Second-best tax policy in a growing economy with externalities

This paper investigates the exploitation of environmental resources in a growing economy within a second-best scal policy framework. Agents derive utility from two types of consumption goods one which relies on an environmental input and one which does not as well as from leisure and from environmental amenity values. Property rights for the environmental resource are potentially incomplete. We connect second best policy to essential components of utility by considering the elasticity of substitution among each of the four utility arguments. The results illustrate potentially important relationships between environmental amentity values and leisure. When amenity values are complementary with leisure, for instance when environmental amenities are used for recreation, taxes on extractive goods generally increase over time. On the other hand, optimal taxes on extractive goods generally decrease over time when leisure and environmental amenity values are substitutes. Unders some parameterizations, complex dynamics leading to nonmonotonic time paths for the state variables can emerge.

A Synoptic View of a Coastal Plain Estuary.

During October, 1972 the Patuxent River Estuary was monitored intensively and synoptically over two tidal cycles to determine the spatial and temporal patterns of various hydrodynamic, chemical and biological features. Forty-one depths at eleven stations along nine transects were sampled simultaneously at hourly intervals for salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, chlorohyll a, particulate nitrogen, nitrate, nitrite, total kjeldahl nitrogen, ammonia, particulate carbohydrate, dissolved organic carbon, total hydrolizable phosphorous, dissolved inorganic phosphorous, suspended sediment, particle size distribution, and zooplankton. Tidal velocity was continuously monitored at each depth by recording current meters. Riverine input and meteorological conditions were relatively stable for two weeks preceeding the deployment. This communication describes the calculation of the intrinsic rates of change of the observed variables from their measured distributions in the Estuary. The steady-state, one-dimensional equation of species continuity is employed to separate the advection and tidal dispersion of a hydrodynamically passive substance frbm its intrinsic rate of change at point. A new spatial transform is introduced for the purpose of interpolation and extrapolation of data.The intrinsic rate of change profiles reveal a region of heavy bloom activity in the upper estuary and a secondary bloom near the point in the River that most of the suspended material settles out. The changes in ammonia and nitrates are highly correlated to the productivity patterns. Phosphorous rates are less closely correlated to productivity. The perturbations that the Chalk Point steam electric power plant have on the heat and oxygen balances are easily discernible.

Stability of Switched Feedback Time-Varying Dynamic Systems Based on the Properties of the Gap Metric for Operators

The stabilization of dynamic switched control systems is focused on and based on an operator-based formulation. It is assumed that the controlled object and the controller are described by sequences of closed operator pairs (L, C) on a Hilbert space H of the input and output spaces and it is related to the existence of the inverse of the resulting input-output operator being admissible and bounded. The technical mechanism addressed to get the results is the appropriate use of the fact that closed operators being sufficiently close to bounded operators, in terms of the gap metric, are also bounded. That philosophy is followed for the operators describing the input-output relations in switched feedback control systems so as to guarantee the closed-loop stabilization.

Report of the second STREAM regional conference. Tagaytay City, Philippines 8-10 June 2003

The Second STREAM Regional Conference was held in Tagaytay City, Philippines, from 8-10 June 2003 with the participation of 23 people from Australia, Cambodia, India, Nepal, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam and Yunnan (China). Following a regional overview of STREAM’s themes, country partners, donors and funding, and activities, participants visited four “stations” on the themes of livelihoods, institutions, policy development, and communications, working in groups representing National Coordinators, Communications Hub Managers, and Partners. They engaged in discussions with a “station leader” and each other to learn about and comment on objectives, activities, outcomes and outputs, and to consider issues that need addressing in STREAM. (PDF has 49 pages.)

