. Las colecciones de Paleontología continúan creciendo tanto por las donaciones y cesiones que se producen por parte de particulares, como los depósitos provisionales provenientes de las actividades de investigación (excavaciones, prospecciones, muestreos, etc....) que realizan los museos y otras instituciones. La comparación de los datos obtenidos en este trabajo, con uno previo de Loran (2006) sobre colecciones de Historia Natural en Cataluña, permiten deducir que la situación prácticamente no ha cambiado. Las carencias y deficiencias que se registran en la gestión y conservación de estas colecciones, son esencialmente las mismas que las descritas para las colecciones de Historia Natural, y tienen su origen en la falta de recursos humanos y materiales. En cuanto al segundo objetivo, la opinión de la gran mayoría de los entrevistados ha confirmado que el patrimonio paleontológico no estaba suficientemente valorado por la Administración competente. Las causas se han atribuido a que el Departament de Cultura de la Generalitat de Cataluña no ha invertido ni los suficientes recursos humanos ni económicos para poner en valor este patrimonio, ni tampoco ha mostrado el suficiente interés en su gestión, conservación y difusión. Finalmente el tercer objetivo que era saber ¿cómo podría afectar la crisis al patrimonio paleontológico conservado en los museos y las colecciones visitables?, partiendo de lo que se ha descrito en otros países. Las respuestas obtenidas permiten afirmar que se podrían producir situaciones de vulnerabilidad en la conservación de los fondos de Paleontología. Tres instituciones podrían tener problemas de conservación, y en otros tres museos peligra su supervivencia. La crisis se ha añadido a situaciones de manifiesta precariedad que se vienen arrastrando desde hace muchos años y que tienen su origen en la falta de inversiones económicas, y de recursos humanos y materiales.

Visual signs and symptoms in patients with the visual variant of Alzheimer disease.

BACKGROUND: Prominent visual symptoms can present in the visual variant of Alzheimer's disease (VVAD). Ophthalmologists have a significant role to play in the early diagnosis of VVAD. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the files of ten consecutive patients diagnosed with VVAD. All patients had a full neuro-ophthalmologic examination, a formal neurological and neuro-psychological testing, and cerebral MRI to confirm diagnosis. In addition, functional neuroimaging was obtained in seven patients. RESULTS: The common primary symptom at presentation with all patients was difficulty with near vision (reading difficulty n = 8, "visual blur" in near vision n = 2), and difficulty writing (n = 3). Following assessment, impaired reading and writing skills were evident in 9/10 and 8/10 patients respectively. Median distance visual acuity was 20/25 and at near the median visual acuity was J6. Partial homonymous visual field defect was detected in 80 % (8/10) of the patients. Color vision was impaired in all patients when tested with Ishihara pseudoisochromatic plates, but simple color naming was normal in 8/9 tested patients. Simultanagnosia was present in 8/10 patients. Vision dysfunction corresponded with cerebral MRI findings where parieto-occipital cortical atrophy was observed in all patients. PET scan (5 patients) or SPECT (2 patients) revealed parieto-occipital dysfunction (hypometabolism or hypoperfusion) in all 7 tested patients CONCLUSIONS: Visual difficulties are prominent in VVAD. Dyslexia, incomplete homonymous hemianopia, preserved color identification with abnormal color vision on Ishihara, and simultanagnosia were all symptoms observed frequently in this patient series. Ophthalmologists should be aware of the possibility of neurodegenerative disorders such as VVAD in patients with unexplained visual complaints, in particular reading difficulties.

Does chronic nicotine consumption influence visual backward masking in schizophrenia and schizotypy ?

Nicotine consumption is higher for people within the schizophrenia spectrum compared to controls. This observation supports the self-medication hypothesis, that nicotine relieves symptoms in, for example, schizophrenia patients. We tested whether performance in an endophenotype of schizophrenia (visual backward masking, VBM) is modulated by nicotine consumption in i) smoking and non-smoking schizophrenia patients, their first-degree relatives, and age-matched controls, ii) non-smoking and smoking university students, and iii) non-smoking, early and late onset nicotine smokers. Overall, our results confirmed that VBM deficits are an endophenotype of schizophrenia, i.e., deficits were highest in patients, followed by their relatives, students scoring high in Cognitive Disorganisation, and controls. Moreover, we found i) beneficial effects of chronic nicotine consumption on VBM performance, in particular with increasing age, and ii) little impact of clinical status. alone or in interactionwith nicotine consumption on VBMperformance. Given the younger age of undergraduate students (up to 30 years) versus controls and patients (up to 66 years),we propose that age-dependent VBMdeficits emergewhen schizotypy effects are targeted in populations of a larger age range, but that nicotine consumption might counteract these deficits (supporting the self-medication hypothesis).

Refractory subretinal fluid in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration treated with intravitreal ranibizumab: visual acuity outcome.

PURPOSE: To investigate the functional outcome of eyes with neovascular AMD (nAMD) and subretinal fluid (SRF) refractory to treatment with ranibizumab. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of consecutive treatment-refractory SRF in nAMD despite monthly ranibizumab injections during 12 months or more. Data were evaluated for baseline characteristics, location of the refractory SRF, mean visual acuity (VA) change, number of injections, and timepoint of first complete disappearance of SRF. RESULTS: Forty-five eyes in 44 patients (mean age of 76 years) were included. The mean follow-up was 32.4 months (range 12-73 months). The mean number of injections was 11.6 in the first year and 27.5 over follow-up. The refractory SRF was located subfoveally in 66.7 %. In 12 eyes (26.7 %), complete absorption of SRF was found after a mean of 22.6 months (range, 13-41 months). Mean VA increased by 10.4, 8.2, and 8.6 letters by month 12, 24, and 36, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Neovascular AMD with SRF refractory to monthly retreatment with ranibizumab may still allow good and maintained visual improvement, even if the fluid is located subfoveally. SRF may progressively absorb under continuous monthly treatment. The necessity to treat refractory SRF with monthly injections could be questioned and would need future investigations.