Modelo matemático aplicado na vaporização de toras de Eucalyptus grandis

O objetivo deste estudo é obter um modelo matemático logístico que representa a vaporização de toras de Eucalyptus grandis, em função do diâmetro e do tempo de permanência das toras no tratamento térmico a vapor. Para tanto, foram coletadas toras nas classes diamétricas de 25 a 40 cm de três árvores de E. grandis provenientes do Horto Florestal de Mandurí, SP. Em cada uma das toras foram inseridos três termopares, com profundidades distintas, 1/3 do raio; 2/3 do raio e o terceiro, próximo ao seu centro. Posteriormente, as toras foram vaporizadas a 85ºC e 100% de umidade relativa, até que o último termopar atingisse uma temperatura de 80ºC. Um Datalogger CR10 registrou as temperaturas, no interior do material, durante o tratamento térmico. Conclui-se que o modelo matemático logístico foi bem ajustado, obtido no tratamento térmico com vapor, levando em consideração as três classes de diâmetro e a profundidade máxima de 50 mm de raio, o modelo gerado, apresenta-se uma viabilidade técnica na aplicação do processo de aquecimento de toras com vapor, promovendo um consumo ideal de energia.

Potencial de Invasão de eucalipto pelas sementes produzidas nos plantios comerciais

Over the past few years, the area of planted forests has expanded considerably in Brazil, reaching a level of 6.3 million hectares, which represents approximately 0.7% of the country, mainly with some species of the Eucalyptus genus. However, due to the global concern with biological invasions by exotic species, risk assessment is necessary to evaluate the potential of Eucalyptus species escaping cultivated stands and invading surrounding native ecosystems. Seedlings by natural regeneration from Eucalyptus grandis and E. urophylla, pure and hybrids between the two species were evaluated, by assessing natural regeneration of Eucalyptus in 18 sites located in Brazilian states with plantation forest tradition (Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul and Espírito Santo). Sample plots were installed in the planted stands, along forest roads and in a nearby pasture or native vegetation.,at different distances from the Eucalyptus stands. Regeneration of Eucalyptus was not recorded in 90% of the plots installed outside the eucalipt stands. However, seedlings of eucalypts were observed in 29% of the plots within the commercial stands (mean density of 37 seedlings per hectare) and 40% of the plots located along forest roads (157 seedlings per hectare on average), but no adult plants by natural regeneration were found. The seedlings of eucalypt species studied rarely were found beyond the limits of the cultivated areas. In the planted stands or along forest roads, eucalypts can germinate, but the seedlings apparently do not establish. So the potential for invasion by seeds produced in commercial plantations of Eucalyptus is low.

Variabilidade genética e alterações morfológicas em progênies de polinização aberta de Eucalyptus grandis sob o efeito do paclobutrazol

The research objective was to study the genetic diversity of morphological traits in Eucalyptus grandis progenies growing under paclobutrazol regulator effects. The progeny trail was set up through design of randomized blocks. The morphological changes occurred before and during the plant flowering were analyzed. The estimation of genetic parameters were for plant height and stem diameter. The paclobutrazol have caused changes on plant development being strong by the beginning and becoming lightening through the evaluations. The coefficients of variation have shown there is higher genetic diversity within than among progenies for the studied traits. Therefore, it can have high efficiency on selection within progenies in the Eucalyptus grandis breeding program.

Towards biological control strategies for the bronze bug, Thaumastocoris peregrinus, on eucalyptus plantations in South America

The bronze bug is an invasive Australian pest that has reached eucalypt production areas worldwide in <10 years. The fi rst record in South America was in 2005 in Argentina. Collaboration in the region towards a unifi ed strategy for the management of the bronze bug started soon after the dispersal of the pest into Brazil and Uruguay was confi rmed. Here, we present the main achievements of this collaboration in four main topics: 1) biology of the pest, 2) monitoring, 3) biological control, and 4) cooperative networks. Two mass rearing procedures have been implemented in the region with relative success, allowing basic biological studies on the pest. Continuous monitoring in the region for >5 years has provided a reasonable knowledge on seasonal patterns of T. peregrinus. Biological control strategies developed include the use of local natural enemies of T. peregrinus, the development of biopesticides, and the introduction of Cleruchoides noackae, an egg parasitoid of T. peregrinus from Australia. We review the main achievements in each country. Finally, a regional network of institutions, researchers, and students has strengthened in the region, providing a solid background for future collaboration.

