O direito à memória e o ensino da história do conflito armado colombiano em um ambiente museal

O direito à memória é o direito que tem a sociedade de conhecer, lembrar e procurar a verdade sobre seu próprio passado, sobretudo em situações de violência recente como é o conflito armado colombiano. O direito à memória pode ser garantido ou negado no campo da didatização da história. O ensino de história também acontece em espaços não escolarizados como os museus. O tema da pesquisa é: como os estudantes constroem explicações históricas sobre o conflito armado colombiano em um ambiente museal, e sua relação com o direito à memória. O trabalho de campo se desenvolve na Casa Museu Jorge Eliécer Gaitán (Bogotá - Colômbia), com estudantes das três últimas séries do sistema escolar colombiano. Partimos do pressuposto de que a Casa Museu Gaitán está vinculada não só a um passado doloroso, mas também a um presente conflituoso. As temporalidades superpostas deste espaço museal, são analisadas através das relações entre história acadêmica, história escolar e história cotidiana. Por isto, dialoga-se também com os conteúdos propostos para à área de Ciências Sociais e o livro didático. Garantir um direito à memória através do ensino de história, passa por combater as pretensões oficiais de impor uma memória única do passado, e oferecer ferramentas para que os estudantes possam construir explicações históricas a partir do raciocínio crítico. Isto é possível quando os estudantes confrontam as diferentes vozes que relatam o passado recente. No caso colombiano, garantir o direito à memória através do ensino de história da violência recente, é ainda mais complexo pela função que desenvolve o próprio Estado colombiano no meio do conflito armado.

Açores e EUA : uma história de emigração com mais de cem anos

Na qualidade de Diretora Regional das Comunidades, fomos responsável pela redação dos artigos e coordenação da página "Comunidades Açorianas no Mundo", integrada no jornal Mundo Português, servindo a mesma para a divulgação das atividades realizadas pela Direção Regional Das Comunidades do Governo dos Açores.

CONOCIMIENTO SOBRE EL VIRUS PAPILOMA HUMANO (VPH): SU IMPLICANCIA EN LA PREVENCIÓN DEL CÁNCER ORAL.

El virus del papiloma humano (VPH) es una de las de infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) más frecuentes [1]. Varios genotipos de VPH pueden generar verrugas genitales, y otros están fuertemente asociados a displasia cervical, cáncer de cuello uterino, de vulva, ano, pene y de orofaringe. La alta prevalencia de la infección por este virus en caso de lesiones bucal premalignas indica que la infección podría ser un evento temprano en el proceso de transformación maligna de las c. Epitelial de la cavidad bucal. La asociación epidemiológica del VPH con Carcinoma de Células escamosa, así como la evidencia biológica dado por la transformación de las células epitelial por oncogenes del virus sugiere que los VPH específicos son importantes para el proceso de malignización, sin que este determine el tamaño ni el estado del tumor. Objetivos 1) Analizar el grado de conocimiento de la población incluida en una encuesta, respecto de las vías de transmisión del VPH, los métodos de prevención, los factores de riesgo y su asociación con las verrugas genitales y el cáncer de cuello de útero, ano, pene y de orofaringe. 2) Determinar la prevalencia y genotipos del VPH en lesiones preneoplásicas y neoplásicas de las vías aerodigestivas superiores de pacientes adultos que acuden a la Fac de Odontología y evaluar los factores de riesgo asociados (sexuales, hhábito de fumar, etc) 3) Determinar la prevalencia y genotipos del VPH en mucosa sana y que presenten lesiones de pacientes pediátricos que acuden a la Facultad de Odontología de la U.N.C.; Servicio del Hospital de Niños de la Pcia de Córdoba y evaluar los factores de riesgo asociados (sexuales, otras ITS por ej: C.trachomatis, M.genital) MATERIALES Y METODOS: Objetivo 1: Se entregará un cuestionario de 28 ítems, con carácter anónimo no vinculante, a estudiantes (mayores de 18 años de edad) universitarios de primer año de las carreras de Medicina, Odontología, FAMAF, Psicopedagogía del Inst Sup Dr. D.Cabred, de la catedra Bacteriologia y Virologia de la F.C.M., pacientes que asisten a los servicios de: Infectología y Ginecología del H.N.C., Ginecología e Infectología del Hospital Italiano, Urología del Hospital San Roque, Ginecología del H.M.N., Lab de Andrología y Reproducción y Lab de Chlamydias y HPV del Instituto de Virología y a empleados y afiliados que asisten a APROSS. Objetivo 2/3: Las muestras con PAP, serán receptadas en 500µl de PBS, luego se extraerá ADN, utilizando un equipo comercial (Bioneer). Se amplificará por PCR, un segmento (450 pb), correspondientes a la región L1 del genoma viral, utilizando los llamados “primer” degenerados MY09 y MY11. La amplificación del gen de la beta-globina se utilizará para comprobar la presencia de un templado; a partir de los productos VPH positivos se realizará digestión enzimática (BamHI, HaeIII, HinfI, PstI, RsaI, DdeI y Sau3A1) lo que permitirá la identificación del genotipo a por RFLP en gel de agarosa al 2%. Se utilizará para el análisis estadístico el programa Epi Info versión 3.5.1 2008 (http://www.cdc.gov/epiinfo/). Se alinearán las secuencias de ADN empleando el programa Clustal X (23). Las secuencias serán utilizadas para genotipificación por métodos filogenético [o utilizando la herramienta de genotipificación viral del NCBI (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/genotyping/formpage.cgi)] El análisis filogenético se realizará empleando el Programa MEGA 3 (11) empleando la metodología de Neighbor Joining y se evaluarán por Bootstrap. Resultados esperados:La encuesta brindará datos que se podrán aprovechar para los programas de prevención de la infección con VPH. Se podrá determinar cuáles son los genotipos circulantes en nuestra población y cuáles son los factores de riesgo asociados. Se podrá establecer cuáles son los genotipos asociados a las lesiones preneoplásicas y neoplásicas de la mucosa oral, y determinar la probabilidad de que la vacunación contra los VPH 6, 11, 16 y 18 pueda prevenir la aparición de estas lesiones.

