Efici��ncia de produ����o segundo diferentes mecanismos de acesso �� terra na reforma agr��ria brasileira

P��s-gradua����o em Agronomia (Energia na Agricultura) - FCA

Uso m��ltiplo dos recursos naturais da v��rzea por camponeses no Baixo Amazonas

A estrat��gia do uso m��ltiplo dos recursos naturais da v��rzea no Baixo Amazonas tem sofrido constante amea��a principalmente nos ��ltimos 70 anos, devido a press��es resultantes das mudan��as no mercado regional, como os cultivos comerciais, da intensifica����o da pesca comercial e da expans��o da cria����o extensiva de gado e b��falo. Frente a esta problem��tica, a tese objetivou analisar as respostas de adapta����o dos camponeses ao ambiente de v��rzea de acordo ao acesso ao fator de produ����o terra, ��s influ��ncias do ambiente e da paisagem, e a sua inser����o ao mercado, na v��rzea do Baixo Amazonas, Santar��m, no per��odo de 1941 a 2002. Conhecer as respostas de adapta����o das comunidades camponesas nos momentos de tens��o �� de extrema import��ncia para o ecossistema da v��rzea, detectar altera����es na estrat��gia do uso m��ltiplo dos recursos naturais. Os dados foram coletados em duas comunidades camponesas na v��rzea pertencentes a sub-regi��o do Urucurituba, mesoregi��o do Baixo Amazonas, microregi��o de Santar��m na regi��o oeste do estado do Par��. As comunidades de Pirac��oera de Cima e Pirac��oera de Baixo foram selecionadas por possuirem uma alta restinga; estarem relativamente pr��ximas ao centro urbano de Santar��m, e produzirem culturas anuais em sistema intensivo, evidenciado em pesquisa anterior. Foram constitu��dos dois grupos de fam��lias camponesas de acordo com o acesso a terra, as N��o- Arrendat��rias e os Arrendat��rias. A amostra composta de 57 fam��lias, correspondeu a 36% do total da popula����o das duas comunidades. De acordo com este processo, a amostra foi constitu��da por 31 fam��lias N��o-Arrendat��rios, e 26 Arrendat��rias. Para aprofundar a an��lise procedeu-se a estratificar das fam��lias por sistemas de produ����o. Foram denominados sistemas de produ����o A, B e C, as quais apresentavam as seguintes caracter��sticas: O Sistema de Produ����o A prioriza a cria����o animal, m��dios e grandes animais, dentre o uso m��ltiplo dos recursos; o Sistema de Produ����o B: prioriza a agricultura, dentre o uso m��ltiplo. Neste sistema considera as fam��lias que criam, ou n��o, o gado bovino, e o Sistema de Produ����o C que prioriza a pesca, e a agricultura em menor propor����o.Embasado no m��todo participativo, as entrevistas as fam��lias foram realizadas com o aux��lio de um question��rio previamente estruturado e testado pelo IPAM/Santar��m, com adapta����es propostas por Costa (1995) para reconstituir historicamente a agricultura, a pesca, a cria����o de grandes animais, e o pomar caseiro. Ap��s analisar as informa����es obtidas procedeu-se a An��lise da Intensifica����o Agr��cola, da efici��ncia Agr��cola e a da efici��ncia dos sistemas de produ����o A, B e C nos dois grupos de camponeses conclu��mos que: A restri����o ao fator de produ����o terra n��o condicionou a que os camponeses usassem mais intensivamente a terra. As fam��lias que arrendam terra n��o possuem sistemas agr��colas mais intensivos. A intensifica����o agr��cola n��o influenciou negativamente na produtividade agr��cola ao longo do tempo, n��o influenciou na efici��ncia dos sistemas de produ����o, nem t��o pouco no uso m��ltiplo dos recursos. A intensifica����o da agricultura n��o influenciou o uso m��ltiplo dos recursos, por��m, houve um redirecionamento da for��a de trabalho, entre a pesca e agricultura, principais atividades produtivas, para manter a unidade produtiva em funcionamento. Uma atividade libera m��o-de-obra como uma forma de investimento a outra atividade. Os recursos financeiros obtidos na pesca ajudam na aquisi����o dos elementos de capital necess��rios para a atividade agr��cola, e a adquirir os produtos industrializados no mercado para a fam��lia. Por outro lado, a renda proveniente da agricultura financia a pesca no ver��o e no inverno com a aquisi����o de gelo, alimentos para as viagens na pesca. At�� iniciar a produ����o agr��cola, a pesca mant��m a fam��lia com a aquisi����o de produtos para serem consumidos, e a adquirir os elementos de capital. Em s��ntese, conclu��mos que os campesinos da v��rzea do Baixo Amazonas seguem a l��gica do lucro, ao mesmo tempo se resguardando de fracassos por meio do uso m��ltiplo dos recursos atrav��s da diversifica����o de atividades e produtos.

