Study of the genetic variability and similarity among and within Arachis villosulicarpa, A-pietrarellii and A-hypogaea through isoenzyme analysis

Arachis villosulicarpa is a perennial species cultivated for its soft and tasty seeds by indigenous inhabitants of the Mate Grosso State, Brazil. Besides A. hypogaea, this species is considered as the only species of Arachis which represents a valuable food source for human consumption. Due to the lack of knowledge concerning the genetic diversity of A. villosulicarpa, this study was conducted to evaluate the genetic variability of the accessions from the Germplasm Collection of CENARGEN/EMBRAPA (Brasilia, DF, Brazil) and Institute Agronomico (IAC, Campinas, SP, Brazil). In addition, the genetic similarity between A. villosulicarpa, the related wild species A. pietrarellii, and the cultivated peanut A. hypogaea cv. Tatu was evaluated. From the entire sample analyzed of A. villosulicarpa, the accession from Institute Agronomico showed the highest indices of diversity for both enzymatic systems analyzed, pointing this accession as a promising source of genetic variability that must be preserved in the Germplasm Bank. A high level of genetic similarity was observed between A. pietrarellii and A. villosulicarpa, supporting previous suggestions that A. pietrarellii could be the ancestral progenitor species of A. villosulicarpa or that both species originated from a common ancestor.

Effect of sowing date on the behavior of 2 genotypes of sunflower .1. phenological and agronomical aspects

Este experimento foi realizado em .iaboticabal, SP, com o objetivo de se avaliar o comportamento de dois genótipos de girassol (líeIianthus annuus L.) no tocante à produção dc matéria seca e caracte r ísticas agronômicas. Utilizou-se o híbrido Contissol 812 e a cultivar IAC-Anhandy com 80 cm entre linhas e 5 plantas por metro linear, em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições cm cinco datas de semcadura: 2001, 2002, 05.03, 2003 e 05.04. O atraso das datas de semeadura exerceu efeito depressivo e significativo sobre a produção e distribuição de matéria seca (kg/ha) no caule, folha, capítulo e no total, reduzindo também significativamente o número de dias de emergência ao florescimento, a altura das plantas, o número de folhas, e os diãmetros do colo e do capitulo. A produ- ção média de aqüõnios foi de: 2.942, 2.005, 1.243. 1.073 e 809 kg/ha, da primeira ã última data, rcspectivamente, nos dois genótipos. Concluiu-se que os dois genótipos se comportaram de forma scmc' lhante nas diferentes datas, e que as semeaduras realizadas até o final de fevereiro foram as melhores, e nas efetuadas posteriormente, o crescimento e o desenvolvimento das plantas foram afetados negativamente, levando a produção de aqüênios a níveis indesejáveis.

Manganês no solo, sua avaliação e toxidez de manganês em soja

Two experiments were carried out in pots with a Dusky Latossol showing a 15% base saturation. In the first experiment dolomitic limestone was applied to reach 45, 60, 75 and 90% of base saturation. In the second, MnSO4 was applied in rates of 30, 60, 90 and 120 ppm,and base saturation was raised to 70%.Soybean plants cv. IAC-9 were grown up to R6, when dry matter production and manganese accumulation were evaluated. Soybean responded to liming up to 60% base saturation, as Mn availability and evantualy Mn absorption were decreased to non-toxic levels. Mn applied to a reclamed soil up to 120 ppm was not enough to cause toxicity to soybean cv IAC-9. All of the chemical extractors (Ammonium Acetate, DTA, Mehlich and H2SO4) showed modification in Mn availabity in soil but were not definitely related to Mn absorption and dry matter production.

