Otimização de modelos de predição da perda de propagação aplicáveis em 3,5GHZ utilizando algoritmos genéticos

The telecommunications industry has experienced recent changes, due to increasing quest for access to digital services for data, video and multimedia, especially using the mobile phone networks. Recently in Brazil, mobile operators are upgrading their networks to third generations systems (3G) providing to users broadband services such as video conferencing, Internet, digital TV and more. These new networks that provides mobility and high data rates has allowed the development of new market concepts. Currently the market is focused on the expansion of WiMAX technology, which is gaining increasingly the market for mobile voice and data. In Brazil, the commercial interest for this technology appears to the first award of licenses in the 3.5 GHz band. In February 2003 ANATEL held the 003/2002/SPV-ANATEL bidding, where it offered blocks of frequencies in the range of 3.5 GHz. The enterprises who purchased blocks of frequency were: Embratel, Brazil Telecom (Vant), Grupo Sinos, Neovia and WKVE, each one with operations spread in some regions of Brazil. For this and other wireless communications systems are implemented effectively, many efforts have been invested in attempts to developing simulation methods for coverage prediction that is close to reality as much as possible so that they may become believers and indispensable tools to design wireless communications systems. In this work wasm developed a genetic algorithm (GA's) that is able to optimize the models for predicting propagation loss at applicable frequency range of 3.5 GHz, thus enabling an estimate of the signal closer to reality to avoid significant errors in planning and implementation a system of wireless communication

Estudo e especificação de um sistema de instrumentação para unidades de elevação de petróleo utilizando tecnologia sem fio

Wireless sensor networks are reality nowadays. The growing necessity of connectivity between existing industrial plant equipments pushes the research and development of several technologies. The IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPAN comes as a low-cost and powersaving viable solution, which are important concerns while making decisions on remote sensoring projects. This study intends to propose a wireless communication system which makes possible the monitoring of analogic and/or digital variables (i. e., the pressure studied) involved on the artificial methods for oil and gas lifting. The main issues are: To develop a software based on SMAC Standard in order to create a wireless network to monitoring analogic and/or digital variables; To evaluate the communication link based on the number of lost packets tested in different environments (indoor and outdoor) and To propose an instrumentation system consisting of wireless devices

Abordagem dirigida a modelos para redes de sensores sem fio

Research on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has evolved, with potential applications in several domains. However, the building of WSN applications is hampered by the need of programming in low-level abstractions provided by sensor OS and of specific knowledge about each application domain and each sensor platform. We propose a MDA approach do develop WSN applications. This approach allows domain experts to directly contribute in the developing of applications without needing low level knowledge on WSN platforms and, at the same time, it allows network experts to program WSN nodes to met application requirements without specific knowledge on the application domain. Our approach also promotes the reuse of the developed software artifacts, allowing an application model to be reused across different sensor platforms and a platform model to be reused for different applications

Midgard: um middleware baseado em componentes e orientado a recursos para redes de sensores sem fio

On the last years, several middleware platforms for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) were proposed. Most of these platforms does not consider issues of how integrate components from generic middleware architectures. Many requirements need to be considered in a middleware design for WSN and the design, in this case, it is possibility to modify the source code of the middleware without changing the external behavior of the middleware. Thus, it is desired that there is a middleware generic architecture that is able to offer an optimal configuration according to the requirements of the application. The adoption of middleware based in component model consists of a promising approach because it allows a better abstraction, low coupling, modularization and management features built-in middleware. Another problem present in current middleware consists of treatment of interoperability with external networks to sensor networks, such as Web. Most current middleware lacks the functionality to access the data provided by the WSN via the World Wide Web in order to treat these data as Web resources, and they can be accessed through protocols already adopted the World Wide Web. Thus, this work presents the Midgard, a component-based middleware specifically designed for WSNs, which adopts the architectural patterns microkernel and REST. The microkernel architectural complements the component model, since microkernel can be understood as a component that encapsulates the core system and it is responsible for initializing the core services only when needed, as well as remove them when are no more needed. Already REST defines a standardized way of communication between different applications based on standards adopted by the Web and enables him to treat WSN data as web resources, allowing them to be accessed through protocol already adopted in the World Wide Web. The main goals of Midgard are: (i) to provide easy Web access to data generated by WSN, exposing such data as Web resources, following the principles of Web of Things paradigm and (ii) to provide WSN application developer with capabilities to instantiate only specific services required by the application, thus generating a customized middleware and saving node resources. The Midgard allows use the WSN as Web resources and still provide a cohesive and weakly coupled software architecture, addressing interoperability and customization. In addition, Midgard provides two services needed for most WSN applications: (i) configuration and (ii) inspection and adaptation services. New services can be implemented by others and easily incorporated into the middleware, because of its flexible and extensible architecture. According to the assessment, the Midgard provides interoperability between the WSN and external networks, such as web, as well as between different applications within a single WSN. In addition, we assessed the memory consumption, the application image size, the size of messages exchanged in the network, and response time, overhead and scalability on Midgard. During the evaluation, the Midgard proved satisfies their goals and shown to be scalable without consuming resources prohibitively

