Uveítis. Epidemiología y Diagnóstico

Desarrollamos un estudio epidemiológico transversal observacional en la población de la provincia de Málaga para determinar la incidencia y prevalencia de periodo de uveítis durante 12 meses (desde el 1 de Mayo de 2011 al 30 de Abril de 2012). Objetivos: Determinar la incidencia y prevalencia de la uveítis en nuestra provincia. Evaluar la posible relación entre el género y la edad al diagnóstico de la uveítis, con las características clínicas de esta enfermedad en nuestra población (curso clínico, localización anatómica, clasificación etiológica, complicaciones). Establecer cuales son los principales factores de riesgo para desarrollar complicaciones. Material y métodos: Se recogieron los datos correspondientes a todos los pacientes diagnosticados de uveítis en los seis centros participantes (todos los hospitales públicos de la provincia de Málaga) durante el periodo comprendido entre el 1 de Mayo de 2011 al 30 de Abril de 2012. Resultados: La frecuencia y las características de las uveítis en nuestra provincia son similares a las obtenidas por otros estudios de países del mundo occidental. Su prevalencia en nuestro medio es de 36,2 por 100.000 habitantes (IC 95%: 33,4-39,3) y la incidencia de 12,1 por 100.000 habitantes (IC 95%: 10-5-13,9). La etiología es habitualmente desconocida (41,9%). La edad media de inicio es de 40,3±19,2 años. La etnia más frecuente es la caucásica (92,5%). La uveítis en nuestro estudio muestra un ligero predominio femenino (58,6%), un curso clínico recurrente (50,5%) y una localización anatómica mayoritariamente anterior (69,3%). El 40,1% de la población desarrolla al menos una complicación, siendo las más prevalentes la catarata (28,5%) y el glaucoma (12,3%). La edad también influye en la caracterización de las uveítis: 1. La diferencia de género es mayor en las edades extremas de la vida, siendo más prevalentes las uveítis en mujeres en edades pediátricas (71,2%) o en mayores de 60 años (62,2%). 2. Las formas crónicas fueron mucho más frecuentes en menores de 16 años (36.40%). 3. Las uveítis de localización intermedia son mucho más comunes en la edad pediátrica (19,2%). 4. Las uveítis idiopáticas son la causa más frecuente en todas las edades, excepto en los niños, donde las enfermedades asociadas a patología sistémica son la etiología más común (54,8%). 5. Las complicaciones fueron más frecuentes en las personas de mayor edad (50,5%), siendo la catarata y el glaucoma las más prevalentes. 6. En nuestra población los casos de ceguera legal son muy poco frecuentes, aunque su prevalencia es mayor en los pacientes de mayor edad (2,3%). Destacar que los principales factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de complicaciones en la uveítis fueron el tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad, la mayor edad del paciente, las panuveítis, y el curso clínico crónico. Conclusiones: En un área bien definida del sur de España, la frecuencia y las caraterísticas de la uveítis son similares a otros estudios realizados en el mundo occidental. Es una patología rara, de causa desconocida, con un curso clínico recurrente y que desarrolla con frecuencia complicaciones severas. La uveítis presenta diferentes características según la edad de inicio. Los principales factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de complicaciones son el mayor tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad, la mayor edad de los pacientes, la forma anatómica tipo panuveítis y la evolución clínica crónica.