Applications of in situ Fluorometers in Nearshore waters, Cape Elizabeth, Maine, February 2-4,2005: workshop proceedings

The Alliance for Coastal Technologies (ACT) Workshop "Applications of in situ Fluorometers in Nearshore Waters" was held in Cape Elizabeth, Maine, February 2-4,2005, with sponsorship by the Gulf of Maine Ocean Observing System (GoMOOS), one of the ACT partner organization. The purpose of the workshop was to explore recent trends in fluorometry as it relates to resource management applications in nearshore environments. Participants included representatives from state and federal environmental management agencies as well as research institutions, many of whom are currently using this technology in their research and management applications. Manufacturers and developers of fluorometric measuring systems also attended the meeting. The Workshop attendees discussed the historical and present uses of fluorometry technology and identified the great potential for its use by coastal managers to fulfill their regulatory and management objectives. Participants also identified some of the challenges associated with the correct use of Fluorometers to estimate biomass and the rate of primary productivity. The Workshop concluded that in order to expand the existing use of fluorometers in both academic and resource management disciplines, several issues concerning data collection, instrument calibration, and data interpretation needed to be addressed. Participants identified twelve recommendations, the top five of which are listed below: Recommendations 1) Develop a "Guide" that describes the most important aspects of fluorescence measurements. This guide should be written by an expert party, with both research and industry input, and should be distributed by all manufacturers with their instrumentation. The guide should also be made available on the ACT website as well as those of other relevant organizations. The guide should include discussions on the following topics: The benefits of using fluorometers in research and resource management applications; What fluorometers can and cannot provide in terms of measurements; The necessary assumptions required before applying fluorometry; Characterization and calibration of fluorometers; (pdf contains 32 pages)

Nonlinear dynamic transfer functions for certain retinal neuronal systems

The applicability of the white-noise method to the identification of a nonlinear system is investigated. Subsequently, the method is applied to certain vertebrate retinal neuronal systems and nonlinear, dynamic transfer functions are derived which describe quantitatively the information transformations starting with the light-pattern stimulus and culminating in the ganglion response which constitutes the visually-derived input to the brain. The retina of the catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, is used for the experiments.

The Wiener formulation of the white-noise theory is shown to be impractical and difficult to apply to a physical system. A different formulation based on crosscorrelation techniques is shown to be applicable to a wide range of physical systems provided certain considerations are taken into account. These considerations include the time-invariancy of the system, an optimum choice of the white-noise input bandwidth, nonlinearities that allow a representation in terms of a small number of characterizing kernels, the memory of the system and the temporal length of the characterizing experiment. Error analysis of the kernel estimates is made taking into account various sources of error such as noise at the input and output, bandwidth of white-noise input and the truncation of the gaussian by the apparatus.

Nonlinear transfer functions are obtained, as sets of kernels, for several neuronal systems: Light → Receptors, Light → Horizontal, Horizontal → Ganglion, Light → Ganglion and Light → ERG. The derived models can predict, with reasonable accuracy, the system response to any input. Comparison of model and physical system performance showed close agreement for a great number of tests, the most stringent of which is comparison of their responses to a white-noise input. Other tests include step and sine responses and power spectra.

Many functional traits are revealed by these models. Some are: (a) the receptor and horizontal cell systems are nearly linear (small signal) with certain "small" nonlinearities, and become faster (latency-wise and frequency-response-wise) at higher intensity levels, (b) all ganglion systems are nonlinear (half-wave rectification), (c) the receptive field center to ganglion system is slower (latency-wise and frequency-response-wise) than the periphery to ganglion system, (d) the lateral (eccentric) ganglion systems are just as fast (latency and frequency response) as the concentric ones, (e) (bipolar response) = (input from receptors) - (input from horizontal cell), (f) receptive field center and periphery exert an antagonistic influence on the ganglion response, (g) implications about the origin of ERG, and many others.

An analytical solution is obtained for the spatial distribution of potential in the S-space, which fits very well experimental data. Different synaptic mechanisms of excitation for the external and internal horizontal cells are implied.

Exploitation of soil biota ecosystem services in agriculture: a bioeconomic approach

24 p.

I. A recirculating charged-couple device. II. The mercury selenide on N-silicon Schottky barrier

A recirculating charge-coupled device structure has been devised. Entrance and exit gates allow a signal to be admitted, recirculated a given number of times, and then examined. In this way a small device permits simulation of a very long shift register without passing the signal through input and output diffusions. An oscilloscope motion picture demonstrating degradation of an actual circulating signal has been made. The performance of the device in simulating degradation of a signal by a very long shift register is well fit by a simple model based on transfer inefficiency.

Electrical properties of the mercury selenide on n-type chemically-cleaned silicon Schottky barrier have been studied. Barrier heights measured were 0.96 volts for the photoresponse technique and 0.90 volts for the current-voltage technique. These are the highest barriers yet reported on n-type silicon.