Network node with wireless and wired interfaces: Nios II processor and uClinux to development of a NCAP embedded (IEEE 1451.1) with two interfaces, wireless (IEEE 1451.5) and wired (IEEE p1451.2)

This paper presents a NCAP embedded on DE2 kit with Nios II processor and uClinux to development of a network gateway with two interfaces, wireless (ZigBee) and wired (RS232) based on IEEE 1451. Both the communications, wireless and wired, were developed to be point-to-point and working with the same protocols, based on IEEE 1451.0-2007. The tests were made using a microcomputer, which through of browser was possible access the web page stored in the DE2 kit and send commands of control and monitoring to both TIMs (WTIM and STIM). The system describes a different form of development of the NCAP node to be applied in different environments with wired or wireless in the same node. © 2011 IEEE.

Development of heterogeneous node network using microcontroller with protocols CAN and Zigbee

In this paper was proposed the development of an heterogeneous system using the microcontroller (AT90CANI28) where the protocol model CAN and the standard IEEE 802.15.4 are connected. This module is able to manage and monitor sensors and actuators using CAN and, through the wireless standard 802.15.4, communicate with the other network modules. © 2011 IEEE.

QK-Means: A clustering technique based on community detection and K-Means for deployment of cluster head nodes

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are a special kind of ad-hoc networks that is usually deployed in a monitoring field in order to detect some physical phenomenon. Due to the low dependability of individual nodes, small radio coverage and large areas to be monitored, the organization of nodes in small clusters is generally used. Moreover, a large number of WSN nodes is usually deployed in the monitoring area to increase WSN dependability. Therefore, the best cluster head positioning is a desirable characteristic in a WSN. In this paper, we propose a hybrid clustering algorithm based on community detection in complex networks and traditional K-means clustering technique: the QK-Means algorithm. Simulation results show that QK-Means detect communities and sub-communities thus lost message rate is decreased and WSN coverage is increased. © 2012 IEEE.

Development of an instrumentation system embedded on FPGA for real time measurement of mechanical vibrations in rotating machinery

The real-time monitoring of events in an industrial plant is vital, to monitor the actual conditions of operation of the machinery responsible for the manufacturing process. A predictive maintenance program includes condition monitoring of the rotating machinery, to anticipate possible conditions of failure. To increase the operational reliability it is thus necessary an efficient tool to analyze and monitor the equipments, in real-time, and enabling the detection of e.g. incipient faults in bearings. To fulfill these requirements some innovations have become frequent, namely the inclusion of vibration sensors or stator current sensors. These innovations enable the development of new design methodologies that take into account the ease of future modifications, upgrades, and replacement of the monitored machine, as well as expansion of the monitoring system. This paper presents the development, implementation and testing of an instrument for vibration monitoring, as a possible solution to embed in industrial environment. The digital control system is based on an FPGA, and its configuration with an open hardware design tool is described. Special focus is given to the area of fault detection in rolling bearings. © 2012 IEEE.

Desenvolvimento de um sistema de medição de baixo custo para a monitoração de alimentadores aéreos de distribuição de energia elétrica da classe 15 KV

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Desenvolvimento de um nó de rede com diferentes interfaces de acordo com o padrão IEEE 1451 utilizando o processador nios II e o sistema operacional embarcado uclinux

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Estratégia de redução de consumo de energia em redes de sensores sem fio heterogêneas utilizando lógica fuzzy

O avanço nas áreas de comunicação sem fio e microeletrônica permite o desenvolvimento de equipamentos micro sensores com capacidade de monitorar grandes regiões. Formadas por milhares de nós sensores, trabalhando de forma colaborativa, as Redes de Sensores sem Fio apresentam severas restrições de energia, devido à capacidade limitada das baterias dos nós que compõem a rede. O consumo de energia pode ser minimizado, permitindo que apenas alguns nós especiais, chamados de Cluster Head, sejam responsáveis por receber os dados dos nós que formam seu cluster e propagar estes dados para um ponto de coleta denominado Estação Base. A escolha do Cluster Head ideal influencia no aumento do período de estabilidade da rede, maximizando seu tempo de vida útil. A proposta, apresentada nesta dissertação, utiliza Lógica Fuzzy e algoritmo k-means com base em informações centralizadas na Estação Base para eleição do Cluster Head ideal em Redes de Sensores sem Fio heterogêneas. Os critérios usados para seleção do Cluster Head são baseados na centralidade do nó, nível de energia e proximidade para a Estação Base. Esta dissertação apresenta as desvantagens de utilização de informações locais para eleição do líder do cluster e a importância do tratamento discriminatório sobre as discrepâncias energéticas dos nós que formam a rede. Esta proposta é comparada com os algoritmos Low Energy Adaptative Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) e Distributed energy-efficient clustering algorithm for heterogeneous Wireless sensor networks (DEEC). Esta comparação é feita, utilizando o final do período de estabilidade, como também, o tempo de vida útil da rede.