Frequency-dependent sexual selection with respect to offspring fitness returns is consistent with predictions from rock-paper-scissors dynamics in the European common lizard

Genetic polymorphism can be maintained over time by negative frequency-dependent (FD) selection induced by Rock-paper-scissors (RPS) social systems. RPS games produce cyclic dynamics, and have been suggested to exist in lizards, insects, isopods, plants, and bacteria. Sexual selection is predicted to accentuate the survival of the future progeny during negative FD survival selection. More specifically, females are predicted to select mates that produce progeny genotypes that exhibit highest survival during survival selection imposed by adult males. However, no empirical evidence demonstrates the existence of FD sexual selection with respect to fitness payoffs of genetic polymorphisms. Here we tested this prediction using the common lizard Zootoca vivipara, a species with three male color morphs (orange, white, yellow) that exhibit morph frequency cycles. In a first step we tested the congruence of the morph frequency change with the predicted change in three independent populations, differing in male color morph frequency and state of the FD morph cycle. Thereafter we ran standardized sexual selection assays in which we excluded alternative mechanisms that potentially induce negative FD selection, and we quantified inter-sexual behavior. The patterns of sexual selection and the observed behavior were in line with context-dependent female mate choice and male behavior played a minor role. Moreover, the strength of the sexual selection was within the magnitude of selection required to produce the observed 3-4-year and 6-8 year morph frequency cycles at low and high altitudes, respectively. In summary, the study provides the first experimental evidence that underpins the crucial assumption of the RPS games suggested to exist in lizards, insects, isopods, and plants; namely, that sexual selection produces negative-FD selection. This indicates that sexual selection, in our study exert by females, might be a crucial driver of the maintenance of genetic polymorphisms.

Patterns of phenotypic variation reveal substantial differentiation in sexual dimorphism of three Psammodromus (Squamata, Lacertidae) species

The Spanish sand racer (Psammodromus hispanicus) has been recently split into three distinct species: P. hispanicus, P. edwardsianus, and P. occidentalis. Some morphological differences have been reported but there is as yet no description allowing unambiguous identification of the three species. Here, we describe differentiation in body measurements, scalation traits, and colour traits as well as in the degree of sexual dimorphism. Our results show that P. edwardsianus can be easily distinguished by the presence of a supralabial scale below the subocular scale, which is absent in the other two species. Psammodromus hispanicus and P. occidentalis can be distinguished by the number of femoral pores, throat scales and ocelli, and the relative width of the anal scale. The degree of sexual size dimorphism and sexual colour dimorphism substantially differs among species, suggesting that different scenarios of sexual and natural selection may exist for each species. Moreover, sexually selected traits (nuptial colouration, ocelli, and femoral pores) significantly differ among species, suggesting that visual and chemical communication may also differ among species. Such differences could prevent reproduction and gene flow at secondary contact zones, potentially reinforcing isolation and speciation within this group of lizards.

