S.aureus bacteraemia surveillance quarterly report: October - December 2011

This quarterly report provides epidemiological data on�S. aureus�in Northern Ireland, including overall infection�figures as well as those specific to MRSA and MSSA. The report highlights key points, rates, trends and statistical process control charts. The report also provides information on surveillance methods and data for each hospital and Health and Social Care Trust in Northern Ireland

C. difficile surveillance quarterly report: January - March 2012

This quarterly report provides epidemiological data on C. difficile in Northern Ireland, and includes key points, a comprehensive�overview of all C. diff infections, rates, trends, age-specific information�and statistical process control charts. The report also provides information on surveillance methods and data for each hospital and Health and Social Care Trust in Northern Ireland.

S.aureus bacteraemia surveillance quarterly report: January - March 2012

This quarterly report provides epidemiological data on�S. aureus�in Northern Ireland, including overall infection�figures as well as those specific to MRSA and MSSA. The report highlights key points, rates, trends and statistical process control charts. The report also provides information on surveillance methods and data for each hospital and Health and Social Care Trust in Northern Ireland

Surveillance of influenza in Northern Ireland

The influenza season started later than normal, clinical indices began to increase marginally in mid-February, much later than previous seasons, and activity remained very low throughout, with community syndromic indicators not reaching the baseline warning threshold during the season. The peak GP influenza-like illness consultation rates in 2011/12 were the lowest since surveillance began in Northern Ireland in 2000. No one age-group appeared predominantly affected, with low levels of activity in all age groups, however, GP consultation rates increased in both children and adults.Influenza A (H3) was the predominant strain of the virus circulating, with small numbers of the influenza B strain circulating later in the season. Unlike the 2010/11 season when Influenza A (H1N1)2009 strain dominated in Northern Ireland, there were no detections of this subtype in 2011/12; virological activity generally corresponded to clinical activity.There were however, patients with confirmed influenza admitted to Intensive care units, across Northern Ireland during the season. Numbers were low, the average age of these patients increased compared with the previous season and one fatality was reported in this group.The proportion of over 65 year olds who received the 2011/12 seasonal influenza vaccine was 77.0%, and in those in a clinical risk group aged under 65 years was 81.7%, both of these vaccination uptake figures were a slight increase on the previous year. Influenza vaccine uptake in frontline healthcare workers also increased marginally this season to 20.8%, as did the proportion of pregnant women vaccinated during the season.

STI Surveillance in Northern Ireland 2012

This report aims to provide an overview of STI epidemiology in Northern Ireland by collating and analysing information from a number of sources. Although it reflects epidemiological trends over time, its main focus will be on data collected in 2011.

HIV surveillance in Northern Ireland 2012

This report aims to provide an overview of HIV epidemiology in Northern Ireland by collating and analysing information from a number of sources. Although it reflects epidemiological trends over time, its main focus will be on data collected in 2011.Following recent ONS guidance on data disclosure, where the number of any category of episodes in any one year is between one and four, this is reported either within a cumulative figure, or as an asterix. In addition, where the anonymised figure can be deduced from the totals, the next smallest figure will also be anonymised.

C. difficile surveillance quarterly report: October - December 2012

This quarterly report provides epidemiological data on C. difficile in Northern Ireland, and includes key points, a comprehensive�overview of all C. diff infections, rates, trends, age-specific information�and statistical process control charts. The report also provides information on surveillance methods and data for each hospital and Health and Social Care Trust in Northern Ireland.

S.aureus bacteraemia surveillance quarterly report: October - December 2012

This quarterly report provides epidemiological data on�S. aureus�in Northern Ireland, including overall infection�figures as well as those specific to MRSA and MSSA. The report highlights key points, rates, trends and statistical process control charts. The report also provides information on surveillance methods and data for each hospital and Health and Social Care Trust in Northern Ireland

Temporal distribution of dengue virus serotypes in Colombian endemic area and dengue incidence: re-introduction of dengue-3 associated to mild febrile illness and primary infection

We have investigated the temporal distribution of dengue (DEN) virus serotypes in the department (state) of Santander, Colombia, in relation to dengue incidence, infection pattern, and severity of disease. Viral isolation was attended on a total of 1452 acute serum samples collected each week from 1998 to 2004. The infection pattern was evaluated in 596 laboratory-positive dengue cases using an IgG ELISA, and PRNT test. The dengue incidence was documented by the local health authority. Predominance of DEN-1 in 1998 and DEN-3 re-introduction and predominance in 2001-2003 coincided with outbreaks. Predominance of DEN-2 in 2000-2001 coincided with more dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). DEN-4 was isolated in 2000-2001 and 2004 but was not predominant. There was an annual increase of primary dengue infections (from 13.7 to 81.4%) that correlated with frequency of DEN-3 (r = 0.83; P = 0.038). From the total number of primary dengue infections DEN-3 (81.3%) was the most frequent serotype. DHF was more frequent in DEN-2 infected patients than in DEN-3 infected patients: 27.5 vs 10.9% (P < 0.05). DEN-3 viruses belonged to subtype C (restriction site-specific-polymerase chain reaction) like viruses isolated in Sri-Lanka and other countries in the Americas. Our findings show the importance of continuous virological surveillance to identify the risk factors of dengue epidemics and severity.