Radiation from a short electric dipole antenna in a hot uniaxial plasma

The effects of electron temperature on the radiation fields and the resistance of a short dipole antenna embedded in a uniaxial plasma have been studied. It is found that for ω < ω_p the antenna excites two waves, a slow wave and a fast wave. These waves propagate only within a cone whose axis is parallel to the biasing magnetostatic field B_o and whose semicone angle is slightly less than sin ^(-1) (ω/ω_p). In the case of ω > ω_p the antenna excites two separate modes of radiation. One of the modes is the electromagnetic mode, while the other mode is of hot plasma origin. A characteristic interference structure is noted in the angular distribution of the field. The far fields are evaluated by asymptotic methods, while the near fields are calculated numerically. The effects of antenna length ℓ, electron thermal speed, collisional and Landau damping on the near field patterns have been studied.

The input and the radiation resistances are calculated and are shown to remain finite for nonzero electron thermal velocities. The effect of Landau damping and the antenna length on the input and radiation resistances has been considered.

The radiation condition for solving Maxwell's equations is discussed and the phase and group velocities for propagation given. It is found that for ω < ω_p in the radial direction (cylindrical coordinates) the power flow is in the opposite direction to that of the phase propagation. For ω > ω_p the hot plasma mode has similar characteristics.

Generation of millimeter-wave in optical pulse carrier by using an apodized Moire fiber grating

A novel scheme is proposed to transform a Gaussian pulse to a millimeter-wave frequency modulation pulse by using an apodized Moire fiber Bragg grating in radio-over-fiber system. The relation between the input and output pulses is analyzed theoretically by Fourier transformation method and the requirements for the proposed fiber grating are presented. An apodized Moire fiber Bragg grating is designed and its characteristics are studied. It is shown that the proposed device is feasible, and the new scheme is believed to be an effective solution for the generation of millimeter-wave sub-carrier in future radio-over-fiber systems. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A Direct Approach to Robustness Optimization

This dissertation reformulates and streamlines the core tools of robustness analysis for linear time invariant systems using now-standard methods in convex optimization. In particular, robust performance analysis can be formulated as a primal convex optimization in the form of a semidefinite program using a semidefinite representation of a set of Gramians. The same approach with semidefinite programming duality is applied to develop a linear matrix inequality test for well-connectedness analysis, and many existing results such as the Kalman-Yakubovich--Popov lemma and various scaled small gain tests are derived in an elegant fashion. More importantly, unlike the classical approach, a decision variable in this novel optimization framework contains all inner products of signals in a system, and an algorithm for constructing an input and state pair of a system corresponding to the optimal solution of robustness optimization is presented based on this information. This insight may open up new research directions, and as one such example, this dissertation proposes a semidefinite programming relaxation of a cardinality constrained variant of the H ∞ norm, which we term sparse H ∞ analysis, where an adversarial disturbance can use only a limited number of channels. Finally, sparse H ∞ analysis is applied to the linearized swing dynamics in order to detect potential vulnerable spots in power networks.

Estructura de los flujos de entrada y salida de los fondos

This project is a study of the input and output flows of the investment funds which is divided into three parts. The first part, from section one to ten, is a theoretical part on investment funds in order to have an overview of the product exposed. The types of funds, their applicable fees and other information of interest are treated in this part as important issues. In the second part, the section twelve include all data on which work is to be exposed. This section analyzes the general performance of the funds, for this purpose a sample of the most significant years is used. In the third and last finally part, at section thirteen, it is made an econometric analysis with the dates previously exposed where some conclusions are extracted about what are the reasons for investment inflows and outflows in variable income assets.

Problemas direto e inverso de processos de separação em leito móvel simulado mediante mecanismos cinéticos de adsorção

