Role of glutamate NMDA receptors and nitric oxide located within the periaqueductal gray on defensive behaviors in mice confronted by predator

The midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) is part of the brain system involved in active defense reactions to threatening stimuli. Glutamate N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation within the dorsal column of the PAG (dPAG) leads to autonomic and behavioral responses characterized as the fear reaction. Nitric oxide (NO) has been proposed to be a mediator of the aversive action of glutamate, since the activation of NMDA receptors in the brain increases NO synthesis. We investigated the effects of intra-dPAG infusions of NMDA on defensive behaviors in mice pretreated with a neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor [N omega-propyl-l-arginine (NPLA)], in the same midbrain site, during a confrontation with a predator in the rat exposure test (RET). Male Swiss mice received intra-dPAG injections of NPLA (0.1 or 0.4 nmol/0.1 mu l), and 10 min later, they were infused with NMDA (0.04 nmol/0.1 mu l) into the dPAG. After 10 min, each mouse was placed in the RET. NMDA treatment enhanced avoidance behavior from the predator and markedly increased freezing behavior. These proaversive effects of NMDA were prevented by prior injection of NPLA. Furthermore, defensive behaviors (e.g., avoidance, risk assessment, freezing) were consistently reduced by the highest dose of NPLA alone, suggesting an intrinsic effect of nitric oxide on defensive behavior in mice exposed to the RET. These findings suggest a potential role of glutamate NMDA receptors and NO in the dPAG in the regulation of defensive behaviors in mice during a confrontation with a predator in the RET.

Maternal health care professionals perspective on the provision and use of antenatal and delivery care : a qualitative descriptive study in rural Vietnam

Background. High quality maternal health care is an important tool to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality. Services offered should be evidence based and adapted to the local setting. This qualitative descriptive study explored the perspectives and experiences of midwives, assistant physicians and medical doctors on the content and quality of maternal health care in rural Vietnam. Method. The study was performed in a rural district in northern Vietnam. Four focus group discussions with health care professionals at primary health care level were conducted. The data was analysed using qualitative manifest and latent content analysis. Result. Two main themes emerged: "Contextual conditions for maternal health care" and "Balancing between possibilities and constraints". Contextual conditions influenced both pregnant women's use of maternal health care and health care professionals' performance. The study participants stated that women's uses of maternal health care were influenced by economical constraints and cultural norms that impeded their autonomy in relation to childbearing. Structural constraints within the health care system included inadequate financing of the primary health care, resulting in lack of human resources, professional re-training and adequate equipment. Conclusion. Contextual conditions strongly influenced the performance and interaction between pregnant women and health care professionals within antenatal care and delivery care in a rural district of Vietnam. Although Vietnam is performing comparatively well in terms of low maternal and child mortality figures, this study revealed midwives' and other health care professionals' perceived difficulties in their daily work. It seemed maternal health care was under-resourced in terms of staff, equipment and continuing education activities. The cultural setting in Vietnam constituting a strong patriarchal society and prevailing Confucian norms limits women's autonomy and reduce their possibility to make independent decisions about their own reproductive health. This issue should be further addressed by policy-makers. Strategies to reduce inequities in maternal health care for pregnant women are needed. The quality of client-provider interaction and management of pregnancy may be strengthened by education, human resources, re-training and provision of essential equipment.

User perspectives on the Swedish Maternal Health Care Register

Background: Established in 1999, the Swedish Maternal Health Care Register (MHCR) collects data on pregnancy, birth, and the postpartum period for most pregnant women in Sweden. Antenatal care (ANC) midwives manually enter data into the Web-application that is designed for MHCR. The aim of this study was to investigate midwives? experiences, opinions and use of the MHCR. Method: A national, cross-sectional, questionnaire survey, addressing all Swedish midwives working in ANC, was conducted January to March 2012. The questionnaire included demographic data, preformed statements with six response options ranging from zero to five (0 = totally disagree and 5 = totally agree), and opportunities to add information or further clarification in the form of free text comments. Parametric and non-parametric methods and logistic regression analyses were applied, and content analysis was used for free text comments. Results: The estimated response rate was 53.1%. Most participants were positive towards the Web-application and the included variables in the MHCR. Midwives exclusively engaged in patient-related work tasks perceived the register as burdensome (70.3%) and 44.2% questioned the benefit of the register. The corresponding figures for midwives also engaged in administrative supervision were 37.8% and 18.5%, respectively. Direct electronic transfer of data from the medical records to the MHCR was emphasised as significant future improvement. In addition, the midwives suggested that new variables of interest should be included in the MHCR ? e.g., infertility, outcomes of previous pregnancy and birth, and complications of the index pregnancy. Conclusions: In general, the MHCR was valued positively, although perceived as burdensome. Direct electronic transfer of data from the medical records to the MHCR is a prioritized issue to facilitate the working situation for midwives. Finally, the data suggest that the MHCR is an underused source for operational planning and quality assessment in local ANC centres.

