Effectiveness and Challenges of Three Economic Corridors of the Greater Mekong Sub-region

Since the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS) program began in 1992, activities have expanded and flourished. The three economic corridors are composed of the East-West, North-South, and Southern; these are the most important parts of the flagship program. This article presents an evaluation of these economic corridors and their challenges in accordance with the regional distribution of population and income, population pyramids of member countries, and trade relations of member economies.

Family Business in Mexico: Responses to Human Resource Limitations and Management Succession

Indigenous firms in Mexico, as in most developing countries, take the shape of family businesses. Regardless of size, the most predominant ones are those owned and managed by one or more families or descendent families of the founders. From the point of view of economics and business administration, family business is considered to have variety of limitations when it seeks to grow. One of the serious limitations is concerning human resource, which is revealed at the time of management succession. Big family businesses in Mexico deal with human resource limitations adopting measures such as the education and training of the successors, the establishment of management structure that makes control by the owner family possible and divisions of roles among the owner family members, and between the owner family members and the salaried managers. Institutionalization is a strategy that considerable number of family businesses have adopted in order to undergo the succession process without committing serious errors. Institutionalization is observed in such aspects as the establishment of the requisite condition to be met by the candidate of future successor and the screening by an institution which is independent of the owner family. At present these measures allow for the continuation of family businesses in an extremely competitive environment.

Human Capital Investment and Poverty Reduction over Generations: A Case from the Rural Philippines, 1979-2003

This paper attempts to identify a pathway out of poverty over generations in the rural Philippines, based on long-term panel data spanning for nearly a quarter of a century. Specifically, it sequentially examines the determinants of schooling, subsequent occupational choices, and current non-farm earnings for the same individuals. We found that an initial rise in parental income, brought about by the land reform and the Green Revolution, among other things, improves the schooling of children, which later allows them to obtain remunerative non-farm jobs. These results suggest that the increased agricultural income, improved human capital through schooling and the development of non-farm sectors are the keys to reducing poverty in the long run. It must be also pointed out that the recent development of the rural non-farm sector offers ample employment opportunities for the less educated, which also significantly contributed to the poverty reduction.

What best transfers knowledge? : capital, goods, and innovative labor in East Asia

This paper compares three knowledge carriers—trade, foreign direct investment (FDI), and inventors—as knowledge mediums, and investigates their effects on knowledge flow in East Asia from 1996 to 2010. Using patent citations as a proxy for knowledge flow, this paper shows that FDI and inventor mobility have positive effects on increasing patent citations in East Asia when the technological portfolios of two countries are less similar. While trade shows statistical significance, the effect is inconsistent according to the regression models.

c&d-learning implementation architecture: Adapting e-learning to developing countries

From the educational point of view, the most widespread method in developing countries is on-site education. Technical and economic resources cannot support conventional distance learning infrastructures and it is even worse for courses in universities. They usually suffer a lack of qualified faculty staff, especially in technical degrees. The literature suggest that e-learning is a suitable solution for this problem, but its methods are developed attending to educational necessities of the First World and cannot be applied directly to other contexts. The proposed methodology is a variant of traditional e-learning adapted to the needs of developing countries. E-learning for Cooperation and Development (c&d-learning) is oriented to be used for educational institutions without adequate technical or human resources. In this paper we describe the c&d-learning implementation architecture based on three main phases: hardware, communication and software; e.g. computer and technical equipping, internet accessing and e-learning platform adaptation. Proper adaptation of educational contents to c&d-learning is discussed and a real case of application in which the authors are involved is described: the Ngozi University at Burundi.