Dietary lipids reduce the expression of carotenoid-based coloration in Lacerta vivipara

1. The importance of dietary lipids for carotenoid-based ornaments has rarely been investigated, although theory predicts that dietary lipids may control the development of these widespread animal signals. Dietary lipids have been suggested to enhance the expression of male carotenoid-based ornaments because they provide carotenoids with a hydrophobic domain that facilitates their absorption and transport. Dietary lipids may also enhance the uptake of tocopherols (vitamin E), which share common absorption and transport routes with carotenoids. Here, we test whether dietary lipids enhance carotenoid availability and male carotenoid-based colorations. We also explore the effects of dietary lipids on plasma tocopherol concentration, which allow disentangling between different pathways that may explain how dietary lipids affect ornamental expression. 2. Following a two-factorial design, we manipulated dietary access of naturally occurring fatty acids (oleic acid) and carotenoids (lutein and zeaxanthin) and measured its effects on the circulating concentrations of carotenoids (lutein and zeaxanthin) and vitamin E (α- and γ-(β-) tocopherols) and on the ventral, carotenoid-based coloration of male common lizards (Lacerta vivipara). 3. Lutein but not zeaxanthin plasma concentrations increased with carotenoid supplementation, which, however, did not affect coloration. Lipid intake negatively affected circulating concentrations of lutein and γ-(β-) tocopherol and led to significantly less orange colorations. The path analysis suggests that a relationship between the observed colour change and the change in plasma concentrations of γ-(β-) tocopherol may exist. 4. Our study shows for the first time that dietary lipids do not enhance but reduce the intensity of male carotenoid-based ornaments. Although dietary lipids affected plasma carotenoid concentration, its negative effect on coloration appeared to be linked to lower vitamin E plasma concentrations. These findings suggest that a conflict between dietary lipids and carotenoid and tocopherol uptake may arise if these nutrients are independently obtained from natural diets and that such conflict may reinforce signal honesty in carotenoid-based ornaments. They also suggest that, at least in the common lizard, sexual selection with respect to carotenoid-based coloration may select for males with low antioxidant capacity and thus for males of superior health.

Integrative analyses of speciation and divergence in Psammodromus hispanicus (Squamata: Lacertidae).

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Genetic, phenotypic and ecological divergence within a lineage is the result of past and ongoing evolutionary processes, which lead ultimately to diversification and speciation. Integrative analyses allow linking diversification to geological, climatic, and ecological events, and thus disentangling the relative importance of different evolutionary drivers in generating and maintaining current species richness. RESULTS: Here, we use phylogenetic, phenotypic, geographic, and environmental data to investigate diversification in the Spanish sand racer (Psammodromus hispanicus). Phylogenetic, molecular clock dating, and phenotypic analyses show that P. hispanicus consists of three lineages. One lineage from Western Spain diverged 8.3 (2.9-14.7) Mya from the ancestor of Psammodromus hispanicus edwardsianus and P. hispanicus hispanicus Central lineage. The latter diverged 4.8 (1.5-8.7) Mya. Molecular clock dating, together with population genetic analyses, indicate that the three lineages experienced northward range expansions from southern Iberian refugia during Pleistocene glacial periods. Ecological niche modelling shows that suitable habitat of the Western lineage and P. h. edwardsianus overlap over vast areas, but that a barrier may hinder dispersal and genetic mixing of populations of both lineages. P. h. hispanicus Central lineage inhabits an ecological niche that overlaps marginally with the other two lineages. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide evidence for divergence in allopatry and niche conservatism between the Western lineage and the ancestor of P. h. edwardsianus and P. h. hispanicus Central lineage, whereas they suggest that niche divergence is involved in the origin of the latter two lineages. Both processes were temporally separated and may be responsible for the here documented genetic and phenotypic diversity of P. hispanicus. The temporal pattern is in line with those proposed for other animal lineages. It suggests that geographic isolation and vicariance played an important role in the early diversification of the group, and that lineage diversification was further amplified through ecological divergence.