Effect of facilitation of local maternal-and-newborn stakeholder groups on neonatal mortality : cluster-randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND: Facilitation of local women's groups may reportedly reduce neonatal mortality. It is not known whether facilitation of groups composed of local health care staff and politicians can improve perinatal outcomes. We hypothesised that facilitation of local stakeholder groups would reduce neonatal mortality (primary outcome) and improve maternal, delivery, and newborn care indicators (secondary outcomes) in Quang Ninh province, Vietnam. METHODS AND FINDINGS: In a cluster-randomized design 44 communes were allocated to intervention and 46 to control. Laywomen facilitated monthly meetings during 3 years in groups composed of health care staff and key persons in the communes. A problem-solving approach was employed. Births and neonatal deaths were monitored, and interviews were performed in households of neonatal deaths and of randomly selected surviving infants. A latent period before effect is expected in this type of intervention, but this timeframe was not pre-specified. Neonatal mortality rate (NMR) from July 2008 to June 2011 was 16.5/1,000 (195 deaths per 11,818 live births) in the intervention communes and 18.4/1,000 (194 per 10,559 live births) in control communes (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.96 [95% CI 0.73-1.25]). There was a significant downward time trend of NMR in intervention communes (p = 0.003) but not in control communes (p = 0.184). No significant difference in NMR was observed during the first two years (July 2008 to June 2010) while the third year (July 2010 to June 2011) had significantly lower NMR in intervention arm: adjusted OR 0.51 (95% CI 0.30-0.89). Women in intervention communes more frequently attended antenatal care (adjusted OR 2.27 [95% CI 1.07-4.8]). CONCLUSIONS: A randomized facilitation intervention with local stakeholder groups composed of primary care staff and local politicians working for three years with a perinatal problem-solving approach resulted in increased attendance to antenatal care and reduced neonatal mortality after a latent period. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN44599712. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.

Internal validity of the Swedish Maternal Health Care Register

Background: The Swedish Maternal Health Care Register (MHCR) is a national quality register that has been collecting pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum data since 1999. A substantial revision of the MHCR resulted in a Web-based version of the register in 2010. Although MHCR provides data for health care services and research, the validity of the MHCR data has not been evaluated. This study investigated degree of coverage and internal validity of specific variables in the MHCR and identified possible systematic errors. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study compared pregnancy and delivery data in medical records with corresponding data in the MHCR. The medical record was considered the gold standard. The medical records from nine Swedish hospitals were selected for data extraction. This study compared data from 878 women registered in both medical records and in the MHCR. To evaluate the quality of the initial data extraction, a second data extraction of 150 medical records was performed. Statistical analyses were performed for degree of coverage, agreement and correlation of data, and sensitivity and specificity. Results: Degree of coverage of specified variables in the MHCR varied from 90.0% to 100%. Identical information in both medical records and the MHCR ranged from 71.4% to 99.7%. For more than half of the investigated variables, 95% or more of the information was identical. Sensitivity and specificity were analysed for binary variables. Probable systematic errors were identified for two variables. Conclusions: When comparing data from medical records and data registered in the MHCR, most variables in the MHCR demonstrated good to very good degree of coverage, agreement, and internal validity. Hence, data from the MHCR may be regarded as reliable for research as well as for evaluating, planning, and decision-making with respect to Swedish maternal health care services.

The Effects of Eating Behaviors and Exercise Patterns on the Processing of Food and Exercise Related Stimuli

The effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for eating disorders has established a link between cognitive processes and unhealthy eating behaviors. However, the relationship between individual differences in unhealthy eating behaviors that are not related to clinical eating disorders, such as overeating and restrained eating, and the processing of food related verbal stimuli remains undetermined. Furthermore, the cognitive processes that promote unhealthy and healthy exercise patterns remain virtually unexplored by previous research. The present study compared individual differences in attitudes and behaviors around eating and exercise to responses to food and exercise-related words using a Lexical Decision Task (LDT). Participants were recruited from Colby (n = 61) and the greater Waterville community (n = 16). The results indicate the following trends in the data: Individuals who scored high in “thin ideal” responded faster to food-related words than individuals with low “thin Ideal” scores did. Regarding the exercise-related data, individuals who engage in more “low intensity exercise” responded faster to exercise-related words than individuals who engage in less “low intensity exercise” did. These findings suggest that cognitive schemata about food and exercise might mediate individual’s eating and exercise patterns.