Flavonoid increase in soybean as a response to Nezara viridula injury and its effect on insect-feeding preference

The ability of the stink bug (Nezara viridula) to induce and/or increase production of chemical defenses, i.e., flavonoids, in immature seeds of five genotypes of soybean (BR-16, IAC-100, PI 227687, PI 229358, and PI 274454) was investigated under greenhouse and laboratory conditions. Samples from pods of each genotype damaged by stink bug were analyzed for flavonoid content with high performance liquid chromatography. A dual-choice test was conducted to evaluate the feeding preference of N. viridula comparing BR-16 pods treated with extracts of PI 227687 seeds (with and without stink-bug injury), with water-treated pods. Seeds of PI 227687 damaged by N. viridula presented the highest concentration (352 mug/g) of daidzin (4'-hydroxyisoflavone-7-glucoside). The same trend was observed with genistin (4',5,7-trihydroxyisoflavone-7-glucoside): PI 227687 contained 142.4 mug/g, PI 274454, 31.6 mug/g, and PI 229358, 38.9 mug/g. Seeds damaged by stink bugs had higher isoflavone contents (daidzin and genistin), compared to controls. However, after being damaged, PI 274454 and PI 229358 produced less genistin than the other genotypes and no differences in concentration between damaged and nondamaged plants of this genotypes were observed. The numbers of observations of the insect feeding and the numbers of stylet sheaths left in water-treated BR-16 pods were greater than in those treated with PI 227687 extracts. The insects fed for longer periods on BR-16 pods treated with extract of PI 227687 without injury compared to those that were treated with extract of PI 227687 previously injured by stink bugs. Extracts of PI 227687 pods ( damaged or not) were deterrent to adults of N. viridula, and insect injury increased concentrations of daidzin and genistin in PI 227687 seeds. The deterrence seemed to be more pronounced after pods had suffered stink-bug injury.

Identification and analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in citrus

Most of the cultivated species of citrus have narrow genetic basis. Relationships among species and cultivars are obscured by sexual compatibility, polyembryony, apomixis and a high incidence of somatic mutations. DNA analysis is crucial in genetic studies not only for citrus breeding programs but also for characterization of hybrids and species. In this paper, single nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs) were investigated in 58 accessions of Citrus, hybrids and related genera. Genomic sequences of 'Pera IAC' sweet orange ( Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) were used for primer design and selection of sequence tagged sites (STSs) for identification of SNPs. Analysis of 36 STSs showed identical sequences among 40 of the 41 sweet orange accessions studied. However, these accessions were heterozygous for many SNPs. Ten selected STSs were analyzed in 17 additional accessions from 13 species and hybrids. Comparing to the 'Pera IAC' sweet orange accession, a total of 150 polymorphic nucleotides were identified and most of the alterations were transitions ( 52.7%). The greatest number of SNPs was observed in Poncirus trifoliata ( L.) Raf. and the smallest in 'Ponkan' mandarin ( Citrus reticulata Blanco). At the intra-specific level, 'Bafa Gigante' ( Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) was the only sweet orange accession with a divergent SNPs genotype, which corroborates the hypothesis of a hybrid origin for this accession. Although the STSs analyzed represent randomly sampled genomic sequences, they provided consistent information about the level of polymorphism and showed the potential of SNPs markers for characterization and phylogenetic studies.

Effect of salt stress on polyamine metabolism in bean cell culture

The adaptive capacity of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) calluses (cultivars IAC-carioca, JALO EEP-558, BAT-93 and IAPAR-14) to salt stress (0-80 mM) was verified to determine the existence of biochemical markers such as organic and inorganic compounds, and metabolism of polyamines. The results obtained demonstrate that salt (NaCl) interfered with all the parameters analyzed and its intensity ranged due to the salt concentration and the cultivars used.

Efeito de datas de semeadura no comportamento de dois genótipos de girassol. II. Aspectos nutricionais

