The location of Z- and W-linked marker genes and sequence on the homomorphic sex chromosomes of the ostrich and the emu

Perhaps the most striking fact about early Cenozoic avian history some 70 million years ago was the rapid radiation of large, flightless, ground-living birds. It has been suggested that, for a time, there was active competition between these large terrestrial birds and the early mammals. Probably reflecting the above noted early start of Ratitae of the infraclass Eoaves, the presumptive sex chromosomes of their present day survivors, such as the emu and the ostrich, largely remained homomorphic. The signs of genetic differentiation between their still-homomorphic Z and W chromosomes were tested by using two marker genes (Z-linked ZOV3 and the gene for the iron-responsive element-binding protein) and one marker sequence of a part of a presumptive pseudogene (W-linked EE0.6 of the chicken). Their homologues, maintaining 71–92% identities to the chicken counterparts, were found in both the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) and the ostrich (Struthio camelus). Their locations were visualized on chromosome preparations by fluorescence in situ hybridization. In the case of the emu, these three marker sequences were localized on both members of the fifth pair of a female, thus revealing no sign yet of genetic differentiation between the Z and the W. The finding was the same with regard to both members of the fourth pair of male ostriches. In the female ostrich, however, the sequence of the gene for the iron-responsive element-binding protein was missing from one of the pairs, thus revealing the differentiation by a small deletion of the W from the Z.

Use of plant roots for phytoremediation and molecular farming

Alternative agriculture, which expands the uses of plants well beyond food and fiber, is beginning to change plant biology. Two plant-based biotechnologies were recently developed that take advantage of the ability of plant roots to absorb or secrete various substances. They are (i) phytoextraction, the use of plants to remove pollutants from the environment and (ii) rhizosecretion, a subset of molecular farming, designed to produce and secrete valuable natural products and recombinant proteins from roots. Here we discuss recent advances in these technologies and assess their potential in soil remediation, drug discovery, and molecular farming.