Epigenetic regulation of human cancer/testis antigen gene, HAGE, in chronic myeloid leukemia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Cancer testis antigens (CTA) provide attractive targets for cancer-specific immunotherapy. Although CTA genes are expressed in some normal tissues, such as the testis, this immunologically protected site lacks MHC I expression and as such, does not present self antigens to T cells. To date, CTA genes have been shown to be expressed in a range of solid tumors via demethylation of their promoter CpG islands, but rarely in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) or other hematologic malignancies. DESIGN AND METHODS In this study, the methylation status of the HAGE CTA gene promoter was analyzed by quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) and sequencing in four Philadelphia-positive cell lines (TCC-S, K562, KU812 and KYO-1) and in CML samples taken from patients in chronic phase (CP n=215) or blast crisis (BC n=47). HAGE expression was assessed by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The TCC-S cell line showed demethylation of HAGE that was associated with over-expression of this gene. HAGE hypomethylation was significantly more frequent in BC (46%) than in CP (22%) (p=0.01) and was correlated with high expression levels of HAGE transcripts (p<0.0001). Of note, in CP-CML, extensive HAGE hypomethylation was associated with poorer prognosis in terms of cytogenetic response to interferon (p=0.01) or imatinib (p=0.01), molecular response to imatinib (p=0.003) and progression-free survival (p=0.05). INTERPRETATIONS AND CONCLUSION: The methylation status of the HAGE promoter directly correlates with its expression in both CML cell lines and patients and is associated with advanced disease and poor outcome.

Valoración del nivel de satisfacción en un grupo de mujeres de Granada sobre atención al parto, acompañamiento y duración de la lactancia.

INTRODUCTION: The satisfaction's analysis is being used as an instrument to create different sanitary reforms to improve the quality and numerous studies aim to the increase the mother's satisfaction directly related to the maternity care. OBJECTIVES: [corrected] Identify the woman satisfaction's degree about birth attention, accompaniment during nativity and the breastfeeding's term. MATERIAL AND METHOD: [corrected] Descriptive transversal study in the university hospital San Cecilio in Granada (España), during the time of August 2011 to 2012, it performed with a second prospective tracing phase to a N = 60 mothers. It used a protocol (Annex 1) after 24 hours in hospital and at 14 days by telephone. After 3 months, it performed a tracing pertaining to the baby food. RESULTS: The global satisfaction's level about birth is high in study population. It has been shown that breastfeeding (P = 0,514) and vaginal birth without epidural (P = 0,320) creates higher satisfaction for mother. On the other hand, birth satisfaction related with duration of breastfeeding. CONCLUSION: Satisfactory mothers' opinion related with birth care and accompaniment during nativity increases in women whose birth happened in a uncomplicated way without epidural and they started early breastfeeding.

An ecomorphological analysis of the determinants of mating success

Investigating the factors affecting the strength of sexual selection is important for understanding the evolution of sex-specific morphological and behavioural traits. Traditionally, sexual selection studies focus on male ornaments, although recent evidence indicates that sexual selection mechanisms also target organismal performance. In the present study, we investigated the role of sexually dimorphic morphological and performance traits of the common (viviparous) lizard (Zootoca vivipara, Jacquin 1787) with respect to determining mating behaviour. Using an experimental set-up controlling for size differences, we found that males with longer tails had a higher probability of mating a female. Unexpectedly, males with lower bite forces had an advantage over males with higher bite forces, whereas males with bigger heads copulated for a longer time with the female. This shows that predicting mating success is not straightforward and is sometimes counterintuitive because a longer tail appears to be beneficial, whereas biting harder is not, for male Z. vivipara in a male-female interaction context

Corticosterone regulates multiple colour traits in Lacerta [Zootoca] vivipara males.

Ornamental colours usually evolve as honest signals of quality, which is supported by the fact that they frequently depend on individual condition. It has generally been suggested that some, but not all types of ornamental colours are condition dependent, indicating that different evolutionary mechanisms underlie the evolution of multiple types of ornamental colours even when these are exhibited by the same species. Stress hormones, which negatively affect condition, have been shown to affect colour traits based on different pigments and structures, suggesting that they mediate condition dependence of multiple ornament types both among and within individuals. However, studies investigating effects of stress hormones on different ornament types within individuals are lacking, and thus, evidence for this hypothesis is scant. Here, we investigated whether corticosterone mediates condition dependence of multiple ornaments by manipulating corticosterone levels and body condition (via food availability) using a two-factorial design and by assessing their effect on multiple colour traits in male common lizards. Corticosterone negatively affected ventral melanin- and carotenoid-based coloration, whereas food availability did not affect coloration, despite its significant effect on body condition. The corticosterone effect on melanin- and carotenoid-based coloration demonstrates the condition dependence of both ornaments. Moreover, corticosterone affected ventral coloration and had no effect on the nonsexually selected dorsal coloration, showing specific effects of corticosterone on ornamental ventral colours. This suggests that corticosterone simultaneously mediates condition dependence of multiple colour traits and that it therefore accounts for covariation among them, which may influence their evolution via correlational selection.