Alternativa a la fabricación de costillas con otros materiales compuestos

La investigación tiene como objetivo establecer los valores organizacionales que afectan la productividad. El trabajo empírico se desarrolló en una muestra intencional de 142 PYMES del sector metalmecánico de Venezuela. Se consultó a un panel de expertos a fin de determinar la importancia relativa de estos valores en la productividad. Fueron sometidos a evaluación 22 valores. Los valores que resultaron más importantes son: Recurso Humano, Calidad, Trabajo en equipo, Responsabilidad y Seguridad. Se recomienda a la PYME metalmecánica Venezolana, orientar esfuerzos hacia la promoción y puesta en práctica de este Sistema de Valores, pues tan sólo Recurso Humano y Calidad son los valores que tienen una mayor presencia en sus filosofías de gestión. The research aims to establish the organizational values that affect productivity. The empirical work was conducted in a purposive sample of 142 SMEs in the engineering sector in Venezuela. We consulted a panel of experts to determine the relative importance of these values on productivity. Were evaluated at 22 values. The values that were most important are: Human Resources, Quality, Teamwork, Responsibility and Safety. SMEs are encouraged to Venezuelan metalworking, focusing efforts towards the promotion and implementation of this system of values, as only Human Resources and Quality are the values that are more active in their management philosophies.

Políticas de esfuerzo combinado económico-laboral en la retención y atracción del conocimiento científico: un estudio del caso español

El objetivo de este trabajo es la aportación de un caso que evidencie la importancia de realizar esfuerzos tanto en el terreno económico como en el laboral para conseguir una adecuada retención y atracción del conocimiento científico. Para ello, se analizan los datos de un estudio que destaca estas cuestiones para un país como España, que necesita urgentemente mejorar su balance de movilidad investigadora. Los resultados confirman la importancia de la aplicación de estas medidas y las debilidades que presenta en este tipo de políticas el sistema nacional de investigación, desarrollo e innovación (I+D+i). Abstract: The goal of this paper is to disclose a case study which highlights the impor tance of realising effor ts at an economic and labour scale in order to reach an adequate retention and attraction of scientific knowledge. Although science has evolved during different periods through the flow of mankind and ideas, studies about international mobility of scientists are recent in time. It started mid XXth century with the brain drain phenomenon. To alleviate the loss of scientists, countries have disclosed different politics. Some countries like Singapore, Southern Korea, India and China have been successful in bringing scientists back home. Those countries have made huge effor ts in human resources investments and scientific infrastructures, so as to enforce their national R&D&I systems. Despite such experiences and despite the increasement in terms of evidences related with international scientific mobility, few studies and figures have been disclosed. The goal of this current work is to disclose data, which backs up the liability of such kind of politics that combine effor ts in economic and labour terms. For that reason, data has been analyzed from a study which highlights these key aspects for a country like Spain and which recently established a wide range of politics in order to attract scientists. Despite the increasement of financial resources, such politics have turned out unable to reach a proper balance in terms of mobility research. Such data as well as it analysis comes from the development of an annual survey to Spanish scientists during the period 2008- 2011. Based on sample data and analysis an expectations index for the coming year has been constructed. This compares the level of confidence which related the support and prestige of their national R&D&I systems in which they operate. Two groups where surveyed: young researchers which currently work in Spain and as a group are more likely to go working abroad and Spanish scientists who are currently working abroad. Samples were obtained for young researchers were the following: 2008 (217), 2009 (270), 2010 (390) and 2011 (610). In the case of Spanish scientists abroad, the following data were obtained: 2008 (218), 2009 (250), 2010 (241) and 2011 (167). Both groups assume simple random sampling, with a level of confidence of 95%. The results obtained confirm the importance of this combined effor t of labor and economic policies which presents weaknesses of Spanish national R&D&I systems and its application, so that Spain becomes a pole of excellence in terms of attraction and retention of scientific knowledge.

Spatio-temporal filtering with morphological operators for robust cell migration estimation in "in-vivo" images

The understanding of the embryogenesis in living systems requires reliable quantitative analysis of the cell migration throughout all the stages of development. This is a major challenge of the "in-toto" reconstruction based on different modalities of "in-vivo" imaging techniques -spatio-temporal resolution and image artifacts and noise. Several methods for cell tracking are available, but expensive manual interaction -time and human resources- is always required to enforce coherence. Because of this limitation it is necessary to restrict the experiments or assume an uncontrolled error rate. Is it possible to obtain automated reliable measurements of migration? can we provide a seed for biologists to complete cell lineages efficiently? We propose a filtering technique that considers trajectories as spatio-temporal connected structures that prunes out those that might introduce noise and false positives by using multi-dimensional morphological operators.