Roteamento multicamada baseado em eficiência energética e qualidade de enlace para redes de sensores sem fio

A pesquisa apresentada nesta dissertação descreve a elaboração de um protocolo de roteamento para aplicações de Redes de Sensores Sem Fio (RSSF) em cidade inteligentes com forte restrição de energia e alta densidade de nodos. Através do estudo dos principais objetivos da comunicação de dados e do levantamento do estado-da-arte sobre os protocolos de roteamento e tecnologias para RSSF, a proposta contempla requisitos como: vazão de dados, confiabilidade de entrega e eficiência energética. A pesquisa apresenta em detalhes o protocolo AODV (Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector), bem como sua relevância no contexto de RSSF devido a sua popularidade entre as plataformas de dispositivos comercializados. Além disso, são apresentados protocolos derivados do AODV, e a ausência de uma proposta robusta capaz de contemplar os requisitos levantados. O protocolo REL (Routing by Energy and Link Quality) é o resultado da pesquisa levantada e a proposta de solução para roteamento plano sob demanda baseado em eficiência energética e qualidade de enlace para prover um roteamento escalável, capaz de realizar balanceamento de carga e prolongar o tempo de vida da rede. O protocolo REL foi avaliado através de simulação e tesbed, a fim de garantir validação da proposta em ambiente real de escala reduzida e simulado de alta densidade. Os resultados mostraram que o protocolo REL apresenta considerável melhoria de entrega de dados através da escolha de enlaces confiáveis de transmissão e menos suscetíveis a erro, além de moderado consumo de energia capaz de prolongar o tempo de vida da rede, evitando a saturação prematura de nodos.

Otimização de cobertura, consumo de energia, roteamento e agregação de dados em rede de sensores sem fio utilizando algoritmos genéticos e lógica fuzzy

As Redes de Sensores Sem Fio possuem capacidades limitadas de processamento, armazenamento, comunicação (largura de banda) e fonte de energia, além de possuírem características e requisitos básicos de uma RSSF como: necessidade de se auto-organizar, comunicação com difusão de curto alcance e roteamento com múltiplos saltos. Neste trabalho é proposto uma ferramenta que otimize o posicionamento e os pacotes entregues através do uso de Algoritmo Genético (AG). Para solucionar o problema de roteamento que melhore o consumo de energia e maximize a agregação de dados é proposto a utilização de lógica fuzzy no protocolo de roteamento Ad hoc Ondemand Distance Vector (AODV). Esta customização é intitulada AODV – Fuzzy for Wireless Sensor Networks (AODV-FWSN). Os resultados mostram que a solução proposta é eficiente e consegue prolongar a vida útil da RSSF e melhorar a taxa de entrega de dados quando comparado com soluções similares.

Proposta de gerenciamento de dados para monitoramento de saúde estrutural utilizando redes de sensores ópticos FBG

Devido às suas características únicas, redes de sensores ópticos têm encontrado aplicação em muitos campos, como em Engenharia Civil, Engenharia Geotécnica, Aeronáutica, Energia e Indústrias de Petróleo & Gás. Soluções de monitoramento baseadas nessa tecnologia têm se mostrado particularmente rentáveis e podem ser aplicadas às estruturas de grande porte, onde centenas de sensores devem ser implantados para medições a longo prazo de diferentes parâmetros mecânicos e físicos. Sensores baseados em Grades de Bragg em fibra (FBGs) são a solução mais comumente utilizada no Monitoramento de Saúde Estrutural (SHM) e as medições são realizadas por instrumentos especiais conhecidos como interrogadores ópticos. Taxas de aquisição cada vez mais elevadas têm sido possíveis utilizando interrogadores ópticos mais recentes, o que dá origem a um grande volume de dados cuja manipulação, armazenamento, gerenciamento e visualização podem demandar aplicações de software especiais. Este trabalho apresenta duas aplicações de software de tempo real desenvolvidas para esses fins: Interrogator Abstraction (InterAB) e Web-based System (WbS). As inovações neste trabalho incluem a integração, sincronização, independência, segurança, processamento e visualização em tempo real, e persistência de dados ou armazenamento proporcionados pelo trabalho conjunto das aplicações desenvolvidas. Os resultados obtidos durante testes em laboratório e ambiente real demonstraram a eficiência, robustez e flexibilidade desses softwares para diferentes tipos de sensores e interrogadores ópticos, garantindo atomicidade, consistência, isolamento e durabilidade dos dados persistidos pelo InterAB e apresentados pelo WbS.

NodePM: A Remote Monitoring Alert System for Energy Consumption Using Probabilistic Techniques

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)