Castanheiros, agricultores e ��ndios: conflitos pelos usos da terra em castanhais do m��dio Tocantins (1948-1980)

O trabalho em quest��o procura atentar para os simbolismos que os castanhais do M��dio Tocantins adquiriram no decorrer de mais de meio s��culo de ocupa����o, desde pelo menos 1892, sobretudo nos limites que constitu��ram os munic��pios de Marab�� e Itupiranga, no Par��. Para uns, as terras de castanhais n��o passaram de fontes de renda, importantes vias de lucros, motivos que levaram ��s sucessivas apropria����es dos espa��os e dos produtos oriundos da floresta, principalmente por fazendeiros, comerciantes de castanhas e representantes municipais. Para outros, tornaram-se espa��os inerentes �� vida, e cujo pr��prio meio natural se revelou a ess��ncia da produ����o cultural, no caso dos agricultores tradicionalmente instalados em pequenos povoados e localidades isoladas que adequaram tradi����es aos meios ocupados e desenvolveram pequenas agriculturas, valendo-se de produtos da floresta como complemento para suas subsist��ncias. Com base em fontes escritas e an��lise da mem��ria acerca dos castanhais m��dio-tocantinos, al��m da leitura do seu espa��o, essa pesquisa procurou interrogar v��rios desses sujeitos, destacando o per��odo entre 1948 e 1980, com a finalidade de visualizar as causas e consequ��ncias desse antagonismo de ideias e pontos de vista relacionados aos modos de lidar com a terra e com os recursos disponibilizados por ela.

Ades��o das fam��lias camponesas �� produ����o da palma de ��leo nos munic��pios de Moju e Conc��rdia do Par��: estrat��gia de parceria das empresas Agropalma e Biopalma

O objetivo desse trabalho �� analisar a ades��o das fam��lias camponesas �� produ����o da palma de ��leo a partir de parcerias dos agricultores com a Agropalma e Biopalma nos munic��pios de Moj�� e Concordia do Par��. Para tanto, foram entrevistados agricultores familiares que apresentaram os limites e possibilidades das rela����es de parceria com as empresas privadas, sendo subsidiadas pelo Estado.

Influencia de las decisiones pol��ticas en la rentabilidad del riego de especies forrajeras con aguas regeneradas

<p>[ES] La escasa disponibilidad de agua a bajo precio y el actual r&eacute;gimen de ayudas del REA, ambos decididos a nivel pol&iacute;tico, explican que el autoabastecimiento forrajero sea actualmente un objetivo inalcanzable en Canarias. El Plan de Forrajeras de Canarias pretende contrarrestar esta realidad e incrementar su nivel de autoabastecimiento. La ayuda financiera que supone el REA reduce el importe a pagar por el forraje importado frente al producto local, condicionando la adopci&oacute;n de decisiones por parte de los ganaderos. De acuerdo a los c&aacute;lculos realizados, reutilizando el agua en lugar de verterla, el cultivo de Maralfalfa podr&iacute;a ser competitivo frente a la importaci&oacute;n, siendo financieramente viable con precios del agua en un rango de 0,20-0,30 &euro;/m3</p>

CAP Reform vs WTO: Crop Diversification or Crop Rotation? : Legal opinion prepared by Dr. Christian H��berli at the request of APRODEV, the Association of World Council of Churches related Development Organisations in Europe

