969 resultados para Notre Dame, Rocamadour, France.
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In der vorliegenden Dissertation werden die Kernreaktionen 25Mg(alpha,n)28Si, 26Mg(alpha,n)29Si und 18O(alpha,n)21Ne im astrophysikalisch interessanten Energiebereich von E alpha = 1000 keV bis E alpha = 2450 keV untersucht.rnrnDie Experimente wurden am Nuclear Structure Laboratory der University of Notre Dame (USA) mit dem vor Ort befindlichen Van-de-Graaff Beschleuniger KN durchgeführt. Hierbei wurden Festkörpertargets mit evaporiertem Magnesium oder anodisiertem Sauerstoff mit alpha-Teilchen beschossen und die freigesetzten Neutronen untersucht. Zum Nachweis der freigesetzten Neutronen wurde mit Hilfe von Computersimulationen ein Neutrondetektor basierend auf rn3He-Zählrohren konstruiert. Weiterhin wurden aufgrund des verstärkten Auftretens von Hintergrundreaktionen verschiedene Methoden zur Datenanalyse angewendet.rnrnAbschliessend wird mit Hilfe von Netzwerkrechnungen der Einfluss der Reaktionen 25Mg(alpha,n)28Si, 26Mg(alpha,n)29Si und 18O(alpha,n)21Ne auf die stellare Nukleosynthese untersucht.rn
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The dramatic period of progressive change in Montana that is documented "In the Crucible of Change" series really exploded with the election of Governors Forrest Anderson and Tom Judge. Anderson's single term saw the dispatching of the sales tax as an issue for a long period, the reorganization of the executive branch of state government and the revision of Montana's Constitution. As a former legislator, county attorney, Supreme Court justice, and Attorney General, Anderson brought unmatched experience to the governorship when elected. Tom Judge, although much younger (elected MT’s youngest governor at age 38 immediately following Anderson), also brought serious experience to the governorship: six years as a MT State Representative, two years as a MT State Senator, four years is Lieutenant Governor and significant business experience. The campaign and election of John F. Kennedy in 1960 spurred other young Americans to service, including Tom Judge. First elected in 1960, he rose rapidly through MT’s political-governmental hierarchy until he took over the governorship in time to implement many of the changes started in Governor Anderson’s term. But as a strong progressive leader in his own right, Governor Judge sponsored and implemented significant advancements of his own for Montana. Those accomplishments, however, are the subject of other films in this series. This film deals with Tom Judge’s early years – his rise to the governorship from when he returned home after college at Notre Dame and newspaper experience in Kentucky to his actual election in November 1972. That story is discussed in this episode by three major players in the effort, all directly involved in Tom Judge’s early years and path to the governorship: Sidney Armstrong, Larry Pettit and Kent Kleinkopf. Their recollections of the early Tom Judge and the period of his advancement to the governorship provide an insider’s perspective of the growth of this significant leader of the important period of progressive change documented “In the Crucible of Change.” Sidney Armstrong, President of Sidney Armstrong Consulting, serves on the board and as the Executive Director of the Greater Montana Foundation. Formerly Executive Director of the Montana Community Foundation (MCF), she has served on national committees and participated in national foundation initiatives. While at MCF, she worked extensively with MT Governors Racicot and Martz on the state charitable endowment tax credit and other endowed philanthropy issues. A member of MT Governor Thomas L. Judge’s staff in the 1970s, she was also part of Governor Brian Schweitzer’s 2004 Transition Team, continuing to serve as a volunteer advisor during his term. In the 1980s, Sidney also worked for the MT State AFL-CIO and the MT Democratic Party as well as working two sessions with the MT Senate