Classe, raça e acesso ao ensino superior no Brasil

Este artigo apresenta evidências produzidas a partir da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios de 2006 sobre as relações entre classe, raça e acesso ao ensino superior. O objetivo é preencher a lacuna de conhecimento que ainda persiste sobre o tema, a despeito do intenso debate público sobre a adoção de políticas de promoção de acesso equitativo ao ensino superior para negros ou para pobres. Os indicadores apresentados apontam a existência de associações entre classe, raça e acesso ao ensino superior para além dos efeitos das relações entre classe, raça e término do ensino médio. Conclui apontando a necessidade simultânea de quotas sociais e raciais para atingir o objetivo de atacar a desigualdade de acesso à universidade.

Estudantes surdos no ensino superior: reflexões sobre a inclusão

O objetivo deste estudo é compreender a vivência universitária de estudantes surdos que frequentaram escolas bilíngues e se identificam com a cultura surda. O ponto de partida foi uma pesquisa de campo com cinco jovens - três moças e dois rapazes, com idades entre 21 e 27 anos - matriculados em cursos de graduação por no mínimo três semestres. O trabalho consistiu em entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas, aplicadas por uma bolsista surda e gravadas em vídeo e, depois, traduzidas para a língua portuguesa e submetidas à análise de conteúdo. Os resultados descrevem o desafio da adaptação dos sujeitos surdos a um universo majoritariamente ouvinte, as dificuldades de transitar entre a língua de sinais e a língua portuguesa, a necessidade de manter referenciais identitários valorizados aos olhos dos ouvintes, além da importância de reorganizar as estratégias de ensino e de avaliar a participação do intérprete de língua de sinais.

Correio eletrônico como recurso didático no ensino superior: o caso da Universidade Federal do Ceará

O correio eletrônico é uma aplicação popular da Internet, constituindo-se um incentivo para os professores integrarem esse recurso tecnológico em suas disciplinas, podendo ser utilizado como uma técnica para aprimoramento do ensino-aprendizagem. Algumas disciplinas de cursos de graduação e de mestrado da Universidade Federal do Ceará vêm contemplando os alunos matriculados com a utilização do correio eletrônico, com o propósito de melhorar o intercâmbio das informações entre os alunos e entre estes e os professores. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo fundamental avaliar a opinião dos alunos sobre o uso do correio eletrônico e o sucesso instrucional proporcionado pela sua utilização. Aplicou-se um instrumento, contendo duas escalas de opinião, em uma amostra aleatória de 123 alunos de disciplinas que usam o correio eletrônico. Observou-se que somente 27,6% dos entrevistados apresentaram alto nível de concordância nos 13 itens da escala referentes à utilização do correio eletrônico como recurso. No entanto, 72,5% dos respondentes à escala com 12 itens sobre o sucesso instrucional e a troca de experiências apresentaram alto nível de concordância.

Promovendo a argumentação no ensino superior de química

Studies have demonstrated the importance of argumentation in science education. Based on this assertion, we have tried to develop argumentative abilities in chemistry undergraduate students through a teaching methodology based on case studies. The process culminated with class presentations by student groups about possible solutions for the cases. To assess the quality of students' argumentation, videotapes of group presentations were collected and analyzed using Toulmin's Argument Pattern (TAP). TAP illustrates the nature of an argument in terms of claims, data, warrants, backings, and rebuttals. The findings of this work support the idea that the case study approach is an effective strategy for enhancing students' ability to argument.

Artigos científicos como recurso didático no ensino superior de Química

Chemistry teachers increasingly use research articles in their undergraduate courses. This trend arises from current pedagogical emphasis on active learning and scientific process. In this paper, we describe some educational experiences on the use of research articles in chemistry higher education. Additionally, we present our own conclusions on the use of such methodology applied to a scientific communication course offered to undergraduate chemistry students at the University of São Paulo, Brazil.

Implantação das diretrizes curriculares nacionais para formação de professores de química em uma instituição federal de ensino superior: desafios e perspectivas

The Curricular Proposals for Chemistry Teaching Courses aim at producing a reflexive-researcher teacher, who will be able to deal with cross-disciplinary subjects. The challenge faced by the majority of the federal universities, in implementing these guidelines, is to attain these objectives inside their departmental structure. We present here the formulation of the Chemistry Teaching Course Pedagogic Project from Federal University of Pelotas concerning on the CNE/CP 1/2002 and 2/2002 Resolutions. We discuss the impact of these Proposals, the difficulties faced and the new perspectives of organization inside of these institutions, which resulted in new spaces with cross-disciplinary and cross-departmental orientation.