The European Commission���s proposals for the Legislative Framework of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in the period 2014-2020 include, inter alia, the introduction of a ���strong greening component���. For the first time, all EU farmers in receipt of support are to ���go beyond the requirements of cross compliance and deliver environmental and climate benefits as part of their everyday activities crop diversification as a contribution to all EU farmers in receipt of support go beyond the requirements of cross compliance and deliver environmental and climate benefits as part of their everyday activities.��� In a legal opinion prepared at the request of APRODEV, the Association of World Council of Churches related Development Organisations in Europe (www.aprodev.eu), Christian H��berli examines the WTO implications of this proposal, as compared with an alternative proposal to rather link direct payments to crop rotation. The conclusions are twofold: 1. Crop rotation is at least as likely to be found Green Box-compatible as crop diversification. Moreover, it will be more difficult to argue that crop diversification is ���not more than minimally production-distorting��� because it entails for most farmers less cost and work. 2. Even if (either of the two cropping schemes) were to be found ���amber���, the EU would not have to relinquish this conditionality. This is because the direct payments involved would in all likelihood not, together with the other price support instruments, exceed the amount available under the presently scheduled maximum.

Measuring the effect of agricultural cooperatives on household income using PSM-DID : a case study of a rice-producing cooperative in China

Agricultural cooperatives in China, known as Farmers' Professional Cooperatives (FPCs), are becoming popular and have been intensely promoted by the Chinese government to improve the economic welfare of small farmers. However, very few studies on Chinese agricultural cooperatives have measured the benefits to farmers who participate in FPCs after controlling for time-invariant attributes of farmers. This paper investigates the treatment effect of participation in a rice-producing cooperative in suburban China using propensity score matching (PSM) and difference-in-differences (DID) method. Estimated results show that no significant difference is observed between participants and non-participants of the cooperative in terms of net income from rice production when controlling for the difference in farmers' rice incomes before the treatment. In addition, there is no significant heterogeneity of the treatment effects between large and small farmers, although the probability of participation in the cooperative is significantly higher when the size of cultivated rice farmland is greater. These results indicate that the benefits of the cooperative appear to be overestimated considering the vigorous policy supports for FPCs from the Chinese government.

Peanut farmers experience with FARMSCAPE in peninsular India

Researchers and extension officers collaborated with farmers in addressing peanut cropping and sowing decisions using on-farm experiments and cropping systems simulation in the Pollachi region of Tamil Nadu, India. The most influential variable affecting the peanut productivity in this irrigated region regard sowing date. During the 1998-1999 rabi (post rainy) season, three farmers fields in villages in Pollachi region were selected and monitored. The APSIM model was used to simulate the effect of sowing date. The APSIM-Peanut module simulation demonstrated close correspondence with the field observation in predicting yield. The model predicted that December sowing resulted in higher yield than January sowing due to longer pod filling period, and this was confirmed by farmer experience. The farmers and extension officers became comfortable with their role as owners of the collaborative experiments and custodians of the learning environment.

Ecological, economic, and organizational dimensions of organic farming in Miami-Dade County

The purpose of this research was to determine what challenges small-scale organic farmers face in choosing their particular production, marketing, and organizational strategies in Miami-Dade County. Rapid soil assessments were used on six organic farms to determine the effects of soil nutrient management in terms of pH, soil organic matter (SOM), and phosphorus (P). Potential costs of inputs were documented for each farm to determine the largest challenges facing the profitability of organic farms. A production, marketing, and organizational analysis determined how farmers shape their inter-farm competitive and cooperative relations. Preliminary findings from soil, input, labor, marketing, and organizational factors indicate that soil health varies dramatically from farm to farm, inputs and labor constitute significant costs, and marketing, production, and organizational strategies show no signs of immediate growth.

Understanding, defining and assessing food systems��� social and economic sustainability indicators: implementation of mixed methodologies for policy insights

Sustainability encompasses the presence of three dimensions that must coexist simultaneously, namely the environmental, social, and economic ones. The economic and social dimensions are gaining the spotlight in recent years, especially within food systems. To assess social and economic impacts, indicators and tools play a fundamental role in contributing to the achievements of sustainability targets, although few of them have deepen the focus on social and economic impacts. Moreover, in a framework of citizen science and bottom-up approach for improving food systems, citizen play a key role in defying their priorities in terms of social and economic interventions. This research expands the knowledge of social and economic sustainability indicators within the food systems for robust policy insights and interventions. This work accomplishes the following objectives: 1) to define social and economic indicators within the supply chain with a stakeholder perspective, 2) to test social and economic sustainability indicators for future food systems engaging young generations. The first objective was accomplished through the development of a systematic literature review of 34 social sustainability tools, based on five food supply chain stages, namely production, processing, wholesale, retail, and consumer considering farmers, workers, consumers, and society as stakeholders. The second objective was achieved by defining and testing new food systems social and economic sustainability indicators through youth engagement for informed and robust policy insights, to provide policymakers suggestions that would incorporate young generations ones. Future food systems scenarios were evaluated by youth through focus groups, whose results were analyzed through NVivo and then through a survey with a wider platform. Conclusion addressed the main areas of policy interventions in terms of social and economic aspects of sustainable food systems youth pointed out as in need of interventions, spanning from food labelling reporting sustainable origins to better access to online food services.