as Assistant Secretary of the Senate and aide to the President. A Helena native, and great granddaughter of pioneer Montanans, Sidney has served on numerous nonprofit boards, and is currently a board member for the Montana History Foundation. Recently she served on the board of the Holter Museum of Art and was a Governor’s appointee to the Humanities Montana board. She is a graduate of the International School of Geneva, Switzerland and the University of Montana. Armstrong's Irish maternal immigrant great-grandparents, Thomas and Maria Cahill Cooney, came to Virginia City, MT in a covered wagon in 1865, looking for gold. Eventually, they settled on the banks of the Missouri River outside Helena as ranchers. She also has roots in Butte, MT, where her journalist father's family, both of whom were newspaper people, lived. Her father, Richard K. O’Malley, is also the author of a well-known book about Butte, Mile High, Mile Deep, recently re-published by Russell Chatham. She is the mother of four and the grandmother of eight. Dr. Lawrence K. Pettit (Larry Pettit) (b. 5/2/1937) has had a dual career in politics and higher education. In addition to being Montana’s first Commissioner of Higher Education (the subject of another film in this series); Pettit, of Lewistown, served as legislative assistant to U.S. Senators James E. Murray and Lee Metcalf, campaign manager, head of transition team and assistant to Montana Governor Thomas L. Judge; taught political science at The Pennsylvania State University (main campus), was chair of political science at Montana State University, Deputy Commissioner for Academic Programs at the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board, Chancellor of the University System of South Texas (since merged with Texas A&M University), President of Southern Illinois University, and President of Indiana University of Pennsylvania from where he retired in 2003. He has served as chair of the Commission on Leadership for the American Council on Education, president of the National Association of (University) System Heads, and on many national and state boards and commissions in higher education. Pettit is author of “If You Live by the Sword: Politics in the Making and Unmaking of a University President.” More about Pettit is found at http://www.lawrencekpettit.com… Kent Kleinkopf of Missoula is co-founder of a firm with a national scope of business that specializes in litigation consultation, expert vocational testimony, and employee assistance programs. His partner (and wife of 45 years) Kathy, is an expert witness in the 27 year old business. Kent received a BA in History/Education from the University of Idaho and an MA in Economics from the University of Utah. The Kleinkopfs moved to Helena, MT in 1971 where he was Assistant to the Commissioner of State Lands (later Governor) Ted Schwinden. In early 1972 Kent volunteered full time in Lt. Governor Tom Judge’s campaign for Governor, driving the Lt. Governor extensively throughout Montana. After Judge was elected governor, Kent briefly joined the staff of Governor Forrest Anderson, then in 1973 transitioned to Judge’s Governor’s Office staff, where he became Montana’s first “Citizens’ Advocate.” In that capacity he fielded requests for assistance from citizens with concerns and information regarding State Agencies. While on the Governor’s staff, Kent continued as a travel aide with the governor both in Montana and nationally. In 1977 Kent was appointed Director of the MT Department of Business Regulation. That role included responsibility as Superintendent of Banking and Chairman of the State Banking Board, where Kent presided over the chartering of many banks, savings and loans, and credit unions. In 1981 the Kleinkopfs moved to Missoula and went into the business they run today. Kent was appointed by Governor Brian Schweitzer to the Board of the Montana Historical Society in 2006, was reappointed and continues to serve. Kathy and Kent have a daughter and son-in-law in Missoula.