Formação docente no ensino superior de Química: contribuições dos programas de aperfeiçoamento de ensino

The literature on the challenges of teacher education in undergraduate chemistry teaching is limited. In the present study, the application of didactic proposals elaborated by two authors of this paper, graduate students and teaching assistants of the teaching improvement program at University of São Paulo, was investigated in terms of their contribution to the teaching assistants' education and undergraduate students' receptivity toward them. Such proposals were based on the jigsaw cooperative learning strategy and applied in two undergraduate courses. The results indicate students' good receptivity and suggest their importance to teaching assistants' education.

Jogos de empresa: aplicação à gestão da qualidade no ensino superior de química

Business games have become a popular choice of pedagogical technique for teaching in higher education. The objective of a business game is to offer students the opportunity to learn by doing, engaging them in a simulated experience of the real-world. This paper discusses how a business game has been played by undergraduate chemistry students in a Quality Management course. The responses from the teaching evaluation questionnaires revealed that they not only improved their quality management practices, but also enjoyed working in teams. The level of participation by students was good and the classroom activities provided a meaningful learning experience.

O ensino superior de química: reflexões a partir de conceitos básicos para a química orgânica

We live in a context in which knowledge develops continuously and rapidly. This generates a social dynamics that demands constant adaptation from those living in society and also from educational institutions. Education for this new society needs to be rethought. Universities, anchored in tradition, still use a transmission/reception model of education. A data-collecting instrument applied to undergraduate chemistry students at the end of the course in organic chemistry investigated some concepts essential to the education of a chemist, such as interatomic and intermolecular interactions and Lewis structure. We observed that students have difficulty dealing with these concepts, and we believe that this is related to the type of class they had/have and to the way the concepts are presented in the college textbooks.

O conceito de eletronegatividade na educação básica e no ensino superior

The goal of this study was to examine the means used by textbook authors to introduce, define, and explain the electronegativity concept in high school and introductory college chemistry textbooks. Results obtained showed that most textbooks lacked history precedence and did not deal with the conceptual understanding and manifesting a strong standardization of characteristics that, from our point of view, do not favor the teaching-learning of the electronegativity concept.

Investigando a presença da história da ciência em livros didáticos de Química Geral para o ensino superior

This paper aims at analyzing the history of science content of three general chemistry textbooks used in Brazilian universities: the translations of Kotz and Treichel's Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity, Atkins and Jones's Chemical Principles, and Garritz and Chamizo's Química. Results revealed different trends for the inclusion of history of science in chemistry teaching. Kotz & Treichel and Atkins & Jones used history mainly as curiosity and ornament. Garritz & Chamizo adopted the historical approach as one of the organizing axis of their textbook. Nevertheless, the historical content of the three textbooks may be criticized from current historiographical standpoint.

A retórica da linguagem científica: das bases teóricas à elaboração de material didático para o ensino superior de Química

This work is part of a study that focused on analyzing the contributions of didactic activities related to scientific language rhetoric characteristics aimed at developing students' abilities to identify such characteristics in chemistry scientific texts and critical reading of those texts. In this study, we present the theoretical basis adopted to determine the scientific discourse characteristics and for the production of the didactic material used in those activities. Latour, Coracini and Campanario studies on persuasive rhetorical strategies present in scientific articles aided the production of such material.

COMUNICAÇÃO CIENTÍFICA NO ENSINO SUPERIOR DE QUÍMICA: UMA REVISÃO

The importance of teaching scientific communication skills in undergraduate chemistry courses is well recognized. This paper provides an overview of didactic activities in which students engage to improve these skills. The study was based on an extensive literature review performed on the Journal of Chemical Education and on the Journal of College Science Teaching, in the years spanning from 1991 to 2010, and on The Chemical Educator, from 1996 to 2010. The findings from the study provided an opportunity to expand the knowledge on the variety of methods and contents used to teach scientific communication skills in undergraduate chemistry education, as well as to deepen our understanding of the effects of different approaches to teaching on performance in practice.