A invenção de uma nova ordem para as cartilhas : Ser Maternal, Nacional e Mestra : Queres Ler?

Esta Tese trata de discursos e representações presentes nas cartilhas ou primeiros livros usados na alfabetização no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, entre 1890 e 1930. A partir do campo dos Estudos Culturais e das contribuições dos estudos pós-modernos, pósestruturalistas e da Análise Crítica do Discurso, em sua vertente foucaultiana, analiso discursos e representações que aparecem nessas obras, examinando também de que forma se harmonizam/circulam por outros discursos da época ou por narrativas que hoje se fazem deles/as. Metodologicamente, privilegio a interpretação textual, incluindo, além das cartilhas, outras fontes documentais, para contextualização desse período histórico. Organizo a análise em seis capítulos. No capítulo Em busca dos começos, discuto a “originalidade” da Cartilha maternal e do método de ensino da leitura que a orienta, de autoria do poeta luso João de Deus, considerando que tal obra é produto da interconexão de discursos e textos lusos, sob forte influência da produção metodológica francesa. Tal análise tem em vista contextualizar, em parte, a opção que o governo gaúcho fez de adoção oficial do método João de Deus. Cabe ao capítulo Progredir, melhorando a contextualização do projeto de Instrução Pública do Estado durante a primeira república, em seus contornos positivistas de valorização da pedagogia moderna A construção de escolas monumentais, a substituição da mobília escolar e a aquisição de material didático, próprios ao método de ensino intuitivo, ao método de leitura João de Deus e ao modo de ensino simultâneo, dão materialidade à reforma instituída. O capítulo O circuito cultural das cartilhas contempla a discussão de prescrições para o exame, aprovação e adoção de cartilhas e a análise de documentos de controle de sua distribuição às escolas públicas nesse período, já que custos de importação e edição impediam a aquisição da cartilha lusa, sendo esta substituída por cartilhas gaúchas. O capítulo A unidade de métodos e de doutrinas através de contrafações, similaridades e adaptações visibiliza, pela análise das lições de cartilhas adotadas - Maternal, Nacional e Mestra -, métodos de ensino da leitura e da escrita que orientavam a sua produção e de que maneira elas se aproximavam da obra “original” de João de Deus e de discursos que vigoravam à época Deslocamentos nos discursos sobre leitura e escrita podem ser evidenciados no primeiro livro Queres ler?, que suplantaria a Cartilha maternal. O capítulo A formação da identidade nacional nas páginas das cartilhas discute a valorização da língua, vultos e símbolos, para construção da unidade nacional republicana, bem como a comemoração de datas cívicas e o uso de apetrechos escolares nacionalizadores. O capítulo A escolarização da educação e da alfabetização trata da reinvenção desses conceitos, transpostos também para as lições das cartilhas, evidenciando como esses textos culturais contribuíram para formar o sujeito “civilizado”, isto é, o/a bom filho/a, bom/a aluno/a, e, por conseqüência, o/a bom/a trabalhador/a, o/a bom/a cidadão e o/a bom/a brasileiro/a. Concluo, por fim, com esta pesquisa, que as cartilhas fizeram parte de uma cadeia de produção cultural, sendo sua intertextualidade marcada pelo impacto da interdiscursividade da modernidade republicana.

Bela, maternal e feminina: imagens da mulher na Revista Educação Physica

Este texto diz sobre diferentes imagens do corpo da mulher. Diz, mais particularmente, sobre as práticas corporais e esportivas e a visibilidade do corpo feminino no início deste século. Diz de algumas modificações políticas, econômicas e culturais da sociedade brasileira deste tempo, cujas conseqüências, ao mesmo tempo que possibilitam a exibição do corpo feminino promovem, também, estratégias para seu ocultamento. Diz sobre três temas específicos: beleza, maternidade e feminilidade. Essa pesquisa busca mostras imagens da mulher presentes no primeiro periódico específico da Educação Física - a Revista Educação Física - publicada entre 1932 e 1945.