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Beyond the challenge of crafting a new state Constitution that empowered the people and modernized and opened up state and local government in Montana, the Constitutional Convention delegates, as they signed the final document, looked forward to the arduous task of getting it ratified by the electorate in a short ten week period between the end of the convention on March 24 and the ratification election of June 6, 1972. While all 100 delegates signed the draft Constitution, not all supported its adoption. But the planning about how to get it adopted went back to the actions of the Convention itself, which carefully crafted a ballot that kept “hot political issues” from potentially killing the entire document at the polls. As a result, three side issues were presented to the electorate on the ballot. People could vote for or against those side issues and still vote to ratify the entire document. Thus, the questions of legalizing gambling, having a unicameral legislature and retaining the death penalty were placed separately on the ballot (gambling passed, as did the retention of the death penalty, but the concept of a one-house legislature was defeated). Once the ballot structure was set, delegates who supported the new Constitution organized a grassroots, locally focused effort to secure ratification – thought hampered by a MT Supreme Court decision on April 28 that they could not expend $45,000 in public monies that they had set aside for voter education. They cobbled together about $10,000 of private money and did battle with the established political forces, led by the MT Farm Bureau, MT Stockgrowers’ Assn. and MT Contractors Assn., on the question of passage. Narrow passage of the main document led to an issue over certification and a Montana Supreme Court case challenging the ratification vote. After a 3-2 State Supreme Court victory, supporters of the Constitution then had to defend the election results again before the federal courts, also a successful effort. Montana finally had a new progressive State Constitution that empowered the people, but the path to it was not clear and simple and the win was razor thin. The story of that razor thin win is discussed in this chapter by the two youngest delegates to the 1972 Constitutional Convention, Mae Nan Ellingson of Missoula and Mick McKeon, then of Anaconda. Both recognized “Super Lawyers in their later professional practices were also significant players in the Constitutional Convention itself and actively participated in its campaign for ratification. As such, their recollections of the effort provide an insider’s perspective of the struggle to change Montana for the better through the creation and adoption of a new progressive state Constitution “In the Crucible of Change.” Mae Nan (Robinson) Ellingson was born Mae Nan Windham in Mineral Wells, TX and graduated from Mineral Wells High School in 1965 and Weatherford College in Weatherford, TX in 1967. Mae Nan was the youngest delegate at the 1972 Convention from Missoula. She moved to Missoula in 1967 and received her BA in Political Science with Honors from the University of MT in 1970. She was a young widow known by her late husband’s surname of Robinson while attending UM graduate school under the tutelage of noted Professor Ellis Waldron when he persuaded her to run for the Constitutional Convention. Coming in a surprising second in the delegate competition in Missoula County she was named one of the Convention’s “Ten Outstanding Constitutional Convention Delegates,” an impressive feat at such a young age. She was 24 at the time, the youngest person to serve at the ConCon, and one of 19 women out of 100 delegates. In the decade before the Convention, there were never more than three women Legislators in any session, usually one or two. She was a member of the American Association of University Women, a Pi Sigma Alpha political science honorary, and a Phi Alpha Theta historical honorary. At the Convention, she led proposals for the state's bill of rights, particularly related to equal rights for women. For years, Ellingson kept a copy of the preamble to the Constitution hanging in her office; while all the delegates had a chance to vote on the wording, she and delegate Bob Campbell are credited with the language in the preamble. During the convention, she had an opportunity that opened the door to her later career as an attorney. A convention delegate suggested to her that she should go to law school. Several offered to help, but at the time she couldn't go to school. Her mom had died in Texas, and she ended up with a younger brother and sister to raise in Missoula. She got a job teaching, but about a year later, intrigued with the idea of pursuing the law as a career, she called the man back to ask about the offer. Eventually another delegate, Dave Drum of Billings, sponsored her tuition at the UM School of Law. After receiving her JD with Honors (including the Law Review and Moot Court) from the UM Law School Ellingson worked for the Missoula city attorney's office for six years (1977-83), and she took on landmark projects. During her tenure, Missoula became the first city to issue open space bonds, a project that introduced her to Dorsey & Whitney. The city secured its first easement on Mount Sentinel, and it created the trail along the riverfront with a mix of playing fields and natural vegetation. She also helped develop a sign ordinance for the city of Missoula. She ended up working as bond