Vitamin E, Vitamin A, and carotenoids in male common lizard tissues

Vitamin E, vitamin A, and carotenoids are essential micronutrients for animals because of their antioxidant and immunostimulant functions and their implications for growth, development, and reproduction. In contrast to mammals and birds, information about their occurrence and distribution is generally lacking in reptiles, constraining our understanding of the use of these micronutrients. Using high-performance liquid chromatography, we determined the concentrations of vitamin E, vitamin A, and carotenoids in plasma, storage sites (liver and abdominal fat bodies), and in the colored ventral skin of male Common Lizards, Lacerta vivipara. All tissues shared a similar micronutrient profile, except the liver, which also showed traces of vitamin A(1). The main vitamin E compound present was a-tocopherol followed by lower concentrations of gamma-(beta-)tocopherol. Vitamin A(2) was the main vitamin A compound and it showed the highest concentration in the liver, where vitamin A(2) esters and traces of vitamin A(1) were found. Lutein was the main carotenoid, and it formed esters in the liver and the ventral skin. Zeaxanthin and low concentrations of beta-carotene were also present. The liver was the main storage site for carotenoid and vitamin A, whereas hepatic vitamin E concentrations resembled those present in abdominal Fat bodies. Compared with abdominal fat bodies, the ventral skin contained lower concentrations of vitamin A and vitamin E, but similar concentrations of carotenoicls. These results suggest that important differences exist in micronutrient presence, concentration, and distribution among tissues of lizards and other taxa such as birds and mammals.

Cumulative frequency-dependent selective episodes allow for rapid morph cycles and rock-paper-scissors dynamics in species with overlapping generations.

Rock-paper-scissors (RPS) dynamics, which maintain genetic polymorphisms over time through negative frequency-dependent (FD) selection, can evolve in short-lived species with no generational overlap, where they produce rapid morph frequency cycles. However, most species have overlapping generations and thus, rapid RPS dynamics are thought to require stronger FD selection, the existence of which yet needs to be proved. Here, we experimentally demonstrate that two cumulative selective episodes, FD sexual selection reinforced by FD selection on offspring survival, generate sufficiently strong selection to generate rapid morph frequency cycles in the European common lizard Zootoca vivipara, a multi-annual species with major generational overlap. These findings show that the conditions required for the evolution of RPS games are fulfilled by almost all species exhibiting genetic polymorphisms and suggest that RPS games may be responsible for the maintenance of genetic diversity in a wide range of species.

Iridophores and not carotenoids account for chromatic variation of carotenoid-basedcColoration in Common lizards (Lacerta vivipara).

Abstract Carotenoids typically need reflective background components to shine. Such components, iridophores, leucophores, and keratin- and collagen-derived structures, are generally assumed to show no or little environmental variability. Here, we investigate the origin of environmentally induced variation in the carotenoid-based ventral coloration of male common lizards (Lacerta vivipara) by investigating the effects of dietary carotenoids and corticosterone on both carotenoid- and background-related reflectance. We observed a general negative chromatic change that was prevented by β-carotene supplementation. However, chromatic changes did not result from changes in carotenoid-related reflectance or skin carotenoid content but from changes in background-related reflectance that may have been mediated by vitamin A. An in vitro experiment showed that the encountered chromatic changes most likely resulted from changes in iridophore reflectance. Our findings demonstrate that chromatic variation in carotenoid-based ornaments may not exclusively reflect differences in integumentary carotenoid content and, hence, in qualities linked to carotenoid deposition (e.g., foraging ability, immune response, or antioxidant capacity). Moreover, skin carotenoid content and carotenoid-related reflectance were related to male color polymorphism, suggesting that carotenoid-based coloration of male common lizards is a multicomponent signal, with iridophores reflecting environmental conditions and carotenoids reflecting genetically based color morphs.