Los sentimientos del Cid

Un recorrido por los sentimientos que se han plasmado en la caracterización del personaje del Cid conlleva el análisis de las formas expresivas, que se utilizan para que estos sentimientos sean verosímiles, sin entrar en contradicción con la condición heroica y épica del personaje. La consideración de las expresiones de tristeza, alegría, devoción o gratitud de Rodrigo permite identificar estrategias discursivas del poema que intentan acercar al receptor a una valoración positiva de la baja nobleza castellana.

Cine de animación y Literatura : "El protagonismo de Ximena en El Cid, la leyenda de José Pozo"

Los debates en torno a las cuestiones del género es un fenómeno que está a la orden del día. La literatura, el cine y el resto de las artes son materia de análisis en lo que se refiere a este tema en dichos debates. En el texto épico medieval Poema de Mio Cid, el personaje masculino, Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, tiene el rol protagónico y deja en un segundo plano a Ximena, su esposa. En la versión cinematográfica animada de José Pozo, El Cid, la leyenda (2003), la performance del papel femenino cobra otra dimensión, diametralmente opuesta al texto literario antes mencionado. Este trabajo se propone dilucidar cuáles son las razones estéticas y extra estéticas que motivan a que Ximena adquiera un rol protagónico tan notorio en este filme de animación, ganador del Premio Goya en el año 2004.

La ira en la primera tradición cidiana

Las manifestaciones de la ira en el Cantar de Mio Cid engloban un con-junto de tradiciones de diferente índole que constituyen un punto de partida para la cabal interpretación del texto. Por una parte, la ira regia se relaciona con la teoría medieval emocional sobre la ira y, por otra parte, el examen de la dimensión política de la ira en el Cantar y la tradición cidiana precedente aporta nuevos elementos sobre las prácticas culturales y los sistemas jurídicos de la Edad Media.

Rodrigo Díaz, de señor de la guerra a señor de Valencia

Según el Cantar de Mio Cid, Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar desarrolló una extraordinaria carrera como señor de la guerra durante su exilio. Empero, tras conquistar Valencia y el perdón de su rey, el Cid prácticamente detuvo sus campañas militares y comenzó a vivir como un señor feudal. Este artículo revisa la evolución del Cid a lo largo del Cantar e intenta descubrir sus razones.