Este experimento foi realizado em Jaboticabal, SP, como objetivo de se avaliar o comportamento de dois genótipos de girassol (Helianthus annuus L.) no tocante à composição mineral e teor de óleo. Utilizou-se o híbrido Contissol 812 e a cuttivar IAC-Anhandy com 80cm entre linhas e cinco plantas por metro linear, em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, em cinco datas de semeadura: 20.1; 20.2; 5.3; 20.3 e 5.4. O atraso das datas de semeadura exerceu efeito depressivo e significativo sobre a absorção (N-total 86,4 e 19,1; P = 8,3 e 1,6; K = 77,0 e 17,5; Ca =52,1 e 6,8 e Mg = 10,3 e 1,7) e a exportação (N-total = 89,6 e 27,3; P = 9,1 e 2,5; K = 30,1 e 8,8; Ca = 7,0 e 2.1 e Mg =9,7 e 2,8) de nutrientes, expressos em kg/ha, para a primeira e última data, respectivamente, nos dois genótipos que mantiveram constante (40%) o teor de óleo. Concluiu-se que os dois genótipos se comportaram de forma semelhante e que as semeaduras realizadas até o final de fevereiro foram as melhores, e nas efetuadas posteriormente a absorção total em kg/ha dos diversos nutrientes foi afetada negativamente, pelo fato de a produção de aquênios ter sido obtida em níveis indesejáveis.

EFFECT OF TREATMENT WITH GROWTH-REGULATORS AND SCARIFICATION ON THE TOLERANCE TO WATER-STRESS IN SEEDS OF ORYZA-SATIVA LCVIAC-165

The effect of treatment of seeds of Oryza sativa L. cv. IAC 165 with gibberellic acid, 6-benzyladenine and ethrel on the tolerance to the water stress were analysed. Gibberellic acid had no effect and 6-benzyladenine and ethrel promoted slight increase in the tolerance to water stress, specially in darkness. After scarification, those growth regulator presented no effect. Our results suggest that 6-benzyladenine and ethrel promoted water stress tolerance due to the decrease in the resistance of the seed coat to embryo expansion.

Diferentes resposta de cutivares de soja e potássio

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is known to have a high ability as a potassium extractor, and different cultivars show different potassium requirements. An experiment was run to study the potassium nutrition of soybean as related to plant characteristics. Six soybean cultivars (FT-2, Bossier, IAC-11, IAC-17, IAC-18 and IAC-19) were grown in 6 kg pots filled with the topsoil of a Dark Red Latosol (sandy loam), either with and without K fertilization. The plants were harvested 70 days after emergence. Soybean response to potassium was not related to growth habit or group of maturation. There was a different response to K. The cultivars IAC-18 and FT-2 were less tolerant to K deficiency. Potassium deficiency in the leaves was not related to top dry matter production. With K fertilization soybean plants showed small root volume and higher ratio canopy/root. With high K in soil, all of the cultivars showed higher nodulation.

Teores foliares de nutrientes, índice relativo de clorofila e teores de nitrato e de potássio na seiva do pecíolo na videira 'Niagara Rosada

A nutritional survey was carried out in 93 vineyards of the wine regions of Jundiai, Sao Miguel Arcanjo and Jales (state of São Paulo-Brazil), aiming to compare the nutrient concentration in leaf samples, the concentration of nitrate and potassium in the petiole sap and the relative chlorophyll index (IRC) of 'Niagara Rosada' vineyard. Leaves, blade and petiole in full bloom vines were sampled in 20 plants selected from each vineyard, and evaluations of the IRC in the leaf blade and the levels of NO3-and K in the petioles sap were realized. Macro and micronutrients concentrations were measured in leaf samples. The sampled vineyards were grouped by region of study, and each vineyard was considered as a replicate sample, totaling 45, 24 and 24 repetitions, in Jundiai, Sao Miguel Arcanjo and Jales, respectively. Sampled vineyards from the Jales region showed higher leaf concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe and Mn, and also higher IRC and levels of nitrate and potassium in the petiole. These differences were related to the different rootstocks used, which were 'IAC 766', 'IAC 572' and 'Riparia of Traviu', respectively, for Jundiai, Jales and Sao Miguel Arcanjo. The differences highlight the need to adjust the concentration ranges of nutrients in leaf analysis, through regional trials, taking into account the rootstock and the region under study.

