Barnbyn Skå (Skå, la vila dels infants) 1947-1972: L’experiència terapèutica de Gustav Jonsson amb infants «irrecuperables»

The article presents the trajectory of the Swedish psychiatrist Gustav Jonsson (1907-1994) who, in the 1940s, revolutionised the therapeutic and educational treatment of children and young people, considered irreclaimable from the social point of view, who were committed to educational institutions. It analyses the social development of the Welfare State in Sweden, the legal framework of child protection, as well as the context of Swedish residential care centres for children and young people in the first half of the 20th century in order to go further into the psychological and educational work conducted with the Barnbyn Skå group. Jonsson redirected the analysis of violent behaviours that were manifest in these children and young people which made them intractable from the educational point of view and established elements of psychoanalytical understanding, based on a systemic approach in which the family context became essential in order to understand the children’s difficulties. Barnbyn Skå was the centre which, under the guidance of Jonsson, developed this new therapeutic and pedagogic approach. The educational work carried out there exceeded the traditional model in terms of control and surveillance. The methods were considered radical from within pedagogy and caused great controversy which led the centre to continuous investigations on behalf of the Social Services of Stockholm between 1960 and 1970. For several decades Barnbyn Skå has been considered a pioneering experience in the field of Scandinavian child psychiatry.

Augmented state Kalman filtering for AUV navigation

Addresses the problem of estimating the motion of an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), while it constructs a visual map ("mosaic" image) of the ocean floor. The vehicle is equipped with a down-looking camera which is used to compute its motion with respect to the seafloor. As the mosaic increases in size, a systematic bias is introduced in the alignment of the images which form the mosaic. Therefore, this accumulative error produces a drift in the estimation of the position of the vehicle. When the arbitrary trajectory of the AUV crosses over itself, it is possible to reduce this propagation of image alignment errors within the mosaic. A Kalman filter with augmented state is proposed to optimally estimate both the visual map and the vehicle position

Improving Traffic Safety Culture in Iowa, 2011

Vehicle crashes rank among the leading causes of death in the United States. In 2006, the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety “made a long- term commitment to address the safety culture of the United States, as it relates to traffic safety, by launching a sustained research and educational outreach initiative.” An initiative to produce a culture of safety in Iowa includes the Iowa Comprehensive Highway Safety Plan (CHSP). The Iowa CHSP “engages diverse safety stakeholders and charts the course for the state, bringing to bear sound science and the power of shared community values to change the culture and achieve a standard of safer travel for our citizens.” Despite the state’s ongoing efforts toward highway safety, an average of 445 deaths and thousands of injuries occur on Iowa’s public roads each year. As such, a need exists to revisit the concept of safety culture from a diverse, multi-disciplinary perspective in an effort to improve traffic safety. This study summarizes the best practices and effective laws in improving safety culture in the United States and abroad. Additionally, this study solicited the opinions of experts in public health, education, law enforcement, public policy, social psychology, safety advocacy, and traffic safety engineering in a bid to assess the traffic safety culture initiatives in Iowa. Recommendations for improving traffic safety culture are offered in line with the top five Iowa CHSP safety policy strategies, which are young drivers, occupant protection, motorcycle safety, traffic safety enforcement and traffic safety improvement program, as well as the eight safety program strategies outlined in the CHSP. As a result of this study, eleven high-level goals were developed, each with specific actions to support its success. The goals are: improve emergency medical services response, toughen law enforcement and prosecution, increase safety belt use, reduce speeding-related crashes, reduce alcohol-related crashes, improve commercial vehicle safety, improve motorcycle safety, improve young driver education, improve older driver safety, strengthen teenage licensing process, and reduce distracted driving.

Simulando una vía de comunicación: el tramo de la vía romana entre el Coll de Panissars y Girona

Mediante programa informático es posible simular las vías de comunicación existentes entre asentamientos humanos, siendo muchos los trabajos publicados y varias las formas de aproximación al problema. El objetivo del trabajo que nos ocupa ha consistido en la generación de un nuevo modelo a partir del cual fuera posible simular una vía de comunicación, con la salvedad de que en este caso ya existía una idea aproximada de cual sería su trayectoria a partir de trabajos de otros autores. Esta vía de comunicación es la vía Augusta, en el tramo que une el Coll de Panissars y la ciudad de Girona.