MobiMed: Framework for Rapid Application Development of Medical Mobile Apps

In the medical field images obtained from high definition cameras and other medical imaging systems are an integral part of medical diagnosis. The analysis of these images are usually performed by the physicians who sometimes need to spend long hours reviewing the images before they are able to come up with a diagnosis and then decide on the course of action. In this dissertation we present a framework for a computer-aided analysis of medical imagery via the use of an expert system. While this problem has been discussed before, we will consider a system based on mobile devices. Since the release of the iPhone on April 2003, the popularity of mobile devices has increased rapidly and our lives have become more reliant on them. This popularity and the ease of development of mobile applications has now made it possible to perform on these devices many of the image analyses that previously required a personal computer. All of this has opened the door to a whole new set of possibilities and freed the physicians from their reliance on their desktop machines. The approach proposed in this dissertation aims to capitalize on these new found opportunities by providing a framework for analysis of medical images that physicians can utilize from their mobile devices thus remove their reliance on desktop computers. We also provide an expert system to aid in the analysis and advice on the selection of medical procedure. Finally, we also allow for other mobile applications to be developed by providing a generic mobile application development framework that allows for access of other applications into the mobile domain. In this dissertation we outline our work leading towards development of the proposed methodology and the remaining work needed to find a solution to the problem. In order to make this difficult problem tractable, we divide the problem into three parts: the development user interface modeling language and tooling, the creation of a game development modeling language and tooling, and the development of a generic mobile application framework. In order to make this problem more manageable, we will narrow down the initial scope to the hair transplant, and glaucoma domains.

Use of flucinolone acetonide for patients with diabetic macular oedema:patient selection criteria and early outcomes in real world setting

Introduction: Fluocinolone acetonide slow release implant (Iluvien®) was approved in December 2013 in UK for treatment of eyes which are pseudophakic with DMO that is unresponsive to other available therapies. This approval was based on evidence from FAME trials which were conducted at a time when ranibizumab was not available. There is a paucity of data on implementation of guidance on selecting patients for this treatment modality and also on the real world outcome of fluocinolone therapy especially in those patients that have been unresponsive to ranibizumab therapy. Method: Retrospective study of consecutive patients treated with fluocinolone between January and August 2014 at three sites were included to evaluate selection criteria used, baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes at 3-month time point. Results: Twenty two pseudophakic eyes of 22 consecutive patients were included. Majority of patients had prior therapy with multiple intravitreal anti-VEGF injections. Four eyes had controlled glaucoma. At baseline mean VA and CRT were 50.7 letters and 631 μm respectively. After 3 months, 18 patients had improved CRT of which 15 of them also had improved VA. No adverse effects were noted. One additional patient required IOP lowering medication. Despite being unresponsive to multiple prior therapies including laser and anti-VEGF injections, switching to fluocinolone achieved treatment benefit. Conclusion: The patient level selection criteria proposed by NICE guidance on fluocinolone appeared to be implemented. This data from this study provides new evidence on early outcomes following fluocinolone therapy in eyes with DMO which had not responded to laser and other intravitreal agents.

Retinal Macroglial Responses in Health and Disease

Due to their permanent and close proximity to neurons, glial cells perform essential tasks for the normal physiology of the retina. Astrocytes andM¨uller cells (retinal macroglia) provide physical support to neurons and supplement them with several metabolites and growth factors.Macroglia are involved in maintaining the homeostasis of extracellular ions and neurotransmitters, are essential for information processing in neural circuits, participate in retinal glucose metabolism and in removing metabolic waste products, regulate local blood flow, induce the blood-retinal barrier (BRB), play fundamental roles in local immune response, and protect neurons from oxidative damage. In response to polyetiological insults, glia cells react with a process called reactive gliosis, seeking to maintain retinal homeostasis. When malfunctioning, macroglial cells can become primary pathogenic elements. A reactive gliosis has been described in different retinal pathologies, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetes, glaucoma, retinal detachment, or retinitis pigmentosa. A better understanding of the dual, neuroprotective, or cytotoxic effect of macroglial involvement in retinal pathologies would help in treating the physiopathology of these diseases.The extensive participation of the macroglia in retinal diseases points to these cells as innovative targets for new drug therapies.

Melatonin Makes Me Feel Awake! Seven Years of Lab Experience (2000-2007)

The research on the effect of melatonin on intraocular pressure (IOP) is reviewed from the hystorical point of view of our laboratory. The original idea of melatonin modulating intraocular pressure has been improved by using selective compounds for MT2 and specially melatonin MT3 receptors. The selective compound 5-methoxyamino N-acetyltryptamine (5-MCA-NAT) has been an attractive compound due to its ability to reduce IOP about 40%, therefore being a good candidate to the treatment of the ocular hypertension linked to glaucoma. More compounds have been developed and tested permitting us to have a more accurate panorama of those receptors controlling the relevant process of intraocular pressure.