Efeito da microinjeção de agonistas serotoninérgicos 5-Ht1b no córtex pré-frontal sobre o comportamento agressivo maternal após provocação social

A serotonina (5-hidroxitriptamina, 5-HT), é um dos neurotransmissores que possui um papel importante na neurobiologia do comportamento agressivo. Estudos têm demonstrado que níveis elevados de serotonina conduzem a uma diminuição da agressividade em muitas espécies diferentes incluindo a espécie humana. Os receptores 5-HT1B estão envolvidos em funções comportamentais importantes, como o comportamento agressivo. Injeções sistêmicas de agonistas dos receptores 5-HT1B apresentam efeitos específicos antiagressivos. Recentemente, no córtex pré-frontal, mais especificamente na região orbitofrontal, tem sido identificado uma importante inibição no controle do comportamento, em particular o comportamento impulsivo e agressivo. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de dois agonistas dos receptores 5-HT1B o CP-94,253 e o CP-93,129 sobre o comportamento agressivo de ratas fêmeas submetidas à provocação social e o papel do córtex pré-frontal: a região orbitofrontal, sobre o comportamento agressivo. Foram utilizadas ratas fêmeas Wistar microinjetadas no nono dia pós-parto com CP-94,253 ou CP-93,129. O agonista dos receptores 5-HT1B o CP-94,253 foi injetado nas doses de 0,56 (n=8) e 1,0 μg/0,2μl (n=8). O outro agonista dos receptores 5-HT1B o CP-93,129 foi injetado na dose de 1,0 μg/0,2μl (n=9). O veículo para o CP-94,253 foi Dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO) 5% juntamente com 5% de Tween 80 diluídos em água destilada e para o CP-93,129 o veículo foi salina. O experimento iniciou com fêmeas prenhas. No 5º dia pós-parto, a fêmea foi submetida ao protocolo de provocação social. No 6º dia pós-parto, a fêmea foi submetida à cirurgia estereotáxica e no 9º dia pós-parto a fêmea foi microinjetada com veículo ou agonistas 5- HT1B. Após a microinjeção foi realizado o teste comportamental, sendo que os comportamentos - agressivos e não-agressivos – foram filmados para posterior análise. A freqüência dos comportamentos foi comparada entre os grupos tratados e veículo pela análise de variância no grupo do CP-94,253 e foi utilizado pelo Teste t de Student para comparar o grupo CP-93,129 com o veículo. Os resultados mostraram uma diminuição no comportamento agressivo maternal (ataque lateral, postura agressiva e dominar) após a microinjeção do agonista CP-93,129 comparado com o grupo salina. Os dois agonistas dos receptores 5-HT1B o CP-94,253 e o CP-93,129 não tiveram os mesmos efeitos. O CP- 93,129, quando microinjetado no córtex pré-frontal, na região orbitofrontal de ratas submetidas à provocação social, tem efeitos antiagressivos enquanto que o CP-94,253 não alterou o comportamento agressivo.

The effectiveness of community-based interventions to improve maternal and infant health in the Northeast of Brazil

EMOND, Alan et al. The effectiveness of community-based interventions to improve maternal and infant health in the Northeast of Brazil. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública/ Pan American Journal of Public Health , v.12, n.2, p.101-110, 2002

Substrate Preparation Behaviors for the Cultivation of the Symbiotic Fungus in Leaf-Cutting Ants of the Genus Atta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Our findings revealed two distinct patterns of substrate preparation: the pattern of leaf-cutting ants foraging on dicotyledons is marked by highly fragmented substrate resulting in a more advanced initial decomposition. The pattern of leaf-cutting ants harvesting grasses is characterized by large pieces of substrate, resulting in little initial decomposition. Ants foraging on both types of plants are apparently intermediary between the two patterns, although more similar to the patterns of those foraging on dicotyledons. Also, the behavior of scraping the substrate was described for the first time, it is very important for the removal of the epicuticular wax layer of the leaves helping the growth of the symbiotic fungus.

Hypercapnic ventilatory response of anesthetized female rats subjected to neonatal maternal separation: Insight into the origins of panic attacks?

Neonatal maternal separation (NMS) is a form of stress that interferes with the regulation of the stress response, an effect that predisposes to the emergence of panic and anxiety related disorders. We previously showed that at adulthood, awake female (but not male) rats subjected to NMS show a hypercapnic ventilatory response (HCVR; 5% CO(2)) that is 63% greater than controls (Genest et al., 2007). To understand the mechanisms underlying the sex-specific effects of NMS on the ventilatory response to CO(2), we used two different anesthetized female rat preparations to assess central CO(2) chemosensitivity and contribution of sensory afferents (stretch receptors and peripheral chemoreceptors) that influence the HCVR. Data show that anesthesia eliminated the respiratory phenotype observed previously in awake females and CO(2) chemosensitivity did not differ between groups. Finally, the assessment of the ovarian hormone levels across the oestrus cycle failed to reveal significant differences between groups. Since anesthesia did not affect the manifestation of NMS-related respiratory dysfunction in males (including the hypercapnic ventilatory response) (Kinkead et al., 2005; Dumont and Kinkead, 2010), we propose that the panic or anxiety induced by CO(2) during wakefulness is responsible for enhancement of the HCVR in NMS females. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A auto formação maternal: cenários de uma educação vivencial humanescente

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior