Disarming identities : Ethnic identities in conflict resolution: Hindrance or helpful resource?

This thesis proposes that national or ethnic identity is an important and overlooked resource in conflict resolution. Usually ethnic identity is seen both in international relations and in social psychology as something that fuels the conflict. Using grounded theory to analyze data from interactive problem-solving workshops between Palestinians and Israelis a theory about the role of national identity in turning conflict into protracted conflict is developed. Drawing upon research from, among others, social identity theory, just world theory and prejudice it is argued that national identity is a prime candidate to provide the justification of a conflict party’s goals and the dehumanization of the other necessary to make a conflict protracted. It is not the nature of national identity itself that lets it perform this role but rather the ability to mobilize a constituency for social action (see Stürmer, Simon, Loewy, & Jörger, 2003). Reicher & Hopkins (1996) have demonstrated that national identity is constructed by political entrepreneurs to further their cause, even if this construction is not a conscious one. Data from interactive problem-solving workshops suggest that the possibility of conflict resolution is actually seen by participants as a direct threat of annihilation. Understanding the investment necessary to make conflict protracted this reaction seems plausible. The justification for ones actions provided by national identity makes the conflict an integral part of a conflict party’s identity. Conflict resolution, it is argued, is therefore a threat to the very core of the current national identity. This may explain why so many peace agreements have failed to provide the hoped for resolution of conflict. But if national identity is being used in a constructionist way to attain political goals, a political project of conflict resolution, if it is conscious of the constructionist process, needs to develop a national identity that is independent of conflict and therefore able to accommodate conflict resolution. From this understanding it becomes clear why national identity needs to change, i.e. be disarmed, if conflict resolution is to be successful. This process of disarmament is theorized to be similar to the process of creating and sustaining protracted conflict. What shape and function this change should have is explored from the understanding of the role of national identity in supporting conflict. Ideas how track-two diplomacy efforts, such as the interactive problem-solving workshop, could integrate a process by both conflict parties to disarm their respective identities are developed.

Lasten ja nuorten kokemuksia lastensuojelun alkuvaiheen arvioinnista

Tämän tutkielman tarkoituksena on kuvailla lasten ja nuorten kokemuksia heidän osallistuttuaan perheineen lastensuojelun alkuvaiheen arviointiin eli lastensuojelutarpeen selvitykseen. Tarkastelen tutkielmassa lasten ja nuorten kokemuksia osallisuuden näkökulmasta. Tavoitteena on, että tämä tutkielma kertoisi lastensuojelutarpeen selvityksestä työkäytäntönä ja lisäisi tietoa siitä, miten lastensuojelu on onnistunut tavoitteessaan lisätä lasten ja nuorten osallisuuden kokemuksia ja lapsilähtöisyyttä lastensuojelun työkäytäntöihin ja erityisesti asiakkuuden alkuvaiheen selvitystyöhön. Tutkielmani on laadullinen tutkimus, jonka aineisto on saatu haastattelemalla yhdeksää 10–17-vuotiasta lasta ja nuorta, jotka ovat osallistuneet lastensuojelutarpeen selvitykseen vuosien 2009–2010 aikana. Lastensuojeluasiakkuus oli päättynyt arvioinnin jälkeen neljän nuoren osalta ja viiden nuoren kohdalla oli päädytty jatkamaan asiakkuutta lastensuojelun avohuollossa. Tutkimusaineiston analysoinnissa käytin temaattista sisällönanalyysiä. Thomasin malli osallisuuden ulottuvuuksista auttoi jäsentämään osallisuuden käsitettä ja lasten ja nuorten puhetta. Tutkimusaineistossa osallisuuden kokemuksen osa-alueiksi muodostuivat 1) tiedon saaminen asiakkuuden alkuvaiheesta ja syistä, jotka johtivat lastensuojelutarpeen selvitykseen, 2) kuulluksi tuleminen ja 3) vaikuttamisen mahdollisuus selvitystyön aikana. Useimmat lapset ja nuoret antoivat kiitettävän arvosanan tiedon saannistaan. Kuulluksi tuleminen edellytti mahdollisuutta itsensä ilmaisemiseen ja tuen saamista siihen. Lastensuojeluun kehitetyt osallistavat menetelmät olivat auttaneet oman mielipiteen kertomisessa. Vaikuttamisen mahdollisuus tarkentui mahdollisuudeksi vaikuttaa siihen, ketkä osallistuivat selvitykseen sekä mahdollisuudeksi vaikuttaa selvityksen sisältöön. Vaikuttamisen mahdollisuuteen sisältyi lisäksi mahdollisuus olla osallistumatta. Osallisuuden kokemukseen vaikuttivat myös se, näkyikö nuoren oma mielipide yhteenvetotekstissä ja se, oliko nuori selvillä asiakassuunnitelman tavoitteista. Kuulluksi tuleminen oli vaikuttanut nuorten käsityksiin lastensuojelusta ja muuttanut niitä positiivisemmiksi. Kuulluksi tulemisen ja osallisuuden kokemuksen seurauksena nuoret kokivat pääsääntöisesti hyötyneensä alkuvaiheen interventiosta. Eniten nuoret mainitsivat emotionaalisesti merkittäviä muutoksia, kuten luottamuksen ja yhteisen keskustelun lisääntymisen perheenjäsenten välillä ja hyväksytyksi tulemisen kokemuksia. Selvitykseen osallistumisen koettiin vaikuttaneen sekä lasten ja nuorten omaan käyttäytymiseen että vanhempien asennoitumiseen positiivisella tavalla. Tärkeimmät lähteet: Muukkonen, Tiina & Tulensalo, Hanna (2004): Kohtaavaa lastensuojelua. Möller (2005): Arviosta sanoisin – Tutkimus lastensuojelun asiakkuuden alkuvaiheeseen liittyvän arvioinnin mallintamisesta. Oranen, Mikko (2008): Mitä mieltä? Mitä mieltä? Lasten osallisuus lastensuojelun kehittämisessä.

Magnetically induced currents and magnetic response properties of molecules

The magnetically induced currents in organic monoring and multiring molecules, in Möbius shaped molecules and in inorganic all-metal molecules have been investigated by means of the Gauge-including magnetically induced currents (GIMIC) method. With the GIMIC method, the ring-current strengths and the ring-current density distributions can be calculated. For open-shell molecules, also the spin current can be obtained. The ring-current pathways and ring-current strengths can be used to understand the magnetic resonance properties of the molecules, to indirectly identify the effect of non-bonded interactions on NMR chemical shifts, to design new molecules with tailored properties and to discuss molecular aromaticity. In the thesis, the magnetic criterion for aromaticity has been adopted. According to this, a molecule which has a net diatropic ring current might be aromatic. Similarly, a molecule which has a net paratropic current might be antiaromatic. If the net current is zero, the molecule is nonaromatic. The electronic structure of the investigated molecules has been resolved by quantum chemical methods. The magnetically induced currents have been calculated with the GIMIC method at the density-functional theory (DFT) level, as well as at the self-consistent field Hartree-Fock (SCF-HF), at the Møller-Plesset perturbation theory of the second order (MP2) and at the coupled-cluster singles and doubles (CCSD) levels of theory. For closed-shell molecules, accurate ring-current strengths can be obtained with a reasonable computational cost at the DFT level and with rather small basis sets. For open-shell molecules, it is shown that correlated methods such as MP2 and CCSD might be needed to obtain reliable charge and spin currents. The basis set convergence has to be checked for open-shell molecules by performing calculations with large enough basis sets. The results discussed in the thesis have been published in eight papers. In addition, some previously unpublished results on the ring currents in the endohedral fullerene Sc3C2@C80 and in coronene are presented. It is shown that dynamical effects should be taken into account when modelling magnetic resonance parameters of endohedral metallofullerenes such as Sc3C2@C80. The ring-current strengths in a series of nano-sized hydrocarbon rings are related to static polarizabilities and to H-1 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) shieldings. In a case study on the possible aromaticity of a Möbius-shaped [16]annulene we found that, according to the magnetic criterion, the molecule is nonaromatic. The applicability of the GIMIC method to assign the aromatic character of molecules was confirmed in a study on the ring currents in simple monocylic aromatic, homoaromatic, antiaromatic, and nonaromatic hydrocarbons. Case studies on nanorings, hexaphyrins and [n]cycloparaphenylenes show that explicit calculations are needed to unravel the ring-current delocalization pathways in complex multiring molecules. The open-shell implementation of GIMIC was applied in studies on the charge currents and the spin currents in single-ring and bi-ring molecules with open shells. The aromaticity predictions that are made based on the GIMIC results are compared to other aromaticity criteria such as H-1 NMR shieldings and shifts, electric polarizabilities, bond-length alternation, as well as to predictions provided by the traditional Hückel (4n+2) rule and its more recent extensions that account for Möbius twisted molecules and for molecules with open shells.

Lasten ja nuorten kokemuksia lastensuojelun alkuvaiheen arvioinnista

Tämän tutkielman tarkoituksena on kuvailla lasten ja nuorten kokemuksia heidän osallistuttuaan perheineen lastensuojelun alkuvaiheen arviointiin eli lastensuojelutarpeen selvitykseen. Tarkastelen tutkielmassa lasten ja nuorten kokemuksia osallisuuden näkökulmasta. Tavoitteena on, että tämä tutkielma kertoisi lastensuojelutarpeen selvityksestä työkäytäntönä ja lisäisi tietoa siitä, miten lastensuojelu on onnistunut tavoitteessaan lisätä lasten ja nuorten osallisuuden kokemuksia ja lapsilähtöisyyttä lastensuojelun työkäytäntöihin ja erityisesti asiakkuuden alkuvaiheen selvitystyöhön. Tutkielmani on laadullinen tutkimus, jonka aineisto on saatu haastattelemalla yhdeksää 10–17-vuotiasta lasta ja nuorta, jotka ovat osallistuneet lastensuojelutarpeen selvitykseen vuosien 2009–2010 aikana. Lastensuojeluasiakkuus oli päättynyt arvioinnin jälkeen neljän nuoren osalta ja viiden nuoren kohdalla oli päädytty jatkamaan asiakkuutta lastensuojelun avohuollossa. Tutkimusaineiston analysoinnissa käytin temaattista sisällönanalyysiä. Thomasin malli osallisuuden ulottuvuuksista auttoi jäsentämään osallisuuden käsitettä ja lasten ja nuorten puhetta. Tutkimusaineistossa osallisuuden kokemuksen osa-alueiksi muodostuivat 1) tiedon saaminen asiakkuuden alkuvaiheesta ja syistä, jotka johtivat lastensuojelutarpeen selvitykseen, 2) kuulluksi tuleminen ja 3) vaikuttamisen mahdollisuus selvitystyön aikana. Useimmat lapset ja nuoret antoivat kiitettävän arvosanan tiedon saannistaan. Kuulluksi tuleminen edellytti mahdollisuutta itsensä ilmaisemiseen ja tuen saamista siihen. Lastensuojeluun kehitetyt osallistavat menetelmät olivat auttaneet oman mielipiteen kertomisessa. Vaikuttamisen mahdollisuus tarkentui mahdollisuudeksi vaikuttaa siihen, ketkä osallistuivat selvitykseen sekä mahdollisuudeksi vaikuttaa selvityksen sisältöön. Vaikuttamisen mahdollisuuteen sisältyi lisäksi mahdollisuus olla osallistumatta. Osallisuuden kokemukseen vaikuttivat myös se, näkyikö nuoren oma mielipide yhteenvetotekstissä ja se, oliko nuori selvillä asiakassuunnitelman tavoitteista. Kuulluksi tuleminen oli vaikuttanut nuorten käsityksiin lastensuojelusta ja muuttanut niitä positiivisemmiksi. Kuulluksi tulemisen ja osallisuuden kokemuksen seurauksena nuoret kokivat pääsääntöisesti hyötyneensä alkuvaiheen interventiosta. Eniten nuoret mainitsivat emotionaalisesti merkittäviä muutoksia, kuten luottamuksen ja yhteisen keskustelun lisääntymisen perheenjäsenten välillä ja hyväksytyksi tulemisen kokemuksia. Selvitykseen osallistumisen koettiin vaikuttaneen sekä lasten ja nuorten omaan käyttäytymiseen että vanhempien asennoitumiseen positiivisella tavalla. Tärkeimmät lähteet: Muukkonen, Tiina & Tulensalo, Hanna (2004): Kohtaavaa lastensuojelua. Möller (2005): Arviosta sanoisin – Tutkimus lastensuojelun asiakkuuden alkuvaiheeseen liittyvän arvioinnin mallintamisesta. Oranen, Mikko (2008): Mitä mieltä? Mitä mieltä? Lasten osallisuus lastensuojelun kehittämisessä.

Molecular Characterization of Viruses Causing the Cassava Brown Streak Disease Epidemic in Eastern Africa

Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) was described for the first time in Tanganyika (now Tanzania) about seven decades ago. Tanganyika (now Tanzania) about seven decades ago. It was endemic in the lowland areas of East Africa and inland parts of Malawi and caused by Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV; genus Ipomovirus; Potyviridae). However, in 1990s CBSD was observed at high altitude areas in Uganda. The causes for spread to new locations were not known.The present work was thus initiated to generate information on genetic variability, clarify the taxonomy of the virus or viruses associated with CBSD in Eastern Africa as well as to understand the evolutionary forces acting on their genes. It also sought to develop a molecular based diagnostic tool for detection of CBSD-associated virus isolates. Comparison of the CP-encoding sequences of CBSD-associated virus isolates collected from Uganda and north-western Tanzania in 2007 and the partial sequences available in Genbank revealed occurrence of two genetically distinct groups of isolates. Two isolates were selected to represent the two groups. The complete genomes of isolates MLB3 (TZ:Mlb3:07) and Kor6 (TZ:Kor6:08) obtained from North-Western (Kagera) and North-Eastern (Tanga) Tanzania, respectively, were sequenced. The genomes were 9069 and 8995 nucleotides (nt), respectively. They translated into polyproteins that were predicted to yield ten mature proteins after cleavage. Nine proteins were typical in the family Potyviridae, namely P1, P3, 6K1, CI, 6K2, VPg, NIa-Pro, NIb and CP, but the viruses did not contain HC-Pro. Interestingly, genomes of both isolates contained a Maf/HAM1-like sequence (HAM1h; 678 nucleotides, 25 kDa) recombined between the NIb and CP domains in the 3’-proximal part of the genomes. HAM1h was also identified in Euphorbia ringspot virus (EuRSV) whose sequence was in GenBank. The HAM1 gene is widely spread in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) it is known to be a nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) pyrophosphatase. Novel information was obtained on the structural variation at the N-termini of polyproteins of viruses in the genus Ipomovirus. Cucumber vein yellowing virus (CVYV) and Squash vein yellowing virus (SqVYV) contain a duplicated P1 (P1a and P1b) but lack the HC-Pro. On the other hand, Sweet potato mild mottle virus (SPMMV), has a single but large P1 and has HC-Pro. Both virus isolates (TZ:Mlb3:07 & TZ:Kor6:08) characterized in this study contained a single P1 and lacked the HC-Pro which indicates unique evolution in the family Potyviridae. Comparison of 12 complete genomes of CBSD-associated viruses which included two genomes characterized in this study, revealed genetic identity of 69.0–70.3% (nt) and amino acid (aa) identities of 73.6–74.4% at polyprotein level. Comparison was also made among 68 complete CP sequences, which indicated 69.0-70.3 and 73.6-74.4 % identity at nt and aa levels, respectively. The genetic variation was large enough for dermacation of CBSD-associated virus isolates into two distinct species. The name CBSV was retained for isolates that were related to CBSV isolates available in database whereas the new virus described for the first time in this study was named Ugandan cassava brown streak virus (UCBSV) by the International Committee on Virus Taxonomy (ICTV). The isolates TZ:Mlb3:07 and TZ:Kor6:08 belong to UCBSV and CBSV, respectively. The isolates of CBSV and UCBSV were 79.3-95.5% and 86.3-99.3 % identitical at nt level, respectively, suggesting more variation amongst CBSV isolates. The main sources of variation in plant viruses are mutations and recombination. Signals for recombination events were detected in 50% of isolates of each virus. Recombination events were detected in coding and non-coding (3’-UTR) sequences except in the 5’UTR and P3. There was no evidence for recombination between isolates of CBSV and UCBSV. The non-synonomous (dN) to synonomous (dS) nucleotide substitution ratio (ω) for the HAM1h and CP domains of both viruses were ≤ 0.184 suggesting that most sites of these proteins were evolving under strong purifying selection. However, there were individual amino acid sites that were submitted to adaptive evolution. For instance, adaptive evolution was detected in the HAM1h of UCBSV (n=15) where 12 aa sites were under positive selection (P< 0.05) but not in CBSV (n=12). The CP of CBSV (n=23) contained 12 aa sites (p<0.01) while only 5 aa sites in the CP gene of UCBSV were predicted to be submitted to positive selection pressure (p<0.01). The advantages offered by the aa sites under positive selection could not be established but occurrence of such sites in the terminal ends of UCBSV-HAMIh, for example, was interpreted as a requirement for proteolysis during polyprotein processing. Two different primer pairs that simultaneously detect UCBSV and CBSV isolates were developed in this study. They were used successfully to study distribution of CBSV, UCBSV and their mixed infections in Tanzania and Uganda. It was established that the two viruses co-infect cassava and that incidences of co-infection could be as high as 50% around Lake Victoria on the Tanzanian side. Furthermore, it was revealed for the first time that both UCBSV and CBSV were widely distributed in Eastern Africa. The primer pair was also used to confirm infection in a close relative of cassava, Manihot glaziovii (Müller Arg.) with CBSV. DNA barcoding of M. glaziovii was done by sequencing the matK gene. Two out of seven M. glaziovii from the coastal areas of Korogwe and Kibaha in north eastern Tanzania were shown to be infected by CBSV but not UCBSV isolates. Detection in M. glaziovii has an implication in control and management of CBSD as it is likely to serve as virus reservoir. This study has contributed to the understanding of evolution of CBSV and UCBSV, which cause CBSD epidemic in Eastern Africa. The detection tools developed in this work will be useful in plant breeding, verification of the phytosanitary status of materials in regional and international movement of germplasm, and in all diagnostic activities related to management of CBSD. Whereas there are still many issues to be resolved such as the function and biological significance of HAM1h and its origin, this work has laid a foundation upon which the studies on these aspects can be based.

Requirements for information management system in agricultural contracting

Menneinä vuosikymmeninä maatalouden työt ovat ensin koneellistuneet voimakkaasti ja sittemmin mukaan on tullut automaatio. Nykyään koneiden kokoa suurentamalla ei enää saada tuottavuutta nostettua merkittävästi, vaan työn tehostaminen täytyy tehdä olemassa olevien resurssien käyttöä tehostamalla. Tässä työssä tarkastelun kohteena on ajosilppuriketju nurmisäilörehun korjuussa. Säilörehun korjuun intensiivisyys ja koneyksiköiden runsas määrä ovat työnjohdon kannalta vaativa yhdistelmä. Työn tavoitteena oli selvittää vaatimuksia maatalouden urakoinnin tueksi kehitettävälle tiedonhallintajärjestelmälle. Tutkimusta varten haastateltiin yhteensä 12 urakoitsijaa tai yhteistyötä tekevää viljelijää. Tutkimuksen perusteella urakoitsijoilla on tarvetta tietojärjestelmille.Luonnollisesti urakoinnin laajuus ja järjestelyt vaikuttavat asiaan. Tutkimuksen perusteella keskeisimpiä vaatimuksia tiedonhallinnalle ovat: • mahdollisimman laaja, yksityiskohtainen ja automaattinen tiedon keruu tehtävästä työstä • karttapohjaisuus, kuljettajien opastus kohteisiin • asiakasrekisteri, työn tilaus sähköisesti • tarjouspyyntöpohjat, hintalaskurit • luotettavuus, tiedon säilyvyys • sovellettavuus monenlaisiin töihin • yhteensopivuus muiden järjestelmien kanssa Kehitettävän järjestelmän tulisi siis tutkimuksen perusteella sisältää seuraavia osia: helppokäyttöinen suunnittelu/asiakasrekisterityökalu, toimintoja koneiden seurantaan, opastukseen ja johtamiseen, työnaikainen tiedonkeruu sekä kerätyn tiedon käsittelytoimintoja. Kaikki käyttäjät eivät kuitenkaan tarvitse kaikkia toimintoja, joten urakoitsijan on voitava valita tarvitsemansa osat ja mahdollisesti lisätä toimintoja myöhemmin. Tiukoissa taloudellisissa ja ajallisissa raameissa toimivat urakoitsijat ovat vaativia asiakkaita, joiden käyttämän tekniikan tulee olla toimivaa ja luotettavaa. Toisaalta inhimillisiä virheitä sattuu kokeneillekin, joten hyvällä tietojärjestelmällä työstä tulee helpompaa ja tehokkaampaa.

Resource usage monitoring for KVM based virtual machines

Realization of cloud computing has been possible due to availability of virtualization technologies on commodity platforms. Measuring resource usage on the virtualized servers is difficult because of the fact that the performance counters used for resource accounting are not virtualized. Hence, many of the prevalent virtualization technologies like Xen, VMware, KVM etc., use host specific CPU usage monitoring, which is coarse grained. In this paper, we present a performance monitoring tool for KVM based virtualized machines, which measures the CPU overhead incurred by the hypervisor on behalf of the virtual machine along-with the CPU usage of virtual machine itself. This fine-grained resource usage information, provided by the above tool, can be used for diverse situations like resource provisioning to support performance associated QoS requirements, identification of bottlenecks during VM placements, resource profiling of applications in cloud environments, etc. We demonstrate a use case of this tool by measuring the performance of web-servers hosted on a KVM based virtualized server.

Toxicity and imaging of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in human macrophage cells.

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) have been proposed for use in many applications and concerns about their potential effect on human health have led to the interest in understanding the interactions between MWNTs and human cells. One important technique is the visualisation of the intracellular distribution of MWNTs. We exposed human macrophage cells to unpurified MWNTs and found that a decrease in cell viability was correlated with uptake of MWNTs due to mainly necrosis. Cells treated with purified MWNTs and the main contaminant Fe(2)O(3) itself yielded toxicity only from the nanotubes and not from the Fe(2)O(3). We used 3-D dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (DF-STEM) tomography of freeze-dried whole cells as well as confocal and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to image the cellular uptake and distribution of unpurified MWNTs. We observed that unpurified MWNTs entered the cell both actively and passively frequently inserting through the plasma membrane into the cytoplasm and the nucleus. These suggest that MWNTs may cause incomplete phagocytosis or mechanically pierce through the plasma membrane and result in oxidative stress and cell death.

Different methods of manufacturing FE-based oxygen carrier particles for reforming via chemical looping, and their effect on performance

Chemical looping combustion (CLC) is a means of combusting carbonaceous fuels, which inherently separates the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide from the remaining combustion products, and has the potential to be used for the production of high-purity hydrogen. Iron-based oxygen carriers for CLC have been subject to considerable work; however, there are issues regarding the lifespan of iron-based oxygen carriers over repeated cycles. In this work, haematite (Fe2O3) was reduced in an N2+CO+CO2 mixture within a fluidised bed at 850°C, and oxidised back to magnetite (Fe3O4) in a H2O+N2 mixture, with the subsequent yield of hydrogen during oxidation being of interest. Subsequent cycles started from Fe3O4 and two transition regimes were studied; Fe3O4↔Fe0.947O and Fe 3O4↔Fe. Particles were produced by mechanical mixing and co-precipitation. In the case of co-precipitated particles, Al was added such that the ratio of Fe:Al by weight was 9:1, and the final pH of the particles during precipitation was investigated for its subsequent effect on reactivity. This paper shows that co-precipitated particles containing additives such as Al may be able to achieve consistently high H2 yields when cycling between Fe3O4 and Fe, and that these yields are a function of the ratio of [CO2] to [CO] during reduction, where thermodynamic arguments suggest that the yield should be independent of this ratio. A striking feature with our materials was that particles made by mechanical mixing performed much better than those made by co-precipitation when cycling between Fe3O4 and Fe0.947O, but much worse than co-precipitated particles when cycling between Fe3O 4 and Fe.

The production of separate streams of pure hydrogen and carbon dioxide from coal via an iron-oxide redox cycle

A chemical looping process using the redox reactions of iron oxide has been used to produce separate streams of pure H2 and CO2 from a solid fuel. An iron oxide carrier prepared using a mechanical mixing technique and comprised of 100wt.% Fe2O3 was used. It was demonstrated that hydrogen can be produced from three representative coals - a Russian bituminous, a German lignite and a UK sub-bituminous coal. Depending on the fuel, pure H2 with [CO] ≲50vol.ppm can be obtained from the proposed process. The cyclic stability of the iron oxide carrier was not adversely affected by contaminants found in syngas which are gaseous above 273K. Stable quantities of H2 were produced over five cycles for all three coals investigated. Independent of the fuel, SO2 was not formed during the oxidation with steam, i.e. the produced H2 was not contaminated with SO2. Since oxidation with air removes contaminants and generates useful heat and pure N2 for purging, it should be included in the operating cycle. Overall, it was demonstrated that the proposed process may be an attractive approach to upgrade crude syngas produced by the gasification of low-rank coals to pure H2, representing a substantial increase in calorific value, whilst simultaneous capturing CO2, a greenhouse gas. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

Estudios de Historia de España, 1996, vol. 5 (número completo)