Geochemistry of ash from Santorin, Greece

Santorin, am südlichsten Punkt des Kykladenbogens gelegen, ist der einzige noch tätige Vulkan in der südlichen Ägäis. Der Vulkanismus begann vor ca. 1.6 Mio. Jahren. Santorin besteht aus 5 Inseln, die nahezu vollständig aus vulkanischen Gesteinen aufgebaut sind, die im Laufe der Vulkangeschichte aus verschiedenen Eruptionszentren gefördert wurden. Abgesehen von den Laven im N der Hauptinsel Thera, wird der Zentral- und Südteil der Insel in der Hauptsache von den pyroklastischen Förderprodukten des sog. Thera-Vulkans aufgebaut. In der vorliegenden Arbeit waren diese pyroklastischen Serien Ziel der Untersuchungen. Die Ergebnisse daraus können folgendermaßen zusammengefaßt werden: - Die Aufnahme von 14 detaillierten Profilen und deren Korrelierung erbrachte die Einteilung der pyroklastischen Schichten in 5 Haupt-Folgen: T5/1 - Untere Bimsstein-Folge (Bu), T5/2-Mittlere Bimsstein-Folge (Bm), - T5/3, Die Obere Bimsstein-Folge (Bo) wurde dabei nicht weiter berücksichtigt, da sie bereits in zahlreichen Arbeiten untersucht worden ist. - Die als T5/1-3 bezeichneten Serien bestehen aus Aschen, Schlacken, wenigen Bimsstein-Horizonten und untergeordnet Ignimbriten, 'pyroclastic' und 'ash flow'-Ablagerungen, sowie Laharen. Umlagerungen und Bodenhorizonte zeigen die Unterbrechung in der vulkanischen Tätigkeit an. - In den Tg-Folgen konnten jeweils einer oder mehrere Leit-Horizonte gefunden werden, die es ermöglichen die drei Tg-Serien zu unterscheiden und zu korrelieren. - Die Untere Bimsstein-Folge (Bu) wurde in sechs Einheiten unterteilt, die eine Wechselfolge von 'pumice fall' und 'pumice flow'-Ablagerungen bilden. - Mineralogische Untersuchungen zeigen für die 5 Haupt-Folgen nur geringe Unterschiede. Die Bimssteine und Schlacken bestehen überwiegend aus Glas und haben nur wenige Phänokristalle (3-12 Vol.*), wobei der Plagioklas (Andesin-Labradorit) überwiegt; Orthopyroxen (Hypersthen) und Klinopyroxen (diops. Augit) stellen ca. 30% der Einsprengunge. An Akzessorien sind vorhanden: Apatit, Magnetit, Hämatit und sehr selten Hornblende. - Ein Versuch zur Unterscheidung der Gesteine in den einzelnen Schicht-Einheiten war die Bestimmung der Lichtbrechung und der Dichte. Es zeigte sich, daß die Dichte weniger geeignet ist, die Lichtbrechung aber eine schwache Differenzierung widerspiegelt und somit für die Bimssteine und Schlacken, aber auch für die Bimssteine innerhalb des Bu unterschiedliche Werte gefunden wurden - Aus den Korngrößen-Analysen des Asche-Leithorizontes der T5/3-Folge ergaben sich die Lage des Eruptionszentrums und die damals vorherrschende Windrichtung. - Die Oberen Ignimbrite (Ign., im Hangenden der T5/3-Folge) konnten erstmals in 5 Einheiten unterteilt werden. - Die Seltenen Erden-Analysen erbrachten für die einzelnen Folgen in etwa die gleichen SEE-Spektren. - Die geochemischen Untersuchungen von ca. 120 Proben sind in verschiedenen Diagrammen dargestellt. Daraus wird deutlich, daß die T5-Folgen die basischsten Glieder sind. Es handelt sich überwiegend um Quarz-Andesite und Quarz-Latiandesite, während die Bimsstein-Serien (Bu u. Bm) eine quarz-latiandesitische bis rhyodacitische Zusammensetzung haben. Es sind aber alles kalkalkaline Gesteine, die in den Bereich der Kontinentalrand-Andesite gehören. - Es wird angenommen, daß die Gesteine des Thera-Vulkans aus einer Magmakammer stammen. Während Zeiten ± kontinuierlicher, explosiver Tätigkeit wurden die Aschen und Schlacken der T5-Serien gefördert, die gegenüber den Bimsstein-Folgen relativ basisch sind. Während längerer Ruheperioden (Bodenhorizonte am Top der Tc-Folgen) differenzierte die Schmelze in der Magmakammer, vorwiegend durch Kristallfraktionierung. In den paroxysmalen Ausbrüchen wurden dann die sauren, gasreichen Bimssteine des Bu, Bm und Bo gefördert. - Anhand der lithologischen und geochemischen Untersuchungen ließen sich die etwaigen Eruptionszentren, die Ausbruchsmechanismen und der Ablagerungstyp der Schichten herleiten und daraus die Vulkangeschichte rekonstruieren, wie sie in vier Tabellen übersichtlich zusammengefaßt sind. - Schließlich sollen paläomorphologische Karten die einzelnen Stadien des Thera-Vulkans veranschaulichen.

Chemical composition of Fe-Mn nodules and host bottom sediments along the submeridional profile across the Brazil Basin