Modelo de competencias profesionales para directivos escolares: desarrollo y aplicación al ámbito de la educación particular subvencionada, Chile

La trascendencia de la educación sobre la construcción del capital humano y social, ha sido vastamente discutido, considerando entre otros elementos, la correlación entre las inversiones en educación, las políticas educativas, los actores involucrados, y los efectos que tienen sobre la calidad de la educación. Esto se refleja en los esfuerzos, de los diferentes estamentos, por mejorar los resultados del proceso educativo, intentando construir una sociedad más equitativa en la cual todo individuo pueda tener acceso a una educación de calidad, que permita tener las mismas oportunidades para el desarrollo personal, profesional y social. La educación entonces, pasa a ser un pilar fundamental en los modelos de desarrollo - y un tema de debate constante- en especial en aspectos tales como: resultados de aprendizaje, gestión y efectividad escolar, como ejes para mejorar la construcción del capital humano en la sociedad. En Chile, a partir de un proceso de descentralización de la educación iniciado en los 80, el modelo de planificación y gestión de la educación pública fue transformado, pasando de un modelo centralizado a un enfoque en el cual el establecimiento educacional – el proyecto educativo – adquiere autonomía de gestión que se vuelve determinante en la calidad de la educación. Es al interior de los establecimientos escolares donde los diferentes agentes educativos llevan a cabo los procesos pedagógicos y administrativos, y se generan las condiciones para poder desarrollar una educación de calidad. Durante los últimos 30 años, los esfuerzos se han centrado en las capacidades docentes y en alcanzar la cobertura universal. Sin embargo, en los últimos 10 años la investigación aplicada ha evidenciado que los directores y equipos directivos tienen efectos directos e indirectos sobre la gestión escolar, pedagógica y de convivencia dentro de la escuela a través de su desempeño y liderazgo escolar. Es en este contexto, que se propone esta investigación con el fin de contribuir en el fortalecimiento de las capacidades de estos actores y promover un desempeño que impacte positivamente en la calidad de los aprendizajes en las escuelas Esta tesis se estructura en cinco capítulos. En el primer capítulo, se define y analiza el marco conceptual de la investigación centrado en los dos ejes de este trabajo: por un lado, conceptos de competencia, competencias profesionales; y por otro lado, liderazgo y dirección escolar, definiendo el concepto de competencias profesionales para la dirección escolar. A continuación, en el segundo capítulo, se presenta un análisis del contexto enfocado en el proceso de descentralización de la educación pública en Chile y sus efectos sobre el rol de los directivos escolares en Chile, el cual a través de su proceso de evolución ha transformado las responsabilidades de este estamento, en cuanto la gestión y la administración de los proyectos educativos definiendo un perfil del directivo escolar. Complementariamente, y en función de la gestión directiva, se realiza una conceptualización de buenas prácticas directivas como los instrumentos a través de las cuales se movilizan los elementos de competencia. En el tercer capítulo, se presenta la propuesta de modelo de competencias profesionales para la dirección escolar, como la principal aportación de esta investigación, que se sustenta sobre cuatro componentes como base científica: el enfoque holístico de competencia, el enfoque de dirección de proyectos de la International Project Management Association (IPMA), el paradigma de gestión escolar y el modelo Working with People (WWP). La propuesta considera una metodología de implementación para el desarrollo de procesos de intervención para la mejora de la gestión escolar, articulando las competencias profesionales directivas y las prácticas de gestión, como los principales componentes del modelo. En el cuarto capítulo se presenta la aplicación del modelo propuesto en un estudio de caso desarrollado en el Colegio público Kings´ School de San Bernardo (Chile), un establecimiento particular subvencionado, del área urbana de Santiago con condiciones socioeconómicas media, con un alto porcentaje de vulnerabilidad y cuyos resultados en las pruebas de evaluación nacionales evidencian una caída. La aplicación del modelo se realiza a lo largo del curso 2012-13, trabajando de forma directa con el equipo de dirección, a través de un proyecto de innovación educativa, diseñando e implementando una propuesta de intervención de la cual se sistematizan los resultados y los aprendizajes obtenidos. A partir de la investigación y los resultados obtenidos permiten concluir que el modelo propuesto puede ser considerada una herramienta estratégica de planificación e intervención para