Duration-dependent effects of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism on anodal tDCS induced motor cortex plasticity in older adults: a group and individual perspective

The brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism and stimulation duration are thought to play an important role in modulating motor cortex plasticity induced by non-invasive brain stimulation (NBS). In the present study we sought to determine whether these factors interact or exert independent effects in older adults. Fifty-four healthy older adults (mean age = 66.85 years) underwent two counterbalanced sessions of 1.5 mA anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (atDCS), applied over left M1 for either 10 or 20 min. Single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to assess corticospinal excitability (CSE) before and every 5 min for 30 min following atDCS. On a group level, there was an interaction between stimulation duration and BDNF genotype, with Met carriers (n = 13) showing greater post-intervention potentiation of CSE compared to Val66Val homozygotes homozygotes (n = 37) following 20 min (p = 0.002) but not 10 min (p = 0.219) of stimulation. Moreover, Met carriers, but not Val/Val homozygotes, exhibited larger responses to TMS (p = 0.046) after 20 min atDCS, than following 10 min atDCS. On an individual level, two-step cluster analysis revealed a considerable degree of inter-individual variability, with under half of the total sample (42%) showing the expected potentiation of CSE in response to atDCS across both sessions. Intra-individual variability in response to different durations of atDCS was also apparent, with one-third of the total sample (34%) exhibiting LTP-like effects in one session but LTD-like effects in the other session. Both the inter-individual (p = 0.027) and intra-individual (p = 0.04) variability was associated with BDNF genotype. In older adults, the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism along with stimulation duration appears to play a role in modulating tDCS-induced motor cortex plasticity. The results may have implications for the design of NBS protocols for healthy and diseased aged populations.

Determining the optimal current direction of transcranial magnetic stimulation to induce motor responses in the tongue: A preliminary study of neurologically healthy individuals

Objective
To determine the optimal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coil direction for inducing motor responses in the tongue in a group of non-neurologically impaired participants.
Methods
Single-pulse TMS was delivered using a figure-of-eight Magstim 2002 TMS coil. Study 1 investigated the effect of eight different TMS coil directions on the motor-evoked potentials elicited in the tongue in eight adults. Study 2 examined active motor threshold levels at optimal TMS coil direction compared to a customarily-used ventral-caudal direction. Study 3 repeated the procedure of Study 1 at five different sites across the tongue motor cortex in one adult.
Results
Inter-individual variability in optimal direction was observed, with an optimal range of directions determined for the group. Active motor threshold was reduced when a participant's own optimal TMS coil direction was used compared to the ventral-caudal direction. A restricted range of optimal directions was identified across the five cortical positions tested.
Conclusions
There is a need to identify each individual's own optimal TMS coil direction in investigating tongue motor cortex function. A recommended procedure for determining optimal coil direction is described.
Significance
Optimized TMS procedures are needed so that TMS can be utilized in determining the underlying neurophysiological basis of various motor speech disorders.

Motor deficits in children with autism spectrum disorder: A cross-syndrome study

Recent research suggests that children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience some level of motor difficulty, and that this may be associated with social communication skills. However, other studies show that children with language impairments, but without the social communication problems, are at risk of motor difficulties as well. The aim of the present study was to determine if children with ASD have syndrome specific motor deficits in comparison to children with specific language impairment (SLI). We used an independent groups design with three groups of children (8-10 years old) matched on age and nonverbal IQ; an ASD group, an SLI group, and a typically developing (TD) group. All of the children completed an individually administered, standardized motor assessment battery. We found that the TD group demonstrated significantly better motor skills than either the ASD or SLI groups. Detailed analyses of the motor subtests revealed that the ASD and SLI groups had very similar motor profiles across a range of fine and gross motor skills, with one exception. We conclude that children with ASD, and SLI, are at risk of clinically significant motor deficits. However, future behavioural and neurological studies of motor skills in children with ASD should include an SLI comparison group in order to identify possible autism specific deficits.

Timing of response differentiation in human motor cortex during a speeded Go/No-go task

We explored the brain's ability to quickly prevent a pre-potent but unwanted motor response. To address this, transcranial magnetic stimulation was delivered over the motor cortex (hand representation) to probe excitability changes immediately after somatosensory cues prompted subjects to either move as fast as possible or withhold movement. Our results showed a difference in motor cortical excitability 90 ms post-stimulus contingent on cues to either promote or prevent movement. We suggest that our study design emphasizing response speed coupled with well-defined early probes allowed us to extend upon similar past investigations into the timing of response inhibition.

Conto de fadas: o imaginário na aprendizagem da lectoescrita

Esta investigação, cujo estudo empírico se desenvolveu através de um projecto de investigação-acção, numa turma do 1º ano de escolaridade, da Escola dos Combatentes em Ovar, no ano lectivo de 2008/2009 e cuja professora é, simultaneamente, a investigadora, parte do pressuposto de que a descoberta e compreensão da natureza, função e funcionamento do nosso sistema de escrita faz uso de processos racionais mas não dispensa a intervenção de processos afectivos que se inscrevem na área do imaginário e tenta compreender de que forma a exploração do conto de fadas em sala de aula associada à utilização de técnicas do método global pode influenciar a aprendizagem da leitura e da escrita na referida turma. O estudo tem como objectivos reabilitar o imaginário no âmbito da Educação e enfrentar os índices de insucesso escolar no que se refere à aprendizagem da leitura e da escrita nos dois primeiros anos de escolaridade. Inicia-se esta tese com uma abordagem às questões teóricas que norteiam a investigação, nomeadamente, no que se refere ao imaginário, ao conto de fadas e à aprendizagem da leitura e da escrita. Os resultados indicam que à excepção de uma criança que apresentava problemas de natureza cognitiva, o sucesso académico das crianças desta turma foi de 100% quer no final do 1º ano quer no final do 2º ano de escolaridade. De todas as crianças da turma, 79,1% atingiram, no final do 1º ano, um nível de proficiência na leitura e na escrita semelhante ao que é expectável para o final do 2º ano de escolaridade.