Sedimentation and ore formation were studied in sediments from nine stations located along the 24°W profile in the Brazil Basin of the Atlantic Ocean. Bottom sediments are represented by mio- and hemipelagic muds, which are variably enriched in hydrothermal iron and manganese oxyhydroxides. As compared to bottom sediments from other basins of the Atlantic Ocean, the sediments in study are marked by extremely high manganese contents (up to 1.33%) and maximal enrichment in Ce. It was shown that the positive Ce anomaly is related to REE accumulation on iron oxyhydroxides. Influence of hydrothermal source leads to decrease of Ce anomaly and LREE/HREE ratio. In reduced sediments preservation of positive Ce anomaly and/or its disappearance was observed after iron and manganese reduction. REE contents were determined for the first time in the Ethmodiscus oozes of the Brazil Basin. Ore deposits of the Brazil Basin are represented by ferromanganese crusts and ferromanganese nodules. Judging from contents of iron, manganese, REE, and other trace elements, these formations are ascribed to sedimentation (hydrogenic) deposits. They are characterized by a notable positive Ce anomaly in the REE pattern. Extremely high Ce content (up to 96% of total REE) was discovered for the first time in the buried nodules (Mn/Fe = 0.88).

Documentation of sediment cores from the Great Meteor Seamount, North Atlantic

Sedimentological and biostratigraphic investigations of 15 cores (total length: 88 m) from the vicinity of Great Meteor seamount (about 30° N, 28° W) showed that the calcareous ooze are asymmetrically distributed around the seamount and vertically differentiated into two intervals. East and west of the seampunt, the upper "A"-interval is characterized by yellowish-brown sediment colors and bioturbation; ash layers and diatoms are restricted to the eastern cores. On both seamount flanks, the sediment of the lower "B"-interval are white and very rich in CaCO3 with a major fine silt (2-16 µ) mode (mainly coccoliths). Lamination, manganese micronodules, Tertiary foraminifera and discoasters, and small limestone and basalt fragments are typical of the "B"-interval of the eastern cores only. The sediments contain abundant displaced material which was reworked from the upper parts of the seamount. The sedimentation around the seamount is strongly influenced by the kind of displaced material and the intensity of its differentiated dispersal: the sedimentation rates are generally higher on the east than on the west flank /e.g. in "B": 0.9 cm/1000 y in the W; 3.1 cm/1000 y in the E), and lower for the "A" than for the "B"-interval. The lamination is explained by the combination of increased sedimentation rates with a strong input of material poor in organic carbon producing a hostile environment for benthic life. The CaCO3 content of the core is highly influenced by the proportion of displaced bigenous carbonate material (mainly coccoliths). The genuine in-situ conditions of the dissolution facies are only reflected by the minimum CaCO3 values of the cores (CCD = about 5,500 m; first bend in dissolution curve = 4,000 m; ACD = about 3,400 m). The preservation of the total foraminiferal association depends on the proportions of in-situ versus displaced specimens. In greater water depths (stronger dissolution), for example, the preservation can be improved by the admixture of relatively well preserved displaced foraminifera. Carbonate cementation and the formation of manganese micronodules are restricted to microenvironments with locally increased organic carbon contents (e.g. pellets; foraminifera). The ash layers consist of redeposited, silicic volcanic glass of trachytic composition and Mio-Pliocene age; possibly, they can be derived from the upper part of the seamount. Siliceous organisms, especially diatoms, are frequent close to the ash layers and probably also redeposited. Their preservation was favoured by the increase of the SiO2 content in the pore water caused by the silicic volcanic glass. The cores were biostraftsraphically subdivided with the aid of planktonic foraminifera and partly alsococcoliths. In most cases, the biostratigraphically determined cold- and warm sections could be correlated from core to core. Almost all cores do not penetrate the Late Pleistocene. All Tertiary fossils are reworked. In general, the warm/cold boundary W2/C2 corresponds with the lithostratigraphic A/B boundray. Benthonic foraminifera indicate the original site deposition of the displaced material (summit plateau or flanks of the seamount). The asymmetric distribution of the sediments around the seamount east and west of the NE-directed antarctic bottom current (AABW) is explained by the distortion of the streamlines by the Coriolis force; by this process the current velocity is increased west of the seamount and decreased east of it. The different proportion of displaced material within the "A" and "B" interval is explained by changes of the intensity of the oceanic circulation. At the time of "B" the flow of the AABW around the seamount was stronger than during "A"; this can be inferred from the presence of characteristic benthonic foraminifera. The increased oceanic circulation implies an enhanced differentiation of the current velocities, and by that, also of the sedimentation rates, and intensifies the winnowed sediment material was transported downslope by turbid layers into the deep-sea, incorporated into the current system of the AABW, and asymmetrically deposited around the seamount.