la gestión de proyectos educativos, promoviendo que a los equipos directivos contrastar su realidad con los estándares propuestos, y de esta forma poder articular las capacidades – en términos de competencias - de los recursos humanos con las prácticas directivas que buscan lograr los objetivos y resultados esperados, incidiendo positivamente en los resultados de aprendizaje y la calidad educativa. ABSTRACT The importance of education on the construction of human and social capital, has been vastly discussed, considering among other things, the correlation between investments in education, educational policies, stakeholders, and the effects they have on education quality. This is reflected on the efforts of different stakeholders, to improve educational outcomes, trying to build a more equitable society in which every individual can have access to quality education, allowing the same opportunities for personal, professional and social development. Education then becomes a cornerstone at development models - and a topic of constant discussion, especially in areas such as learning outcomes, management and school effectiveness, as core concepts to improve the construction of human capital in the society. In Chile, after a process of decentralization of education that started in the 80s, planning and management model of public education was transformed from a centralized approach to a decentralized perspective in which schools - the educational project - acquires management autonomy and becomes determinant in the quality of education outcomes. It is within the school context where teachers, principals and administrative assistants held teaching and administrative processes, and generates the conditions to develop quality education. During the past 30 years, efforts have been focused on teaching skills and achieve universal coverage. However, in the last 10 years applied research has shown that the principals and management teams have direct and indirect effects on school management, teaching and school environment through their performance and school leadership. This research is proposed within this context in order to contribute to strengthen the capacities of these actors, and promote a professional performance that will positively impact schools´ quality of learning. This thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter defines and analyzes the conceptual framework focused on the two main ideas of this work: first, concepts of competence, professional competence; and secondly, leadership and school management, defining the concept of professional competences for school leadership. Then, in the second chapter is developed a context analysis focused on the process of decentralization of public education in Chile, and its effects on the role of school leaders which through this process has been transformed the responsibilities on management and administration of educational projects, allowing to define a school leader’s profile. In addition, and related to principals´ management, it is proposed a conceptualization of school leadership best practices, as the instruments through which competence elements are mobilized and placed in action. Within chapter three, is presented the proposed model of professional competences for school principals, as the main contribution of this research which is based on four components as scientific basis: holistic competence approach, project management approach from the International Project management Association (IPMA), effective school management paradigm; and Working with People model (WWP). The proposal considers an implementation methodology for the development of intervention processes to improve school management, articulating professional competences and school leadership practices, as main elements of the model. Chapter four presents the implementation of the proposed model, using a case study at the Kings´ School of San Bernardo (Chile), subsidized school located at the urban area of Santiago with average socioeconomic conditions, with a high percentage of vulnerability and whose national educational assessment results show a fall. Model implementation was developed through 2012- 2013, working directly with the management team, through an innovative educational management project, designing and implementing an intervention which processes, results and lessons learned are systematized. Research and obtained results through its implementation indicates that the proposed model can be considered a strategic tool for planning and operational management for educational projects, encouraging the principals to compare their reality with the proposed standards, and thus articulate capacity - in terms of competences – in human resources with principals´ practices to achieve the objectives and expected results, impacting positively on learning outcomes and educational quality.