Contenido: Problemas del rito nupcial en Hispania y Galia: siglos VI al XI (Nuevas reflexiones en torno a las obras de San Leandro y San Isidoro de Sevilla) / Marcela Mantel – Los agüeros en la España medieval / María Cristina Longinotti – El convento de Santa Clara y la reactivación económica de la región de Tordesillas luego de la crisis de mediados del siglo XIV / Cecilia Bahr – El mundo íntimo de los sefardíes en las aljamas castellanas, siglos XIV-XV. Encuentros y desencuentros intracomunitarios / Susana M. Likerman de Portnoy – Poder y migraciones (continuación) / Susana Royer de Cardinal – Carne y carniceros. Una aproximación: Madrid / Mariana Zapatero – Fuentes complementarias de alimentación y rentas / María del Carmen Carlé – Imágenes discursivas del poder: algunas tendencias en los papeles personales del Emperador Carlos V / Claudia Möller – Papel y transformaciones de la nobleza castellana en la Guerra de Sucesión española / María Luz González – Una carta de Rafael Altamira / Hebe Carmen Pelosi – Reseñas bibliográficas

Diário da Constituinte [gravação de vídeo] : [programa n. 028]

A Subcomissão de Política Agrícola, Fundiária e de Reforma Agrária recebeu empresários rurais com propostas de distribuição de terras no país. O Presidente da Sociedade Rural Brasileira, Flávio Teles de Menezes, defendeu a não limitação para a fixação de propriedade rurais. Segundo ele os produtores rurais devem ser qualificados de acordo com a sua produtividade. A Sociedade Rural, representando os latifundiários, sugere que os proprietários recebam o valor venal da terra, pois o Estatuto da Terra prevê que o pagamento seja baseado no imposto cobrado pelo Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (Incra). A Deputada Irma Passoni (PT-SP) acredita que terras não cultivadas e não utilizadas devem ser desapropriadas. O Deputado Fernando Sant' Anna (PCB-BA), 2º vice-presidente da Subcomissão, afirma que nos termos atuais a reforma agrária não pode ser realizada. O Deputado Amaury Müller (PDT-RS) comenta que a terra é uma obrigação social. A Subcomissão dos Direitos e Garantias Individuais recebeu José Geraldo de Souza Júnior, representante da Comissão da Justiça e Paz do Distrito Federal, que debateu sobre as prerrogativas do cidadão diante do Estado. O Deputado Délio Braz (PMDB -GO), membro da Subcomissão, comentou que a audiência foi muito proveitosa e destaca a proposta de criação da figura do ouvidor. Na Comissão de Sistematização da Assembleia Nacional Constituinte (ANC), Afonso Arinos (PSDB-RJ), Presidente da Comissão, afirma que a nova Constituição não deve conter erros de português, para tanto convocará filólogos como Antônio Aires e Celso Cunha. O Senador Jarbas Passarinho (PDS-PA) afirma não ser contrário à ideia.

Diário da Constituinte [gravação de vídeo] : [programa n. 602]

Prefeitos de todo o país estiveram no Congresso Nacional pedir que aprovem a reeleição para Prefeito na votação das Disposições Transitórias. Os Prefeitos gostaram da proposta da fusão de emendas, entre as quais as do Deputado César Neto que prevê eleições municipais para este ano com mandato tampão e com possibilidade da reeleição. Houve acordo até o artigo 32 das Disposições Transitórias, foi discutida a questão tributária. As dúvidas relativas ao sistema Judiciário e a sua adaptação a nova Carta foram acertadas; assim como votação, em sessão da Câmara dos Deputados, do projeto de lei que regulamenta as eleições municipais de 1988. Depoimentos: Lincoln Magalhães (Pres. Municipal/ SP); Jovani Masini (PMDB/PR); Antônio Gaspar (PMDB/MA); Jose Serra (PMDB/SP); Bonifácio de Andrade (PDS/MG)., Ibsen Pinheiro (PMDB), Amaury Müller (PDT/RS). Presidente da Associação Municipal SP, Lincoln Magalhães; Jovani Masini; Mário Covas; Sandra Cavalcanti; Antônio Gaspar; José Serra; Bonifácio de Andrada; Ibsen Pinheiro; Bernardo Cabral; Ulysses Guimaraães; Amaury Muller; Presidente da Associação Municipal SP, Lincoln Magalhães; Jovani Masini; Mário Covas; Sandra Cavalcanti; Antônio Gaspar; José Serra; Bonifácio de Andrada; Ibsen Pinheiro; Bernardo Cabral; Ulysses Guimarães; Amaury Muller.