ERA-CLIM Historical Upper-Air Data 1900-1972

Historical, i.e. pre-1957, upper-air data are a valuable source of information on the state of the atmosphere, in some parts of the World back to the early 20th century. However, to date reanalyses have only partially made use of these data, and only of observations made after 1948. Even for the period between 1948 (the starting year of the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis) and the International Geophysical Year in 1957 (the starting year of the ERA-40 reanalysis), when the global upper-air coverage reached more or less its current status, many observations have not been digitised until now. The Comprehensive Historical Upper-Air Network (CHUAN) already compiled a large collection of pre-1957 upper-air data. In the framework of the European project ERA-CLIM, significant amounts of additional upper-air data have been catalogued (> 1.3 mio station days), imaged (> 200,000 images) and digitised (> 700,000 station days) in order to prepare a new input dataset for upcoming reanalyses. The records cover large parts of the globe, focussing on so far less well covered regions such as the Tropics, the polar regions and the Oceans, and on very early upper-air data from Europe and the US. The total number of digitised/inventoried records is 61/101 for moving upper-air data, i.e. data from ships etc., and 735/1,783 for fixed upper-air stations. Here, we give a detailed description of the resulting dataset including the metadata and the quality checking procedures applied. The data will be included in the next version of CHUAN.

Magnetostratigraphy of ODP Leg 107 holes

Apart from Site 650, core disturbance due to rotary drilling severely compromised the quality of the magnetostratigraphic data obtained from Leg 107 sediments. The correlation of polarity zones to the geomagnetic polarity time scale cannot be made solely on the basis of pattern fit. The proposed correlations are consistent between sites, and this consistency is constrained by the biostratigraphic datums. The resulting biomagnetostratigraphic correlations are reviewed in the synthesis section of this volume. The purpose of this paper is to document the magnetic stratigraphies, and present the preferred correlation to the geomagnetic reversal time scale. Four implications of the proposed correlations are: (1) The Mio-Pliocene boundary occurs in the lowest reversed interval of the Gilbert (Chron 3r) at about 4.9 Ma. (2) The thick pre-Pliocene lacustrine sequence recovered at Site 652 appears to have been deposited entirely within a single reversed polarity chron (Chron 3r). (3) The balatino-type gypsum recovered at Site 654 was also deposited entirely within this polarity chron (Chron 3r). (4) The Tortonian-Messinian boundary occurs within a normal polarity zone which is probably correlative to Chron 6 (Chron 3B) giving a boundary age of about 6.4 Ma.

Properties of seawater (pH total scale) from a Satlantic SeaFET instrument mounted on the continuous surface water sampling system during the Tara Oceans expedition 2009-2013

The Tara Oceans Expedition (2009-2013) sampled the world oceans on board a 36 m long schooner, collecting environmental data and organisms from viruses to planktonic metazoans for later analyses using modern sequencing and state-of-the-art imaging technologies. Tara Oceans Data are particularly suited to study the genetic, morphological and functional diversity of plankton. The present data set provides continuous pH measurements made during 2013 expedition with a Satlantic SeaFET instrument that was connected to the flowthrough system. Data calibration was performed according to Bresnahan et al. (2014) (using spectrophotometric pH measurements on discrete samples (Clayton and Byrne 1993). pH_internal values were taken to calibrate the data (rather than pH_external) because of the better calibration coefficient (there was no trend associated with it). The equations of Clayton and Byrne (1993) was used to compute pH from the measured absorbance values at the temperature of measurement. The data was converted to in situ temperature using the "CO2-sys" program which can be downloaded from http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/co2sys/.

Dia XVI Octubre Oficio propio en la fiesta de la Beatisima Virgen Maria de Aguas vivas [Manuscrito] : patrona principal de la villa de Carcagente...