Desenvolvimento de "Nezara viridula" (L., 1758) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) em genótipos de soja

The soybean (Glycine max (L.)) has been significantly compromised by the attack of insect pests. The stink bug Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is pointed as one of the most damaging species, reducing the quantity and quality of grain produced and requiring a large number of applications of insecticides in crops. Al-though chemical control is still the most widely used method of control, the use of resistant genotypes may represent a viable alternative in the management of this insect, reducing costs and impacts on the environment. This study evaluated the performance of nymphs of N. viridula in nine soybean genotypes under laboratory conditions (T = 25 + 2[degree]C, RH = 70 [plus or minus]10% and photoperiod = 12 h), aiming to detect possible resistance mechanisms. Thus, 25 nymphs/genotype were monitored daily by assessing the duration and mortality of the nymphal stage, the weight of nymphs and adults and the developmental period from egg to adult. The data revealed that the genotypes 'TMG-103', 'TMG-121, IAC-19', 'TMG-117', and 'IAC-24' caused 100% mortality of nymphs, indicating high levels of antibiosis and/or feeding non-preference expression. 'IAC-17' also prolonged the nymphal period, indicating the occurrence of resistance. The insects from 'PI-227687' showed the lowest average weight, also indicating the occurrence of antibiosis and/or feeding non-preference. Our results may be useful for soybean breeding programs focusing on development of genotypes resistant to insects.

Estresse hídrico induzido por manitol em cultivares de algodão

The main goat of this work was to evaluate the effects induced by mannitol- water stress in the initial growing of cotton plants. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design, in factorial design 4 x 5, with 3 replications. Treatments were generated by the combination of four cotton cultivars (LD CV Frego; LD CV 02; FMT 701 and IAC 25) and five levels of water stress (0; -0.3; -0.6, -0.9 and -1.2MPa), obtained with mannitol solutions. Water potentials of -0.9 MPa reduced significantly the rate of cotton plants growth. The decrease of the water potential reduced the production of dry mass of the aerial part of all cultivars and increased the production of root dry mass on -0.6MPa potential. LD CV 02 cultivar exhibited a superior performance under water stress.

Infestation of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biotype B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and Caliothrips phaseoli (Hood.) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in beans genotypes.

The objective of this work was to evaluated the infestion of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) B biotype and thrips Caliothrips phaseoli (Hood) in fifteen beans genotypes in field condition. The genotypes IAPAR 31, Rosinha G2, Jalo precoce, Perola, IAC Harmonia, Gen 99TGR110, Gen 99TG2868, Gen 99TGR3416, Gen 99TG3450, Gen 99TG823, Gen 99TGR609, IAC Jaragua, Gen 95A10061531, Gen 99TGR3114 e Gen 96A1473153V2 was used. The experiment was conducted from May to July 2006. The statistical design was randomized blocks, totalizing 15 treatments and four replications. Evaluation was realized weekly, totalizing seven samplings. The evaluations were accomplished on a weekly basis by counting B. tabaci biotype B eggs and nymphs and nymphs of C. phaseoli in 10 leaflets per plot. The less oviposition genotypes by B. tabaci biotype B were IAC Harmonia, Perola, Gen TG3114 e Gen 95A10061531, while the most oviposited were IAC Jaragua and Gen 99TG3450. The less presence of nymphs of whitefly were observed on Perola and IAC Harmonia and the most at IAC Jaragua. It was observed a negative and non significant linear correlation between average temperature versus number of silverleaf whitefly and temperature versus number of thrips was verified.

PLANT-TO-SEED TRANSMISSION of CURTOBACTERIUM FLACCUMFACIENS pv. FLACCUMACIENS IN A DRY BEAN CULTIVAR

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Effect of water stress on seed germination and seedling growth in Oryza sativa L.

The effect of water stress induced by application of polyethylene glycol 6000 during seed germination and seedling growth of Oryza sativa L. cv. IAC 165 was analysed. The seed germination was inhibited by the decrease in the water potential of the medium, the inhibition being greater under white light than under continuous darkness. When the seedling was submitted to water stress (-0.51 MPa) white light inhibited growth of root, coleoptile-and leaf, while under no stress conditions white light caused increase in growth of root and leaf and only inhibition of coleoptile growth. © 1990 Kluwer Academic Publishers.