counsel for Dorsey & Whitney, and she opened up the firm's full-fledged Missoula office after commuting a couple of years to its Great Falls office. She was a partner at Dorsey Whitney, working there from 1983 until her retirement in 2012. The area of law she practiced there is a narrow specialty - it requires knowledge of constitutional law, state and local government law, and a slice of federal tax law - but for Ellingson it meant working on great public projects – schools, sewer systems, libraries, swimming pools, ire trucks. At the state level, she helped form the Montana Municipal Insurance Authority, a pooled insurance group for cities. She's shaped MT’s tax increment law, and she was a fixture in the MT Legislature when they were debating equal rights. As a bond lawyer, though, Ellingson considers her most important work for the state to be setting up the Intercap Program that allowed local governments to borrow money from the state at a low interest rate. She has been a frequent speaker at the League of Cities and Towns, the Montana Association of Counties, and the Rural Water Users Association workshops on topics related to municipal finance, as well as workshops sponsored by the DNRC, the Water and Sewer Agencies Coordination Team, and the Montana State University Local Government Center. In 2002, she received an outstanding service award from the Montana Rural Water Users Association. In addition to being considered an expert on Montana state and constitutional law, local government law and local government finance, she is a frequent teacher at the National Association of Bond Lawyers (NABL) Fundamentals of Municipal Bond Law Seminar and the NABL Bond Attorney’s Workshop. For over 30 years Mae Nan has participated in the drafting of legislation in Montana for state and local finance matters. She has served on the Board of Directors of NABL, as Chairman of its Education Committee, was elected as an initial fellow in 1995 to the American College of Bond Counsel, and was recognized as a Super Lawyer in the Rocky Mountain West. Mae Nan was admitted to practice before the MT and US Supreme Courts, was named one of “America’s Leading Business Lawyers” by Chambers USA (Rank 1), a Mountain States Super Lawyer in 2007 and is listed in Best Lawyers in America; she is a member and former Board Member of NABL, a Fellow of the American College of Bond Counsel and a member of the Board of Visitors of the UM Law School. Mae Nan is also a philanthropist who serves on boards and applies her intelligence to many organizations, such as the Missoula Art Museum. [Much of this biography was drawn from a retirement story in the Missoulian and the Dorsey Whitney web site.] Mick McKeon, born in Anaconda in 1946, is a 4th generation Montanan whose family roots in this state go back to the 1870’s. In 1968 he graduated from Notre Dame with a BA in Communications and received a Juris Doctorate degree from the University of Montana Law School in 1971. Right after graduating from law school, Mick was persuaded by his father, longtime State Senator Luke McKeon, and his uncle, Phillips County Attorney Willis McKeon, to run for delegate to Montana’s Constitutional Convention and was elected to represent Deer Lodge, Philipsburg, Powell, and part of Missoula Counties. Along with a coalition of delegates from Butte and Anaconda, he fought through the new Constitution to eliminate the legal strangle hold, often called “the copper collar,” that corporate interests -- the Anaconda Company and its business & political allies -- had over state government for nearly 100 years. The New York Times called Montana’s Constitutional Convention a “prairie revolution.” After helping secure the ratification of the new Constitution, Mick began his practice of law in Anaconda where he engaged in general practice for nearly 20 years. Moving to Butte in 1991, Mick focused has practice in personal injury law, representing victims of negligence and corporate wrongdoing in both Montana district courts and federal court. As such, he participated in some of the largest cases in the history of the state. In 1992 he and his then law partner Rick Anderson obtained a federal court verdict of $11.5 million -- the largest verdict in MT for many years. Mick’s efforts on behalf of injured victims have been recognized by many legal organizations and societies. Recently, Mick was invited to become a member of the International Academy of Trial Lawyers - 600 of the top lawyers in the world. Rated as an American Super Lawyer, he has continuously been named one of the Best Lawyers in America, and an International Assn. of Trial Lawyers top 100 Trial Lawyer. In 2005, he was placed as one of Montana’s top 4 Plaintiff’s lawyers by Law Dragon. Mick is certified as a civil trial specialist by the National Board of Trial Advocacy and has the highest rating possible from Martindale-Hubble. Mick was awarded the Montana Trial Lawyers Public Service Award and provided pro bono assistance to needy clients for his entire career. Mick’s law practice, which he now shares with his son Michael, is limited to representing individuals who have been injured in accidents, concentrating on cases against insurance companies, corporations, medical providers and hospitals. Mick resides in Butte with his wife Carol, a Butte native. Mick, Carol, Michael and another son, Matthew, who graduated from Dartmouth College and was recently admitted to the Montana bar, enjoy as much of their time together in Butte and at their place on Flathead Lake.