Surveillance of influenza in Northern Ireland 2012-2013

The 2012/13 influenza season started earlier than in 2011/12; however it lasted longer, with GP consultation rates being elevated for approximately four months. Clinical indices began to increase in late December and peaked in early January, with the only two instances of community syndromic indicators exceeding the baseline threshold occurring in this month. GP influenza-like illness consultation rates in 2012/13 were higher than those in the 2011/12 season for the majority of the season but remained low overall.Overall no one age-group appeared predominantly affected; however, older adults predominated during the peak period, with rates increasing in children during February. Rates for those aged 65 and over increased late in the season, and this was associated with influenza outbreaks in care homes for the elderly.

S. aureus surveillance report quarter ending 1 April 2013 to 30 June 2013

S. aureus surveillance report quarter ending 1 April 2013 to 30 June 2013

C.difficle surveillance report 1 April 2013 to 30 June 2013

C.difficle surveillance report quarter ending 1 April 2013 to 30 June 2013

Increased resistance to first-line agents among bacterial pathogens isolated from urinary tract infections in Latin America: time for local guidelines?

Emerging resistance phenotypes and antimicrobial resistance rates among pathogens recovered from community-acquired urinary tract infections (CA-UTI) is an increasing problem in specific regions, limiting therapeutic options. As part of the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, a total of 611 isolates were collected in 2003 from patients with CA-UTI presenting at Latin American medical centers. Each strain was tested in a central laboratory using Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) broth microdilution methods with appropriate controls. Escherichia coli was the leading pathogen (66%), followed by Klebsiella spp. (7%), Proteus mirabilis (6.4%), Enterococcus spp. (5.6%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.6%). Surprisingly high resistance rates were recorded for E. coli against first-line orally administered agents for CA-UTI, such as ampicillin (53.6%), TMP/SMX (40.4%), ciprofloxacin (21.6%), and gatifloxacin (17.1%). Decreased susceptibility rates to TMP/SMX and ciprofloxacin were also documented for Klebsiella spp. (79.1 and 81.4%, respectively), and P. mirabilis (71.8 and 84.6%, respectively). For Enterococcus spp., susceptibility rates to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and vancomycin were 88.2, 85.3, 55.9, and 97.1%, respectively. High-level resistance to gentamicin was detected in 24% of Enterococcus spp. Bacteria isolated from patients with CA-UTI in Latin America showed limited susceptibility to orally administered antimicrobials, especially for TMP/SMX and fluoroquinolones. Our results highlight the need for developing specific CA-UTI guidelines in geographic regions where elevated resistance to new and old compounds may influence prescribing decisions.

HIV surveillance in Northern Ireland 2013 : An analysis of data for the calendar year 2012.

This report aims to provide an overview of HIV epidemiology in Northern Ireland by collating and analysing information from a number of sources. Although it reflects epidemiological trends over time, its main focus will be on data collected in 2012.

Taeniasis-cysticercosis in Southern Ecuador: assessment of infection status using multiple laboratory diagnostic tools

Taenia solium-taeniasis and cysticercosis were studied in the human and porcine populations of a rural community in the Southern Ecuadorian Andes. From the 1059 inhabitants, 800 serum samples and 958 stool samples could be collected. In addition, 646 from the estimated 1148 pigs were tongue inspected. Circulating antigen was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (Ag-ELISA) in 2.25% of the human population, whereas intestinal taeniasis was detected in 1.46% by the formalin-ether technique. Following treatment and recovery of tapeworm fragments these were all identified as T. solium. Porcine cysticercosis was diagnosed in 3.56% of the pigs by tongue inspection. In addition, enzyme linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB) was performed on a subset group of 100 humans to confirm the results of the Ag-ELISA. One hundred serum samples from pigs were also analysed by EITB. It appeared that 43 and 74% of humans and pigs had antibodies against T. solium cysticerci, respectively. It is concluded that contrary to the high exposure of the human population to T. solium that is suggested by EITB, the number of active cysticercosis cases, diagnosed by Ag-ELISA, was low, which may indicate endemic stability. The further use of complementary diagnostic methods for a better understanding of the epidemiology of T. solium is suggested.