To regulate the production and ginning of cotton : hearings before the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry, United States Senate, Seventy-third Congress, second session, on S. 1974, a bill to place the cotton industry on a sound basis, and to prevent unfair competition and practices in putting cotton into the channels of interstate and foreign commerce. January 15, 16, 17, and 20, 1934.

Ellison D. Smith, chairman; John H. Bankhead, presiding, Jan. 16, 1934.

Australia : production and marketing of grain for export : a competition report /

"Updates and broadens the scope of an earlier publication, FAS-M 171, The Australian wheat marketing system, issued in December 1965"--P. [i].

Distribution systems of the food sector in Russia: the perspective of Finnish food industry

Finnish food producers' trade with Russia has experienced profound changes since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Simultaneously, the distribution systems of foodstuffs have changed remarkably. This study sheds some light into these changes and analyses the current situation in distribution systems of foodstuffs in Russia. In addition, the study discusses the possibilities of Finnish food producers to get more of their products to the shelves of Russian food retail stores. Before the 1998 financial crisis, the import of foreign foodstuffs was booming in Russia due to the overvalued rouble. As a result of the financial crisis, food import collapsed. The export of Finnish foodstuffs to Russia has been slowly recovering during the past few years, but in the most important product categories the pre-crisis levels have so far not been reached and maybe will not be reached. In certain product categories the growth has been only marginal. It seems that starting localproduction will become increasingly important in the future. This is further encouraged by the fact that Russian consumers favour domestic food products. Russian consumers are very price conscious and demand quality in food products. The perceived price-quality ratio is an important criterion in the purchase decision.The majority of foodstuff retail is still conducted via unorganised forms of trade (e.g. kiosks and marketplaces) but modern retail chains are developing at a fast pace in Russia. They are also expected to dominate the retail trade in foodstuffs over the unorganised forms of trade in the future. This will change the distribution systems as well. The retail chains are trying to shorten the distribution chain, similarly to what has been seen in the Western countries. This together with the strengthening of retail chains is likely to shrink the role of wholesalers, as the chains increasingly want to work directly with the producers. Many large retail chains are acquiring or have already acquired a distribution centre or centres in order to boost efficiency and control the flow of products. The strengthening of the retail chains also gives them power in negotiations, which the producers and distributors have to adjust to. For example store entry fees and retail chains' own private label products pose challenges to the food producers. In the food production sector the competition is fierce, as large Russianand foreign producers want to ensure their piece of the market. The largest producers utilise their size: they invest in big marketing campaigns and are willing to pay high entry fees to retail chains in order to secure a place on the store shelves and to build a strong brand in Russia. This complicates the situation from the viewpoint of small producers. Currently, the most popular type of distribution system among the interviewed Finnish food producers is based on a network of local distributors. There is, however, a strong consensus on the importanceof starting local production in order to be a serious actor in Russia in the future. Factors that hinder the starting of local production include the lack of local infrastructure and qualified staff, and the low risk tolerance of Finnish firms. Major barriers for entry in Russia are the actions of authorities, fierce competition, fragmented market and Finnish producers' heavy production costs. The suggested strategies for increasing the market share include focusing geographically or segment-wise, introducing new products, starting local production, andcooperation between Finnish producers. Smallness was one reason why Finnish producers had to cut down their operations in Russia due to the 1998 crisis. Smaller producers had fewer resources to tolerate losses during the period of crisis. Smallness is reflected also on trade negotiations with retail chains and distributors. It makes it harder to cope with the store entry fees and to differentiatefrom the mass of products propped up by expensive advertising. Finally, it makes it harder for Finnish producers to start or expand local production, as it is more difficult for a small producer to get financing and to tolerate the increased risks. Compensating for the smallness might become the crucial factor determining the future success of Finnish food producers in the Russian market.

The transformation of the North American apparel industry: is NAFTA a curse or a blessing?

Includes bibliography