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La escalera de caracol es uno de los elementos que mejor define la evolución de la construcción pétrea a lo largo de nuestra historia moderna. El movimiento helicoidal de las piezas de una escalera muestra, con frecuencia, el virtuosismo que alcanzaron los maestros del arte de la cantería y la plasticidad, expresividad y ligereza de sus obras. A pesar de su origen exclusivamente utilitario y de su ubicación secundaria, se convertirán en signo de maestría y en elementos protagonistas del espacio que recorren y de la composición de los edificios, como es el caso de las grande vis de los Châteaux franceses del XVI como Blois, Chateaudun o Chambord o los schlosses alemanes como el de Hartenfels en Torgau. Este protagonismo queda patente en los tratados y manuscritos de cantería, elaborados fundamentalmente en España y Francia, a partir del siglo XVI que recogen un gran número de variantes de escaleras de caracol entre sus folios. Breve historia de la escalera de Caracol Los ejemplos más antiguos conocidos de escaleras de caracol en Occidente provienen de los primeros siglos de nuestra era y están asociados a construcciones de tipo conmemorativo, funerario o civil, romanas. Destaca de entre ellas la columna trajana, construida en el 113 por Apolodoro de Damasco en los Foros de Roma. Esta columna, conservada en la actualidad, fue profusamente representada por los tratados de arquitectura desde el Renacimento como el de Serlio, Caramuel, Piranesi, Rondelet y, más recientemente, Canina. Choisy describe en El arte de construir en Bizancio un grupo de escaleras de caracol cubiertas por bóvedas helicoidales y construidas entre el siglo IV y VIII; a esta misma época pertenecen otras escaleras con bóvedas aparejadas de forma desigual con sillarejos y sillares de pequeño tamaño sin reglas de traba claras, pensadas al igual que las de Choisy para ser revestidas con un mortero. Herederas de estas bóvedas de la antigüedad son las escaleras de caracol de la Edad Media. Así las describe Viollet le Duc: “compuestas por un machón construido en cantería, con caja perimetral circular, bóveda helicoidal construida en piedra sin aparejar, que se apoya en el machón y sobre el paramento circular interior. Estas bóvedas soportan los peldaños en los que las aristas son trazadas siguiendo los radios del círculo”. En esta misma época, siglos XI y XII, se construyen un grupo de escaleras de caracol abovedadas en piedra de cantería vista: las de la torre oeste de Notre Dame des Doms en Avignon, las de la tour de Roi, de Évêque y Bermonde de los Chateaux de Uzés, las gemelas de las torres de la Catedral Saint Théodorit de Uzés y la conocida escalera del transepto de la Abadía de Saint Gilles. Ésta última dará el nombre a uno de los modelos estereotómicos de mayor complejidad del art du trait o arte de la cantería: la vis Saint Gilles, que aparece en la mayoría de los textos dedicados al corte de piedras en España y Francia. La perfección y dificultad de su trazado hizo que, durante siglos, esta escalera de caracol fuera lugar de peregrinación de canteros y se convirtiera en el arquetipo de un modelo representado con profusión en los tratados hasta el siglo XIX. A partir del siglo XIII, será el husillo el tipo de escalera curva que dará respuesta a las intenciones de la arquitectura a la “moderna” o gótica. Estas escaleras con machón central se generalizarán, insertándose en un complejo sistema de circulaciones de servicio, que conectaban por completo, en horizontal y vertical, los edificios. Estos pasadizos horizontales y estas conexiones verticales, hábilmente incorporadas en el espesor de contrafuertes, machones, esquinas, etc, serán una innovación específicamente gótica, como señala Fitchen. La pieza de peldaño, que se fabrica casi “en serie” reflejará fielmente el espíritu racional y funcionalista de la arquitectura gótica. Inicialmente los peldaños serán prismáticos, sin labrar por su cara interior; después, éstos darán paso a escaleras más amables con los helicoides reglados formando su intradós. Insertos en construcciones góticas y en convivencia con husillos, encontramos algunos ejemplos de escaleras abovedadas en el siglo XIII y XIV. Estamos hablando de la escalera de la torre este del Castillo de Maniace en Siracusa, Sicilia y la escalera de la torre norte del transepto de la Catedral de Barcelona. En ambos casos, los caracoles se pueden relacionar con el tipo vis de Saint Gilles, pero incorporan invariantes de la construcción gótica que les hace mantener una relación tipológica y constructiva con los husillos elaborados en la misma época. En la segunda mitad del siglo XV aparecen, vinculadas al ámbito mediterráneo, un conjunto de escaleras en las que el machón central se desplaza transformándose en una moldura perimetral y dejando su lugar a un espacio hueco que permite el paso de la luz. Los tratados manuscritos de cantería que circulan en el XVI y XVII por España recogen el modelo con su denominación: caracol de Mallorca. Varios autores han mantenido la tesis de que el nombre proviene de la escalera situada en la torre noroeste de la Lonja de Palma de Mallorca. Los Manuscritos y tratados de Cantería y las escaleras de caracol Coincidiendo con la apertura intelectual que propicia el Renacimiento se publican algunos tratados de arquitectura que contienen capítulos dedicados al corte de las piedras. El primero de ellos es Le premier tome de l’Architecture de Philibert de L’Orme, publicado en 1567 en Francia. En España tenemos constancia de la existencia de numerosos cuadernos profesionales que circulaban entre los canteros. Varias copias de estos manuscritos han llegado hasta nuestros días. Los más completos son sin duda, las dos copias que se conservan del tratado de arquitectura de Alonso de Vandelvira, una en la Biblioteca Nacional y otra en la Biblioteca de la Escuela de Arquitectura de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid y el manuscrito titulado Cerramientos y trazas de Montea de Ginés Martínez de Aranda. Todas estas colecciones de aparejos, con excepción de la atribuida a Pedro de Albiz, presentan trazas de escaleras de caracol. En los siglos XVII y XVIII los textos en España más interesantes para nuestras investigaciones son, como en el XVI, manuscritos que no llegaron a ver la imprenta. Entre ellos destacan De l’art del picapedrer de Joseph Gelabert y el Cuaderno de Arquitectura de Juan de Portor y Castro. Estos dos textos, que contienen varios aparejos de caracoles, están claramente vinculados con la práctica constructiva a diferencia de los textos impresos del XVIII, como los del Padre Tosca o el de Juan García Berruguilla, que dedican algunos capítulos a cortes de Cantería entre los que incluyen trazas de escaleras, pero desde un punto de vista más teórico. Podemos agrupar las trazas recogidas en los manuscritos y tratados en cinco grandes grupos: el caracol de husillo, el caracol de Mallorca, los caracoles abovedados, los caracoles exentos y los caracoles dobles. El husillo, de procedencia gótica, permanece en la mayoría de nuestros textos con diferentes denominaciones: caracol de husillo, caracol de nabo redondo o caracol macho. Se seguirá construyendo con frecuencia durante todo el periodo de la Edad Moderna. Los ejemplares más bellos presentan el intradós labrado formando un helicoide cilíndrico recto como es el caso del husillo del Monasterio de la Vid o el de la Catedral de Salamanca o un helicoide axial recto como en el de la Capilla de la Comunión en la Catedral de Santiago de Compostela. La diferencia estriba en la unión del intradós y el machón central: una amable tangencia en el primer caso o un encuentro marcado por una hélice en el segundo. El segundo tipo de caracol presente en casi todos los autores es el caracol de Mallorca. Vandelvira, Martínez de Aranda, y posteriormente Portor y Castro lo estudian con detenimiento. Gelabert, a mediados del siglo XVII, nos recordará su origen mediterráneo al presentar el que denomina Caracol de ojo abierto. El Caracol de Mallorca también estará presente en colecciones de aparejos como las atribuidas a Alonso de Guardia y Juan de Aguirre, ambas depositadas en la Biblioteca Nacional y en las compilaciones técnicas del siglo XVIII, de fuerte influencia francesa, aunque en este caso ya sin conservar su apelación original. El Caracol que dicen de Mallorca se extiende por todo el territorio peninsular de la mano de los principales maestros de la cantería. Los helicoides labrados con exquisita exactitud, acompañados de armoniosas molduras, servirán de acceso a espacios más representativos como bibliotecas, archivos, salas, etc. Es la escalera de la luz, como nos recuerda su apelación francesa, vis a jour. Precisamente en Francia, coincidiendo con el renacimiento de la arquitectura clásica se realizan una serie de escaleras de caracol abovedadas, en vis de Saint Gilles. Los tratados franceses, comenzando por De L’Orme, y siguiendo por, Jousse, Derand, Milliet Dechales, De la Hire, De la Rue, Frezier, Rondelet, Adhémar o Leroy, entre otros, recogen en sus escritos el modelo y coinciden en reconocer la dificultad de su trazado y el prestigio que adquirían los canteros al elaborar este tipo de escaleras. El modelo llega nuestras tierras en un momento histórico de productivo intercambio cultural y profesional entre Francia y España. Vandelvira, Martínez de Aranda y Portor y Castro analizan en sus tratados la “vía de San Gil”. En la provincia de Cádiz, en la Iglesia Mayor de Medina Sidonia, se construirá el más perfecto de los caracoles abovedados de la España renacentista. También en la provincia de Cádiz y vinculadas, posiblemente, a los mismos maestros encontramos un curioso grupo de escaleras abovedadas con generatriz circular horizontal. A pesar del extenso catálogo de escaleras presentes en la tratadística española, no aparece ninguna que muestre una mínima relación con ellas. Desde el punto de vista de la geometría, estamos ante uno de los tipos de escaleras que describe Choisy en El arte de construir en Bizancio. Se trata de escaleras abovedadas construidas por hojas y lechos horizontales. Los caracoles abovedados tendrán también su versión poligonal: la vis Saint Gilles quarré o el caracol de emperadores cuadrado en su versión vandelviresca. Las soluciones que dibujan los tratados son de planta cuadrada, pero la ejecución será poligonal en los raros ejemplos construidos, que se encuentran exclusivamente en Francia. Su geometría es compleja: el intradós es una superficie reglada alabeada denominada cilindroide; su trazado requiere una habilidad extrema y al ser un tanto innecesaria desde el punto de vista funcional, fue muy poco construida. Otro tipo de escalera habitual es la que Vandelvira y Martínez de Aranda denominan en sus tratados “caracol exento”. Se trata de una escalera volada alrededor de un pilar, sin apoyo en una caja perimetral y que, por lo tanto, debe trabajar en ménsula. Su función fue servir de acceso a espacios de reducidas dimensiones como púlpitos, órganos o coros. Encontramos ejemplos de estos caracoles exentos en el púlpito de la catedral de Viena y en España, en la subida al coro de la Iglesia arciprestal de Morella en Valencia. El largo repertorio de escaleras de caracol prosigue en los tratados y en las múltiples soluciones que encontramos en arquitecturas civiles y religiosas en toda Europa. Hasta varios caracoles en una sola caja: dobles e incluso triples. Dobles como el conocido de Chambord, o el doble husillo del Convento de Santo Domingo en Valencia, rematado por un caracol de Mallorca; triples como la triple escalera del Convento de Santo Domingo de Bonaval en Santiago de Compostela. La tratadística española recogerá dos tipos de caracoles dobles, el ya comentado en una sola caja, en versiones con y sin machón central, definidos por Martínez de Aranda, Juan de Aguirre, Alonso de Guardia y Joseph Gelabert y el caracol doble formado por dos cajas diferentes y coaxiales. Vandelvira lo define como Caracol de Emperadores. Será el único tipo de caracol que recoja Cristobal de Rojas en su Teoría y Práctica de Fortificación. No hay duda que las escaleras de caracol han formado parte de un privilegiado grupo de elementos constructivos en constante evolución e investigación a lo largo de la historia de la arquitectura en piedra. Desde el cantero más humilde hasta los grandes maestros catedralicios las construyeron y, en muchos casos, crearon modelos nuevos en los pergaminos de sus propias colecciones o directamente sobre la piedra. Estos modelos casi experimentales sirvieron para encontrar trabajo o demostrar un grado de profesionalidad a sus autores, que les hiciera, al mismo tiempo, ganarse el respeto de sus compañeros. Gracias a esto, se inició un proceso ese proceso de investigación y evolución que produjo una diversidad en los tipos, sin precedentes en otros elementos similares, y la transferencia de procedimientos dentro del arte de la cantería. Los grandes autores del mundo de la piedra propusieron multitud de tipos y variantes, sin embargo, el modelo de estereotomía tradicionalmente considerado más complejo y más admirado es un caracol de reducidas dimensiones construido en el siglo XII: la Vis de Saint Gilles. Posiblemente ahí es donde reside la grandeza de este arte.