Da francofilia no imaginário presencista |e da NRF à Presença

O objecto de estudo deste trabalho centra-se em torno de duas grandes revistas literárias que marcaram o século XX, em França e em Portugal: La Nouvelle Revue Française (NRF) e a presença. O primeiro verdadeiro número da NRF surgiu em 1909 e, progressivamente, esta revista cosmopolita, anti doutrinária e defensora da independência intelectual do artista impôs-se nas letras francesas como um movimento, um espírito e uma geração de referência. Posteriormente, em pleno período dos “années folles”, surgiu em Portugal a revista presença, que, mais do que uma publicação literária de longa duração (1927-1940), se destacou, na cultura literária portuguesa do século XX, como a afirmação de uma geração revolucionária que propugnou a arte pura e a liberdade do artista. Após uma reflexão sobre as grandes coordenadas que conduziram à construção de um espírito NRF e à instituição do mito em torno dessa revista, ocupámo-nos da presença-revista, mas também, e sobretudo, da presença-geração em busca de um espaço próprio para a edificação do seu projecto estético-literário. Tentámos, numa terceira etapa deste trabalho, destacar distintas vertentes da francofilia na geração da presença, demonstrando, por um lado, a inspiração tutelar do espírito NRF e da literatura francesa sobre os presencistas e, por outro lado, o posicionamento destes últimos face à cultura e literatura francesas.

Motor delays in MDMA (ecstasy) exposed infants persist to 2years

Background Recreational use of 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy, MDMA) is increasing worldwide. Its use by pregnant women causes concern due to potentially harmful effects on the developing fetus. MDMA, an indirect monoaminergic agonist and reuptake inhibitor, affects the serotonin and dopamine systems. Preclinical studies of fetal exposure demonstrate effects on learning, motor behavior, and memory. In the first human studies, we found prenatal MDMA exposure related to poorer motor development in the first year of life. In the present study we assessed the effects of prenatal exposure to MDMA on the trajectory of child development through 2 years of age. We hypothesized that exposure would be associated with poorer mental and motor outcomes. Materials and Methods The DAISY (Drugs and Infancy Study, 2003–2008) employed a prospective longitudinal cohort design to assess recreational drug use during pregnancy and child outcomes in the United Kingdom. Examiners masked to drug exposures followed infants from birth to 4, 12, 18, and 24 months of age. MDMA, cocaine, alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and other drugs were quantified through a standardized clinical interview. The Bayley Scales (III) of Mental (MDI) and Motor (PDI) Development and the Behavior Rating Scales (BRS) were primary outcome measures. Statistical analyses included a repeated measures mixed model approach controlling for multiple confounders. Results Participants were pregnant women volunteers, primarily white, of middle class socioeconomic status, average IQ, with some college education, in stable partner relationships. Of 96 women enrolled, children of 93 had at least one follow-up assessment and 81 (87%) had ≥ two assessments. Heavier MDMA exposure (M = 1.3 ± 1.4 tablets per week) predicted lower PDI (p < .002), and poorer BRS motor quality from 4 to 24 months of age, but did not affect MDI, orientation, or emotional regulation. Children with heavier exposure were twice as likely to demonstrate poorer motor quality as lighter and non-exposed children (O.R. = 2.2, 95%, CI = 1.02–4.70, p < .05). Discussion Infants whose mothers reported heavier MDMA use during pregnancy had motor delays from 4 months to two years of age that were not attributable to other drug or lifestyle factors. Women of child bearing age should be cautioned about the use of MDMA and MDMA-exposed infants should be screened for motor delays and possible intervention.

Comportamento do motor linear de indução para aplicações em médias e altas velocidades

Dissertação de mest., Engenharia Eléctrica e Electrónica (Sistemas de Energia e Controlo), Univ. do Algarve, 2010

Review of state government motor vehicle resources

The LAC was requested to review state motor vehicle resources and make recommendations. It focused on three statewide objectives posed by the committees: (1) Determine if any wasteful duplication exists among state-owned vehicle maintenance facilities. (2) Identify any waste or inefficiency in the use of state owned vehicles. (3) Identify unnecessary or personal use of state-owned vehicles.

Aspectos do imaginário e do fantástico no Satyricon de Petrónio: uma proposta didáctica

Relatório da Prática de Ensino Supervisionada, Mestrado em Ensino do Português e Línguas Clássicas, Universidade de Lisboa, 2010

Ensino da música em Portugal (1868-1930) : uma história da pedagogia e do imaginário musical

Tese de doutoramento, Educação (História da Educação), Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Educação, 2015