Desarrollo de una herramienta de gestión de proyectos y recursos en la nube integrada en Salesforce CRM

La actividad de muchas empresas, y en concreto las de software, está basada en proyectos. Típicamente, estas empresas tendrán un modelo de negocio orientado a productos para un mercado abierto, o un modelo de negocio orientado a consultoría para otras empresas. La empresa LeadClic Solutions se incluye en el segundo grupo. Se trata de una consultoría especializada en una tecnología emergente, Salesforce, cuya labor consiste en el desarrollo de aplicaciones cloud en esta plataforma que satisfagan las necesidades de sus clientes, desde empresas relativamente pequeñas hasta grandes empresas internacionales. Ante esta variedad de realidades, LeadClic necesita una herramienta versátil que permita una gestión eficaz de proyectos de distinta índole, integrando al mismo tiempo gestión de clientes, planificación, control de tiempo y costes, seguimiento, y gestión de recursos humanos. En la actualidad, la empresa basa esta gestión en un gran elenco de programas especializados, desatacando hojas de cálculo, herramientas de gestión de proyectos en diversos programas locales o en la nube, correo electrónico, servicios de comunicación y desarrollos personalizados en Salesforce. El objetivo de este Trabajo Fin de Grado es el diseño, implementación y validación de una herramienta en la nube, sobre la plataforma Salesforce, que integre las soluciones a todas las necesidades de la empresa. ---ABSTRACT---Many companies’ activity, in particular software companies’, is based on projects. Typically, these companies have a product for open market - oriented business model, or a B2B consultancy business model. The company LeadClic Solutions is included in the second group. It is a small consultancy, specialized in an emergent technology, Salesforce, that develops cloud applications in that platform to satisfy its clients’ needs, from small companies to big international ones. Faced with this variety of situations, LeadClic needs a versatile tool able to cope with an effective management of projects of different types, integrating at once client management, planning, time and costs control, monitoring, and human resources management. At the moment, the company bases this management on a wide range of specialized programs, such as spreadsheets, local and cloud based project management tools, emailing, communication services and Salesforce based custom developments. This Final Degree Project seeks to design, implement and validate a cloud based tool, on the Salesforce platform, to integrate the solution to all of the company’s needs into one single application.

An Ant Colony System adaptation to deal with accessibility issues after a disaster

One of the main problems relief teams face after a natural or man-made disaster is how to plan rural road repair work tasks to take maximum advantage of the limited available financial and human resources. Previous research focused on speeding up repair work or on selecting the location of health centers to minimize transport times for injured citizens. In spite of the good results, this research does not take into account another key factor: survivor accessibility to resources. In this paper we account for the accessibility issue, that is, we maximize the number of survivors that reach the nearest regional center (cities where economic and social activity is concentrated) in a minimum time by planning which rural roads should be repaired given the available financial and human resources. This is a combinatorial problem since the number of connections between cities and regional centers grows exponentially with the problem size, and exact methods are no good for achieving an optimum solution. In order to solve the problem we propose using an Ant Colony System adaptation, which is based on ants? foraging behavior. Ants stochastically build minimal paths to regional centers and decide if damaged roads are repaired on the basis of pheromone levels, accessibility heuristic information and the available budget. The proposed algorithm is illustrated by means of an example regarding the 2010 Haiti earthquake, and its performance is compared with another metaheuristic, GRASP.