Resumo:
[1]. Estación del Norte en Valencia, 1930 (1 fot.) – [2]. París, Manolo Orrico Vidal junto al río Sena, al fondo la Torre Eiffel, 1930 (1 fot.) – [3]. París, bifurcación del río Sena, 1930 (1 fot.) – [4]. Vista de la Torre Eiffel, 1930 (1 fot.) – [5-8]. Varias fotos en la Torre Eiffel: Manolo Orrico Vidal en la terraza de la Torre y en el paseo bajo la Torre, Francisco Roglá López sentado en un banco en la terraza de la Torre lleva paraguas y sombrero, 1930 (4 fot.) – [9]. Museo del Louvre (1 fot.) – [10]. Plaza de la Concorde (1 fot.) – [11]. Notre Dame (1 fot.) – [12]. Manolo Orrico Vidal en una terraza donde se ve una panorámica de la ciudad de Paris, en el cartel se lee Musée Grévin (1 fot.) – [13-14]. Iglesia de la Madeleine, Manolo Orrico Vidal en la escalinata de Iglesia (2 fot.) – [15]. Gran Palacio de París situado en los Campos Elíseos (1 fot.) – [16]. Palacio del Descubrimiento (1 fot.) – [17]. El Arco de Triunfo del Carrusel (1 fot.) – [18]. Palacio del Trocadero, 1930 (1 fot.) – [19]. Jardín de las Tullerias, Manolo Orrico Vidal junto a la escultura Le Nil, 1930 (1 fot.) – [20]. Plaza del Châtelet con la Fuente de la Palmera (1 fot.) – [21]. Plaza sin identificar (imagen borrosa) (1 fot.) – [22]. Manolo Orrico Vidal sentado en un banco en la plaza junto a la Torre medieval de Saint Jacques (1 fot.) – [23]. Manolo Orrico Vidal con un amigo bajo un conjunto escultórico (La Danza, de Carpeaux) a la entrada de la Ópera de París (1 fot.) – [24]. Plaza de la República con el monumento (1 fot.) – [25]. Manolo Orrico Vidal con un amigo en una plaza sin identificar (1 fot.) – [26]. Manolo Orrico Vidal junto a la fuente en el patio del Ayuntamiento de Hamburgo (1 fot.) – [27-29]. Vista de Hamburgo desde el barco con S. Michelle al fondo, Francisco Roglá López sentado en una butaca de mimbre en el barco (3 fot.) – [30]. Lieja, 1930 Fuente de la Virgen situada en rue des dominicains, erigida en 1584 y coronada por la estatua de bronce de la Virgen y el Niño, realizada en 1696 por el escultor Jean Delcour(1 fot.) – [31]. Hamburgo 1930, Denkmal Kaiser Wilhem en Rathausmarkt (1 fot.) – [32]. Manolo Orrico Vidal junto al lateral derecho del monumento al Káiser Wilhem (1 fot.) – [33-34]. Palacio Real de Madrid, durante un desfile y vista de la fachada sur, 1930 (2 pares estereoscópicos) (2 fot.) – [35-38]. Parque Güell de Barcelona, 1930 (4 pares estereoscópicos) (4 fot.)
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no.7
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no.1
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no.2
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no.6
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no.4
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no.3
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no.5