Contiene: Dia 23 de Octubre : octava de la Bienaventurada Vi[rge]n M[arí]a de aguas-vi[va]s / S[alvad]or Tudela Vallo

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Estudio del estado de la vegetación de ribera en la España peninsular. Implicaciones de la alteración hidrológica y herramientas para su manejo y gestión

El objetivo general de este trabajo es explorar las potenciales interacciones entre la alteración hidrológica y el estado de la vegetación de ribera en diversas cuencas hidrográficas españolas. La mayor parte del área de estudio está dentro de la región Mediterránea, una región caracterizada por un particular comportamiento climatológico, ecológico y socio-económico. Las cuencas estudiadas son: Guadiana, Guadalquivir, Tajo, y Duero. Para complementar el estudio y comparar resultados con otras regiones climáticas españolas se estudiaron dos Demarcaciones atlánticas: Cantábrico y Miño-Sil. El funcionamiento fluvial, en las áreas mediterráneas, presenta grandes variaciones en el régimen hídrico, siendo uno de los principales controladores de la estructura, composición y distribución de la vegetación de ribera. Para investigar las interacciones mencionadas previamente, se presenta un nuevo índice, Riparian Forest Evaluation (RFV). El objetivo de este índice es valorar el estado de la vegetación de ribera en base a los principales controladores hidro-morfológicos responsables de la dinámica fluvial, y por tanto, relacionados con el desarrollo del corredor ribereño. RFV divide la evaluación del bosque de ribera en cuatro componentes: continuidad longitudinal, transversal, y vertical (dimensiones espaciales), y condiciones del regenerado (dimensión temporal). La clasificación final está basada en las mismas cinco clases fijadas por la Directiva europea Marco del Agua (DMA) (2000/60/CE) para valorar el estado ecológico de las masas de agua. La aplicación de este índice en 187 masas de agua ha mostrado su facilidad de aplicación y su consistencia desde un punto de vista legislativo y técnicocientífico. En paralelo al diseño del índice RFV, se ha desarrollado una nueva herramienta para dar apoyo a la evaluación del bosque de ribera (RFV) y la extracción de variables hidromorfológicas a escala de masa de agua en lugar de a escala local (muestreo de campo local). Se trata de Riparian Characterisation by LiDAR (RiC-DAR), que permite valorar el estado del bosque de ribera de una manera semiautomática, en un modo cuasi-continuo, usando LiDAR de alta resolución. Esto hecho permite mejorar significativamente la calidad y cantidad de información comparado con la toma de datos en campo, lo que permite reducir los recursos, particularmente cuando se trabaja a escala de masas de agua. Una de las potenciales causas de la degradación del bosque de ribera es la alteración hidrológica; así una vez se ha realizado la evaluación del bosque de ribera basada en elementos hidro-morfológicos ligados al régimen hídrico (RFV), se han identificado las potenciales relaciones entre la alteración hidrológica y la degradación de la vegetación riparia. Para ello, se requiere contar con series de aforos fiables y de una duración apropiada. Para satisfacer este requerimiento, se ha creado una nueva herramienta: el Servidor de Datos para el Estudio de la Alteración Hidrológica (SEDAH). Esta herramienta genera datos diarios y mensuales completados para más años, construyendo así bases de datos más aptas para el estudio de la alteración hidrológica. (http://ambiental.cedex.es/Sedah) Haciendo uso de las herramientas y métodos desarrollados previamente, se han calculado diferentes indicadores de alteración hidrológica en 87 masas de agua que han sido analizados conjuntamente con el estado de la vegetación de ribera. Los resultados estadísticos han mostrado relaciones significativas entre ellos: la degradación de la vegetación podría estar fuertemente ligada a la alteración del régimen hídrico en años secos y a las sequías en el entorno mediterráneo. A su vez se ha analizado la relación del estado del bosque de ribera con el estado ecológico basado en la DMA, mostrando una relación no significativa. Esta y otras potenciales relaciones son discutidas a lo largo del documento. Los resultados permiten proponer recomendaciones de gestión de la vegetación de ribera y de manejo del régimen de caudales para masas de agua reguladas. ABSTRACT The general objective of this work is to explore the potential interactions between hydrologic alteration and degradation of the riparian vegetation, mainly focused in the Mediterranean Environment. The majority of the study area is part of the Spanish Mediterranean region, a geographical environment characterized by a singular climatologic, ecological and socio-economical behavior. The basins analysed in this work are: Guadiana, Guadalquivir, Tagus, Douro. In order to complete the results and compare those to other climatic regions in Spain, two Atlantic Districts where selected: Cantábrico and Miño-Sil. The river functioning, in the Mediterranean areas, presents great variations in the flow regimes being one of the main drivers of the riparian vegetation development. To explore the interactions stated above, a new index is presented, Riparian Forest Evaluation (RFV). This index is aimed to assess the status of the riparian vegetation based on the main hydromorphological drivers responsible of the river dynamic, and so, related to the development of the riparian corridor. RFV split the evaluation of the riparian forest into four components: longitudinal continuity, transversal continuity, vertical (structure) continuity and regeneration (temporal) continuity. The final classification is based in the same five classes to those stated in the European Water Frame Work directive to assess the ecological status. The application of this index over 187 water bodies has shown to be easily applicable and consistent from a regulatory perspective. In parallel to the design of RFV, a new tool has been developed to enhance the evaluation of the riparian forest and river morphology (RFV and morphological parameters) at water body scale rather than at local scale, i.e. when field surveyed at different sites. The Riparian Characterisation by LiDAR, RiC-DAR allows to assess the status of the riparian vegetation semi-automatically in a quasi-continuous way using high resolution LiDAR. This improves significantly the quantity and quality of information gathered through field sampling methods, reducing resources when working at larger scales. One of the potential major causes of degradation of the riparian forest is the hydrologic alteration; hence, once the evaluation of the riparian forest is done consistently based on hydro-morphological features linked to the hydrological regime (RVF), this work has identified potential relationships between hydrologic alteration and degradation of riparian vegetation. In order to do this, it is required to count with reliable series of flow records describing both reference and altered regimes. To satisfy this need, a new tool has been created, SEDAH, data server for assessing hydrologic alteration. This tool has completed daily and monthly gaps in the flow series to build up an improved database to assess the hydrologic alteration. This application is available on line (http://ambiental.cedex.es). Making use of the tools and methods developed previously, this work uses these data to work out indicators of hydrologic alteration through 87 water bodies to be analysed against the riparian status. These indicators are statistically analysed exploring significant relationships with the status of riparian vegetation and ecological status, showing some potential significant relationships; hence it seems that the degradation of riparian vegetation, particularly the regeneration, is associated with the alteration of the hydrologic regimen in dry years and draughts in Mediterranean environments. Furthermore, the analysis of the status of the ecological status and the status of the riparian vegetation has shown the lack of significant influence of the riparian vegetation in the final ecological status using the WFD approach applied in Spain. This and other potential relationships are discussed in this work. The results allow giving guidance on the management of both riparian vegetation and environmental flows of water bodies affected by flow regulation.