COACHING E MENTORING COMO PRÁTICAS DE COMPARTILHAMENTO DO CONHECIMENTO: ESTUDOS DE CASOS EM EMPRESAS PÚBLICAS PAULISTAS

A pesquisa teve como objetivo geral analisar as principais razões pelas quais as empresas públicas paulistas utilizam coaching e mentoring como práticas de compartilhamento de conhecimento. No ano de 2009, foi instituído pelo governador do Estado de São Paulo, o decreto nº 53.963 que instituiu a Política de Gestão do Conhecimento e Inovação para as empresas públicas. Kuniyoshi e Santos (2007) realizaram uma pesquisa, na qual identificaram práticas e iniciativas de gestão do conhecimento adotadas por algumas empresas, dentre elas, coaching e mentoring. As práticas são processos que necessitam de investimento não somente financeiro, mas de tempo e pessoas adequadas, por serem processos mais complexos, instigam a investigação de ações no contexto organizacional de empresas públicas. Este estudo busca contribuir para o desenvolvimento de estudos na área pública. O método utilizado neste estudo de abordagem qualitativa é do tipo exploratória. O objeto desta pesquisa foram as empresas públicas paulistas, que, atualmente, somam 21. Foi realizado estudo de caso, com entrevista e análise documental em duas destas empresas, A Sabesp, empresa do segmento de saneamento de água e esgoto, teve como objetivo analisar a prática de coaching e, o Instituto de Pesquisa Tecnológicas (IPT), referência nacional em metrologia, teve como objetivo analisar a prática de mentoring. Uma vez que não existem práticas exclusivas à Gestão do Conhecimento, e o sucesso de uma prática está relacionado ao contexto na qual está inserida. No caso da Sabesp, a prática de coaching é utilizada como uma das atividades dentro de dois programas, visando desenvolver o capital humano como força competitiva. O IPT teve como objetivo da aplicação do programa de mentoring, especificamente, o compartilhar conhecimento tácito. Foi constatado que as práticas de coaching e mentoring podem ser utilizadas como recurso capaz de tornar a empresa singular perante as demais, mesmo empresas públicas não tendo foco em competitividade, mas utilizam o conhecimento de forma estratégica para melhorar a qualidade de atendimento à sociedade.

GESTÃO DO CONHECIMENTO: UM ESTUDO SOBRE A RELAÇÃO ENTRE A LIDERANÇA TRANSFORMACIONAL, A CONVERSÃO DO CONHECIMENTO E A EFICÁCIA ORGANIZACIONAL

Este estudo teve como objetivo principal analisar a relação entre a Liderança Transformacional, a Conversão do Conhecimento e a Eficácia Organizacional. Foram considerados como pressupostos teóricos conceitos consolidados sobre os temas desta relação, além de recentes pesquisas já realizadas em outros países e contextos organizacionais. Com base nisto identificou-se potencial estudo de um modelo que relacionasse estes três conceitos. Para tal considera-se que as organizações que buscam atingir Vantagem Competitiva e incorporam a Knowledge-Based View possam conquistar diferenciação frente a seus concorrentes. Nesse contexto o conhecimento ganha maior destaque e papel protagonista nestas organizações. Dessa forma criar conhecimento através de seus colaboradores, passa a ser um dos desafios dessas organizações ao passo que sugere melhoria de seus indicadores Econômicos, Sociais, Sistêmicos e Políticos, o que se define por Eficácia Organizacional. Portanto os modos de conversão do conhecimento nas organizações, demonstram relevância, uma vez que se cria e se converte conhecimentos através da interação entre o conhecimento existente de seus colaboradores. Essa conversão do conhecimento ou modelo SECI possui quatro modos que são a Socialização, Externalização, Combinação e Internalização. Nessa perspectiva a liderança nas organizações apresenta-se como um elemento capaz de influenciar seus colaboradores, propiciando maior dinâmica ao modelo SECI de conversão do conhecimento. Se identifica então na liderança do tipo Transformacional, características que possam influenciar colaboradores e entende-se que esta relação entre a Liderança Transformacional e a Conversão do Conhecimento possa ter influência positiva nos indicadores da Eficácia Organizacional. Dessa forma esta pesquisa buscou analisar um modelo que explorasse essa relação entre a liderança do tipo Transformacional, a Conversão do Conhecimento (SECI) e a Eficácia Organizacional. Esta pesquisa teve o caráter quantitativo com coleta de dados através do método survey, obtendo um total de 230 respondentes válidos de diferentes organizações. O instrumento de coleta de dados foi composto por afirmativas relativas ao modelo de relação pesquisado com um total de 44 itens. O perfil de respondentes concentrou-se entre 30 e 39 anos de idade, com a predominância de organizações privadas e de departamentos de TI/Telecom, Docência e Recursos Humanos respectivamente. O tratamento dos dados foi através da Análise Fatorial Exploratória e Modelagem de Equações Estruturais via Partial Least Square Path Modeling (PLS-PM). Como resultado da análise desta pesquisa, as hipóteses puderam ser confirmadas, concluindo que a Liderança Transformacional apresenta influência positiva nos modos de Conversão do Conhecimento e que; a Conversão do Conhecimento influencia positivamente na Eficácia Organizacional. Ainda, concluiu-se que a percepção entre os respondentes não apresenta resultado diferente sobre o modelo desta pesquisa entre quem possui ou não função de liderança.