Diversas aplicações industriais relevantes envolvem os processos de adsorção, citando como exemplos a purificação de produtos, separação de substâncias, controle de poluição e umidade entre outros. O interesse crescente pelos processos de purificação de biomoléculas deve-se principalmente ao desenvolvimento da biotecnologia e à demanda das indústrias farmacêutica e química por produtos com alto grau de pureza. O leito móvel simulado (LMS) é um processo cromatográfico contínuo que tem sido aplicado para simular o movimento do leito de adsorvente, de forma contracorrente ao movimento do líquido, através da troca periódica das posições das correntes de entrada e saída, sendo operado de forma contínua, sem prejuízo da pureza das correntes de saída. Esta consiste no extrato, rico no componente mais fortemente adsorvido, e no rafinado, rico no componente mais fracamente adsorvido, sendo o processo particularmente adequado a separações binárias. O objetivo desta tese é estudar e avaliar diferentes abordagens utilizando métodos estocásticos de otimização para o problema inverso dos fenômenos envolvidos no processo de separação em LMS. Foram utilizados modelos discretos com diferentes abordagens de transferência de massa, com a vantagem da utilização de um grande número de pratos teóricos em uma coluna de comprimento moderado, neste processo a separação cresce à medida que os solutos fluem através do leito, isto é, ao maior número de vezes que as moléculas interagem entre a fase móvel e a fase estacionária alcançando assim o equilíbrio. A modelagem e a simulação verificadas nestas abordagens permitiram a avaliação e a identificação das principais características de uma unidade de separação do LMS. A aplicação em estudo refere-se à simulação de processos de separação do Baclofen e da Cetamina. Estes compostos foram escolhidos por estarem bem caracterizados na literatura, estando disponíveis em estudos de cinética e de equilíbrio de adsorção nos resultados experimentais. De posse de resultados experimentais avaliou-se o comportamento do problema direto e inverso de uma unidade de separação LMS visando comparar os resultados obtidos com os experimentais, sempre se baseando em critérios de eficiência de separação entre as fases móvel e estacionária. Os métodos estudados foram o GA (Genetic Algorithm) e o PCA (Particle Collision Algorithm) e também foi feita uma hibridização entre o GA e o PCA. Como resultado desta tese analisouse e comparou-se os métodos de otimização em diferentes aspectos relacionados com o mecanismo cinético de transferência de massa por adsorção e dessorção entre as fases sólidas do adsorvente.

Management of mangrove areas in Calauag Bay, Quezon Province, Philippines

The findings are presented of a study conducted in Calauag Bay, Quezon Province, Philippines in order to estimate resource rent of mangrove areas converted to fishpond production. The rents were calculated based on the technology practised by the farmers and the prices of inputs and outputs that prevailed during the study period. The major causes of mangrove depletion are cutting of mangroves for fuelwood and charcoal and clearing for fishpond development. It was concluded that there is justification for the government to increase the feed which could be used to rehabilitate the inland-coastal fisheries to improve productivity and ensure sustainability of the ecosystem for future generations.

Sistema inteligente com entrada e saída remota sem fio.

Este trabalho avalia o desempenho de um controlador fuzzy (tipo Takagi-Sugeno-Kang) quando, utilizando tecnologia sem fio para conectar as entradas e a saída do controlador aos sensores/atuadores, sofre perda das informações destes canais, resultado de perdas de pacotes. Tipicamente são utilizados controladores PID nas malhas de controle. Assim, o estudo realizado compara os resultados obtidos com os controladores fuzzy com os resultados dos controladores PID. Além disso, o trabalho visa estudar o comportamento deste controlador implementado em uma arquitetura microprocessada utilizando números inteiros nos cálculos, interpolação com segmentos de reta para as funções de pertinência da entrada e singletons nas funções de pertinência da saída. Para esse estudo foi utilizado, num ambiente Matlab/Simulink, um controlador fuzzy e o aplicativo True Time para simular o ambiente sem fio. Desenvolvido pelo Departamento de Controle Automático da Universidade de Lund, o True Time é baseado no Matlab/Simulink e fornece todas as ferramentas necessárias para a criação de um ambiente de rede (com e sem fio) virtual. Dado o paradigma de que quanto maior for a utilização do canal, maior a degradação do mesmo, é avaliado o comportamento do sistema de controle e uma proposta para diminuir o impacto da perda de pacotes no controle do sistema, bem como o impacto da variação das características internas da planta e da arquitetura utilizada na rede. Inicialmente são realizados ensaios utilizando-se o controlador fuzzy virtual (Simulink) e, posteriormente, o controlador implementado com dsPIC. Ao final, é apresentado um resumo desses ensaios e a comprovação dos bons resultados obtidos com um controlador fuzzy numa malha de controle utilizando uma rede na entrada e na saída do controlador.