COS1, a two-component histidine kinase that is involved in hyphal development in the opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans

Two-component histidine kinases recently have been found in eukaryotic organisms including fungi, slime molds, and plants. We describe the identification of a gene, COS1, from the opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans by using a PCR-based screening strategy. The sequence of COS1 indicates that it encodes a homolog of the histidine kinase Nik-1 from the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa. COS1 is also identical to a gene called CaNIK1 identified in C. albicans by low stringency hybridization using CaSLN1 as a probe [Nagahashi, S., Mio, T., Yamada-Okabe, T., Arisawa, M., Bussey, H. & Yamada-Okabe, H. (1998) Microbiol. 44, 425–432]. We assess the function of COS1/CaNIK1 by constructing a diploid deletion mutant. Mutants lacking both copies of COS1 appear normal when grown as yeast cells; however, they exhibit defective hyphal formation when placed on solid agar media, either in response to nutrient deprivation or serum. In constrast to the Δnik-1 mutant, the Δcos1/Δcos1 mutant does not demonstrate deleterious effects when grown in media of high osmolarity; however both Δnik-1 and Δcos1/Δcos1 mutants show defective hyphal formation. Thus, as predicted for Nik-1, Cos1p may be involved in some aspect of hyphal morphogenesis and may play a role in virulence properties of the organism.