Diretrizes regulatórias aplicáveis à cadeia dos produtos para saúde

A ciência e a tecnologia cada vez mais vêm proporcionando avanços em produtos inovadores. Particularmente na área da saúde nota-se eminente sinergismo entre os materiais utilizados, suas propriedades de biocompatibilidade, biofuncionalidade, processabilidade, esterilidade e a área de aplicabilidade no organismo humano. O setor farmacêutico por apresentar grande complexidade exige conhecimentos multidisciplinares, atualizados e em conformidade às tendências internacionais. A Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) tem sob sua responsabilidade extensa diversidade de bens, serviços e produtos, dentre eles estão os correlatos, que também compreende os produtos para saúde. Os produtos para saúde são classificados conforme o seu risco, no Brasil podendo apresentar até quatro classes, sendo as classes III e IV as que caracterizam maior risco. Para alguns produtos, devido seu risco sanitário, é compulsório a Certificação de Conformidade pelo Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (INMETRO) previamente a concessão de seu registro sanitário pela ANVISA. Dentre as normas técnicas aplicáveis pelo INMETRO estão as normas da Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT) e na sua ausência, as normas da International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Outros requisitos técnicos e regulatórios devem ser contemplados com o propósito de comprovação da segurança e eficácia dos produtos. Entretanto, as regulamentações sanitárias inerentes a essa categoria de produtos ainda se encontram incipientes no país. A desenvoltura do setor produtivo nesse segmento pode ser evidenciada pelo aumento de novas solicitações na ANVISA e de seu crescimento na balança comercial. No entanto, observa-se pouco estudo e entendimento do setor regulado e regulador referente à relação mútua entre ANVISA, INMETRO e ABNT e quanto à regulação sanitária aplicável para obtenção da anuência do produto ao consumo. Na conjuntura das demandas apontadas o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o processo regulatório aplicável à cadeia produtiva dos produtos para saúde com a finalidade de compreender a relação entre ANVISA, INMETRO e ABNT na garantia da qualidade, segurança e eficácia dos produtos. A metodologia aplicada neste trabalho foi à pesquisa qualitativa. Com o auxílio da pesquisa documental constatou-se que o processo regulatório brasileiro é complexo, específico e robusto e apresenta estrutura e exigências semelhantes dos Estados Unidos e União Europeia. A fiscalização pós-uso é uma tendência internacional e a ANVISA vem adotando com frequência com intuito de acompanhar a qualidade dos produtos comercializados. As três instituições apresentam competências definidas e regulamentadas, bem como mecanismos de inter-relação por meio de conselhos consultivos. O estudo de caso caracterizou que o perfil dos profissionais do setor regulado apresenta em grande percentual formação na área da saúde e nível de pós-graduação, porém o nível de conhecimento dos principais conceitos relativos aos produtos para saúde é parcial, reforçando a necessidade de incentivos de capacitação de recursos humanos em regulação em saúde.

Industry Professionals Who Attain Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Accreditation: An Examination of Motivations in Human Resource (HR) Training and Development

Despite the economy, the green building industry continues to grow and drive the demand for environmentally conscious, highly skilled professionals (USGBC 2009). LEED Accredited Professionals (APs) have the knowledge and skills to meet such demand; however, information is limited regarding LEED APs or their motivations and expectations toward prospective employers. The author surveyed a sample of LEED Accredited architects and found a combination of job and personal factors motivated them to attain accreditation. LEED APs value both a competitive salary and commitment to sustainability in prospective employers. To attract, retain, and utilize LEED APs, executives in this industry must reexamine corporate culture, their willingness to pay for credentialing, and the alignment of their reputation with the desires of potential applicants.