Working memory in schizophrenia: dynamic visuo-spatial information processing

Working memory, commonly defined as the ability to hold mental representations on line transiently and to manipulate these representations, is known to be a core deficit in schizophrenia. The aim of the present study was to investigate the visuo-spatial component of the working memory in schizophrenia, and more precisely to what extent the dynamic visuo-spatial information processing is impaired in schizophrenia patients. For this purpose we used a computerized paradigm in which 29 patients with schizophrenia (DSMIV, Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies) and 29 age and sex matched control subjects (DIGS) had to memorize a plane moving across the computer screen and to identify the observed trajectory among 9 plots proposed together. Each trajectory could be seen max. 3 times if needed. The results showed no difference between schizophrenia patients and controls regarding the number of correct trajectory identified after the first presentation. However, when we determine the mean number of correct trajectories on the basis of 3 trials, we observed that schizophrenia patients are significantly less performant than controls (Mann-Whitney, p _ 0.002). These findings suggest that, although schizophrenia patients are able to memorize some dynamic trajectories as well as controls, they do not profit from the repetition of the trajectory presentation. These findings are congruent with the hypothesis that schizophrenia could induce an unbalance between local and global information processing: the patients may be able to focus on details of the trajectory which could allow them to find the right target (bottom-up processes), but may show difficulty to refer to previous experience in order to filter incoming information (top-down processes) and enhance their visuo-spatial working memory abilities.

Low-mass diffraction dissociation at the LHC ; role of the background

A dual model with a nonlinear proton Regge trajectory in the missing mass (M_X^2) channel is constructed. A background based on a direct-channel exotic trajectory, developed and applied earlier for the inclusive electron-proton cross section description in the nucleon resonance region, is used. The parameters of the model are determined from the extrapolations to earlier experiments. Predictions for the low-mass (2 < M_X^2 < 8GeV^2) diffraction dissociation cross sections at the LHC energies are given.

Visuospatial working memory deficits and visual pursuit impairments are not directly related in schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with schizophrenia show deficits in visuospatial working memory and visual pursuit processes. It is currently unclear, however, whether both impairments are related to a common neuropathological origin. The purpose of the present study was therefore to examine the possible relations between the encoding and the discrimination of dynamic visuospatial stimuli in schizophrenia. METHOD: Sixteen outpatients with schizophrenia and 16 control subjects were asked to encode complex disc displacements presented on a screen. After a delay, participants had to identify the previously presented disc trajectory from a choice of six static linear paths, among which were five incorrect paths. The precision of visual pursuit eye movements during the initial presentation of the dynamic stimulus was assessed. The fixations and scanning time in definite regions of the six paths presented during the discrimination phase were investigated. RESULTS: In comparison with controls, patients showed poorer task performance, reduced pursuit accuracy during incorrect trials and less time scanning the correct stimulus or the incorrect paths approximating its global structure. Patients also spent less time scanning the leftmost portion of the correct path even when making a correct choice. The accuracy of visual pursuit and head movements, however, was not correlated with task performance. CONCLUSIONS: The present study provides direct support for the hypothesis that active integration of visuospatial information within working memory is deficient in schizophrenia. In contrast, a general impairment of oculomotor mechanisms involved in smooth pursuit did not appear to be directly related to lower visuospatial working memory performance in schizophrenia.

Kehityspolkuanalyysi tilastollisena menetelmänä : soveltajan näkökulma

Summary: An applied viewpoint to the trajectory analysis method

Improving T2 -weighted imaging at high field through the use of kT -points.

PURPOSE: At high magnetic field strengths (B0 ≥ 3 T), the shorter radiofrequency wavelength produces an inhomogeneous distribution of the transmit magnetic field. This can lead to variable contrast across the brain which is particularly pronounced in T2 -weighted imaging that requires multiple radiofrequency pulses. To obtain T2 -weighted images with uniform contrast throughout the whole brain at 7 T, short (2-3 ms) 3D tailored radiofrequency pulses (kT -points) were integrated into a 3D variable flip angle turbo spin echo sequence. METHODS: The excitation and refocusing "hard" pulses of a variable flip angle turbo spin echo sequence were replaced with kT -point pulses. Spatially resolved extended phase graph simulations and in vivo acquisitions at 7 T, utilizing both single channel and parallel-transmit systems, were used to test different kT -point configurations. RESULTS: Simulations indicated that an extended optimized k-space trajectory ensured a more homogeneous signal throughout images. In vivo experiments showed that high quality T2 -weighted brain images with uniform signal and contrast were obtained at 7 T by using the proposed methodology. CONCLUSION: This work demonstrates that T2 -weighted images devoid of artifacts resulting from B1 (+) inhomogeneity can be obtained at high field through the optimization of extended kT -point pulses. Magn Reson Med 71:1478-1488, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

TraumaHawk: Improving Treatment for Crash Victims Using Photos and a Smartphone App

Photographic documentation of crashed vehicles at the scene can be used to improve triage of crash victims. A U.S. expert panel developed field triage rules to determine the likelihood of occupants sustaining serious injuries based on vehicle damage that would require transport to a trauma center (Sasser et al., 2011). The use of photographs for assessing vehicle damage and occupant compartment intrusion as it correlates to increased injury severity has been validated (Davidson et al., 2014). Providing trauma staff with crash scene photos remotely could assist them in predicting injuries. This would allow trauma care providers to assess the appropriate transport, as well as develop mental models of treatment options prior to patient arrival at the emergency department (ED). Crash-scene medical response has improved tremendously in the past 20-30 years. This is in part due to the increasing number of paramedics who now have advanced life support (ALS) training that allows independence in the field. However, while this advanced training provides a more streamlined field treatment protocol, it also means that paramedics focused on treating crash victims may not have time to communicate with trauma centers regarding crash injury mechanisms. As a result, trauma centers may not learn about severe trauma patients until just a few minutes before they arrive. The information transmitted by the TraumaHawk app allows interpretation of injury mechanisms from crash scene photos at the trauma center, providing clues about the type and severity of injury. With strategic crash scene photo documentation, trained trauma professionals can assess the severity and patterns of injury based on exterior crush and occupant intrusion. Intrusion increases the force experienced by vehicle occupants, which translates into a higher level of injury severity (Tencer et al., 2005; Assal et al., 2002; Mandell et al., 2010). First responders have the unique opportunity to assess the damaged vehicle at the crash scene, but often the mechanism of injury is limited or not even relayed to ED trauma staff. To integrate photographic and scene information, an app called TraumaHawk was created to capture images of crash vehicles and send them electronically to the trauma center. If efficiently implemented, it provides the potential advantage of increasing lead-time for preparation at the trauma center through the crash scene photos. Ideally, the result is better treatment outcomes for crash victims. The objective of this analysis was to examine if the extra lead-time granted by the TraumaHawk app could improve trauma team activation time over the current conventional communication method.

Spatial visualization of DNA in solution.

An image analysis method is presented which allows for the reconstruction of the three-dimensional path of filamentous objects from two of their projections. Starting with stereo pairs, this method is used to trace the trajectory of DNA molecules embedded in vitreous ice and leads to a faithful representation of their three-dimensional shape in solution. This computer-aided reconstruction is superior to the subjective three-dimensional impression generated by observation of stereo pairs of micrographs because it enables one to look at the reconstructed molecules from any chosen direction and distance and allows quantitative analysis such as determination of distances, curvature, persistence length, and writhe of DNA molecules in solution.

Souffrance au travail en milieu carcéral: les épreuves de l'exercice professionnel au parloir pénitentiaire

Cet article analyse, à partir d'un modèle intégratif et dynamique, la souffrance au travail et les manifestations de celle-ci, chez les agents pénitentiaires en milieu carcéral dans un espace particulier qui est celui du « parloir pénitentiaire ». Si les questions des facteurs de risques, notamment du stress ou du burnout ont été abondamment traitées dans la littérature, selon des approches factorielles, rares sont les modèles multidimensionnels existants qui permettent de comprendre la complexité et la spécificité des processus en jeu en milieu carcéral. La méthode de recherche relève d'une analyse comparative des espaces professionnels. Soixante douze entretiens semi-directifs de recherche ont été conduits auprès des surveillants occupant chacun des espaces, dans trois établissements pénitentiaires français. À partir de différents indicateurs, le modèle permet de saisir les processus et étapes qui conduisent à la manifestation de souffrances au travail. Il offre à la fois des perspectives d'intervention et de prévention pour les cadres et psychologues chargés du soutien aux personnels.

Stage managing bipolar disorder.

OBJECTIVES: Clinical staging is widespread in medicine - it informs prognosis, clinical course, and treatment, and assists individualized care. Staging places an individual on a probabilistic continuum of increasing potential disease severity, ranging from clinically at-risk or latency stage through first threshold episode of illness or recurrence, and, finally, to late or end-stage disease. The aim of the present paper was to examine and update the evidence regarding staging in bipolar disorder, and how this might inform targeted and individualized intervention approaches. METHODS: We provide a narrative review of the relevant information. RESULTS: In bipolar disorder, the validity of staging is informed by a range of findings that accompany illness progression, including neuroimaging data suggesting incremental volume loss, cognitive changes, and a declining likelihood of response to pharmacological and psychosocial treatments. Staging informs the adoption of a number of approaches, including the active promotion of both indicated prevention for at-risk individuals and early intervention strategies for newly diagnosed individuals, and the tailored implementation of treatments according to the stage of illness. CONCLUSIONS: The nature of bipolar disorder implies the presence of an active process of neuroprogression that is considered to be at least partly mediated by inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and changes in neurogenesis. It further supports the concept of neuroprotection, in that a diversity of agents have putative effects against these molecular targets. Clinically, staging suggests that the at-risk state or first episode is a period that requires particularly active and broad-based treatment, consistent with the hope that the temporal trajectory of the illness can be altered. Prompt treatment may be potentially neuroprotective and attenuate the neurostructural and neurocognitive changes that emerge with chronicity. Staging highlights the need for interventions at a service delivery level and implementing treatments at the earliest stage of illness possible.

« Représentations de la maltraitance infantile d'un groupe d'enseignantes d'une école primaire du canton de Vaud, leur rôle dans ce domaine et leurs connaissances sur les procédures de signalement. »

Le rapport international le plus récent concernant la maltraitance infantile date de 2006 : il s'agit du Rapport mondial sur la violence contre les enfants, du Secrétaire général des Nations Unies (1). La définition retenue pour la maltraitance infantile s'inspire de celle du Rapport mondial sur la violence et la santé, de l'OMS en 2002 (2) : «La menace ou l'utilisation intentionnelle de la force physique ou du pouvoir contre un enfant par un individu ou un groupe qui entraîne ou risque fortement de causer un préjudice à la santé, à la survie, au développement ou à la dignité de l'enfant.». Il existe différentes formes de maltraitance : - la maltraitance physique (brutalités, coups, blessures, brûlures, etc.)  la maltraitance psychologique (insultes, humiliation, isolement, terroriser l'enfant, etc.) - la maltraitance sexuelle (exhibitionnisme, attouchements, relations sexuelles, etc.) - les négligences (manque d'attention et de soins) Dans la majorité des cas, plusieurs formes de maltraitances sont présentes chez un enfant victime de mauvais traitements ; elles se chevauchent (3). L'Observatoire national de l'Action Sociale Décentralisée (ODAS) a réalisé une classification des enfants à protéger, les définitions sont les suivantes (4): L'enfant maltraité est « celui qui est victime de violences physiques, d'abus sexuels, de cruauté mentale, de négligences lourdes ayant des conséquences sur son développement physique et psychologique. » L'enfant en risque est « celui qui connaît des conditions d'existence qui risquent de mettre en danger sa santé, sa sécurité, sa moralité, son éducation ou son entretien, mais qui n'est pas pour autant maltraité. » L'enfant en souffrance est « un enfant aimé et soigné mais qui souffre des conditions d'existences qui fragilisent ou menacent son développement et son épanouissement personnel. » En Suisse, peu de données sont disponibles concernant la prévalence de la maltraitance étant donné la difficulté à récolter des données. Selon l'Office Fédéral de la Statistique suisse, les résultats d'une étude de 2004 montre une diminution des châtiments corporels par rapport à une étude semblable réalisée 12 ans auparavant (5). Cependant, la maltraitance infantile est un problème de santé publique du fait de la gravité de ses conséquences sur la santé physique, mentale et sociale de l'individu et de son retentissement sur la communauté ainsi que de sa fréquence estimée dans la population suisse. Elle a des effets néfastes sur la santé de l'enfant par mortalité directe ou morbidité directe ou indirecte et représente également un facteur de risque pour la santé physique et mentale, le développement et les perspectives de réalisation personnelle du jeune adulte et de l'adulte (6). On sait aujourd'hui que le nombre de cas de maltraitance signalés en Suisse est en augmentation. Ceci démontre que la maltraitance est un phénomène courant. Cependant, les professionnels ne pensent pas MF / Travail de master en médecine / 2011-2012 3 que le phénomène de la maltraitance infantile soit en augmentation, mais que les cas de maltraitance sont mieux repérés, que les professionnels s'occupant d'enfants sont plus sensibles à cette problématique et qu'il y a donc davantage de signalements (7). La prévention de la maltraitance est nécessaire et possible. Des interventions ont établi leur efficacité et il a été démontré que plus l'intervention est précoce, plus elle a de chances de réussite (2). C'est la raison pour laquelle il est important de repérer les cas de maltraitance précocement afin de pouvoir intervenir, aider les familles et garantir la protection de l'enfant. Des mesures de prévention ont été mises en place au niveau international, comme au niveau fédéral, pour assurer la reconnaissance et la prise en charge de l'enfant victime de maltraitance. Au niveau international, la Convention internationale des droits de l'enfant a été adoptée par l'Assemblée Générale en 1989 (8). Elle reconnaît l'enfant comme personne indépendante ayant des droits propres. Cette convention est divisée en quatre parties comportant : les principes directeurs (la non-discrimination, viser les meilleurs intérêts pour l'enfant, le droit de vivre, de survivre et de se développer, le droit de participation), les droits de survie et de développement (le droit à avoir les ressources, les compétences et les contributions nécessaires pour pouvoir survivre et pouvoir profiter d'un développement complet), les droits de protection (de toutes les formes de maltraitance envers les enfants, négligences, exploitation et cruauté), les droits de participation (la liberté d'expression de leurs opinions, de parler de sujets qui concernent leur vie sociale, économique, religieuse, culturelle ou politique et d'être écouté, la liberté d'information et la liberté d'association). Les stratégies de prévention de la maltraitance infantile visent à réduire les causes sous- jacentes et les facteurs de risque, tout en renforçant les facteurs de protection, de façon à prévenir de nouveaux cas (9). Elles comprennent : les stratégies sociétales et communautaires (mise en place de réformes juridiques et des droits de la personne humaine, instauration des politiques sociales et économiques favorables, correction des normes sociales et culturelles, réduction des inégalités économiques, réduction du facteur de risque environnemental, formation des professionnels), les stratégies relationnelles (formation parentale et des adultes s'occupant d'enfants), les stratégies individuelles (apprendre aux enfants à reconnaître et à éviter les situations de violence potentielle). En plus des mesures structurelles mises en place par les états (scolarisation obligatoire, dispositif légal, service de protection des enfants et des jeunes, services de santé spécialisés, etc.), des associations de lutte contre la maltraitance infantile existent et jouent également un rôle important dans la prévention. Par exemple, la Fondation Suisse pour la Protection de l'Enfant s'emploie à analyser les causes de la violence envers les MF / Travail de master en médecine / 2011-2012 4 enfants et à les combattre, à protéger les enfants contre la violence physique, psychologique, sexuelle et structurelle ainsi que contre la négligence par le biais d'un travail de prévention ciblé à l'échelle nationale. Elle vise également à apprendre aux enfants comment se protéger eux-mêmes et demander de l'aide, à sensibiliser les adultes qui les entourent au fait que les enfants ont une personnalité propre et qu'ils ont le droit d'être protégés et encouragés et à demander au niveau politique que l'on mette en place des structures adaptées aux enfants (10).

Local optima networks of hard combinatorial landscapes

Combinatorial optimization involves finding an optimal solution in a finite set of options; many everyday life problems are of this kind. However, the number of options grows exponentially with the size of the problem, such that an exhaustive search for the best solution is practically infeasible beyond a certain problem size. When efficient algorithms are not available, a practical approach to obtain an approximate solution to the problem at hand, is to start with an educated guess and gradually refine it until we have a good-enough solution. Roughly speaking, this is how local search heuristics work. These stochastic algorithms navigate the problem search space by iteratively turning the current solution into new candidate solutions, guiding the search towards better solutions. The search performance, therefore, depends on structural aspects of the search space, which in turn depend on the move operator being used to modify solutions. A common way to characterize the search space of a problem is through the study of its fitness landscape, a mathematical object comprising the space of all possible solutions, their value with respect to the optimization objective, and a relationship of neighborhood defined by the move operator. The landscape metaphor is used to explain the search dynamics as a sort of potential function. The concept is indeed similar to that of potential energy surfaces in physical chemistry. Borrowing ideas from that field, we propose to extend to combinatorial landscapes the notion of the inherent network formed by energy minima in energy landscapes. In our case, energy minima are the local optima of the combinatorial problem, and we explore several definitions for the network edges. At first, we perform an exhaustive sampling of local optima basins of attraction, and define weighted transitions between basins by accounting for all the possible ways of crossing the basins frontier via one random move. Then, we reduce the computational burden by only counting the chances of escaping a given basin via random kick moves that start at the local optimum. Finally, we approximate network edges from the search trajectory of simple search heuristics, mining the frequency and inter-arrival time with which the heuristic visits local optima. Through these methodologies, we build a weighted directed graph that provides a synthetic view of the whole landscape, and that we can characterize using the tools of complex networks science. We argue that the network characterization can advance our understanding of the structural and dynamical properties of hard combinatorial landscapes. We apply our approach to prototypical problems such as the Quadratic Assignment Problem, the NK model of rugged landscapes, and the Permutation Flow-shop Scheduling Problem. We show that some network metrics can differentiate problem classes, correlate with problem non-linearity, and predict problem hardness as measured from the performances of trajectory-based local search heuristics.