Biological control of the bronze bug, Thaumastocoris peregrinus, in eucalyptus plantations in Brazil

The bronze bug Thaumastocoris peregrinus (Hemiptera: Thaumastocoridae) was detected in Brazil in 2008 and infested >180 000 ha of eucalyptus plantations in 2011. The bronze bug can cause a reduction of 10–15% in wood productivity after 2 years of heavy infestation. Although there is not an effective control method known, biological control is the main control strategy studied. An exotic egg parasitoid, Cleruchoides noackae (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), was imported from Australia in 2012, reared in a laboratory and released in three Brazilian regions. Parasitoids were recovered at release points after 20–30 d. In 2013, preliminary evaluations demonstrated parasitoid establishment in these areas, and the parasitoid was recovered in adjacent areas after 1 year of release. Bioassays confi rmed egg parasitism of 15–20% by C. noackae. Other native natural enemies were studied. We found green lacewing Chrysoperla externa and predatory bugs Supputius cincticeps and Atopozelus opsimus preying on nymphs and/or adults of T. peregrinus. Another promising possibility is entomopathogenic fungi. Commercial formulations of Beauveria bassiana were tested with success in lab and fi eld conditions. Fusarium proliferatum and Paecilomyces cateniannulatus caused mortality of T. peregrinus in natural epizooties. After 5 years of research, it is possible to develop an integrated pest management system (IPM) for eucalyptus plantations based on biocontrol strategy for bronze bug.

Tamanho de parcelas experimentais e seleção simultânea de caracteres em progênies de Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Avaliação de um sistema florestal de curta rotação de Eucalyptus spp. em função da desbrota e adubação

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Cultivo de Eucalyptus urograndis em atmosfera enriquecida com CO2: mudanças no proteoma cloroplastidial

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Aplicação de polímero hidroretentor no desenvolvimento inicial de Eucalyptus grandis

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Proteção de Plantas) - FCA

Avaliação da influência do caráter lignotúber sobre características silviculturais em testes de progênies de Eucalyptus spp

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Aplicação de polímero hidroretentor no desenvolvimento inicial de Eucalyptus grandis

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Proteção de Plantas) - FCA

Avaliação da influência do caráter lignotúber sobre características silviculturais em testes de progênies de Eucalyptus spp

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

EFFECT OF THERMAL TREATMENT ON THE CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WOOD FROM Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden UNDER DIFFERENT ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS

Thermal treatment (thermal rectification) is a process in which technological properties of wood are modified using thermal energy, the result of Which is often value-added wood. Thermally treated wood takes on similar color shades to tropical woods and offers considerable resistance to destructive microorganisms and climate action, in addition to having high dimensional stability and low hygroscopicity. Wood samples of Eucalyptus grandis were subjected to various thermal treatments, as performed in presence (140 degrees C; 160 degrees C; 180 degrees C) or in absence of oxygen (160 degrees C; 180 degrees C; 200 degrees C) inside a thermal treatment chamber, and then studied as to their chemical characteristics. Increasing the maximum treatment temperatures led to a reduction in the holocellulose content of samples as a result of the degradation and volatilization of hemicelluloses, also leading to an increase in the relative lignin content. Except for glucose, all monosaccharide levels were found to decrease in samples after the thermal treatment at a maximum temperature of 200 degrees C. The thermal treatment above 160 degrees C led to increased levels of total extractives in the wood samples, probably ascribed to the emergence of low molecular weight substances as a result of thermal degradation. Overall, it was not possible to clearly determine the effect of presence or absence of oxygen in the air during thermal treatment on the chemical characteristics of the relevant wood samples.

Production and carbon allocation in monocultures and mixed-species plantations of Eucalyptus grandis and Acacia mangium in Brazil

Introducing nitrogen-fixing tree species in fast-growing eucalypt plantations has the potential to improve soil nitrogen availability compared with eucalypt monocultures. Whether or not the changes in soil nutrient status and stand structure will lead to mixtures that out-yield monocultures depends on the balance between positive interactions and the negative effects of interspecific competition, and on their effect on carbon (C) uptake and partitioning. We used a C budget approach to quantify growth, C uptake and C partitioning in monocultures of Eucalyptus grandis (W. Hill ex Maiden) and Acacia mangium (Willd.) (treatments E100 and A100, respectively), and in a mixture at the same stocking density with the two species at a proportion of 1 : 1 (treatment MS). Allometric relationships established over the whole rotation, and measurements of soil CO2 efflux and aboveground litterfall for ages 4-6 years after planting were used to estimate aboveground net primary production (ANPP), total belowground carbon flux (TBCF) and gross primary production (GPP). We tested the hypotheses that (i) species differences for wood production between E. grandis and A. mangium monocultures were partly explained by different C partitioning strategies, and (ii) the observed lower wood production in the mixture compared with eucalypt monoculture was mostly explained by a lower partitioning aboveground. At the end of the rotation, total aboveground biomass was lowest in A100 (10.5 kg DM m(-2)), intermediate in MS (12.2 kg DM m(-2)) and highest in E100 (13.9 kg DM m(-2)). The results did not support our first hypothesis of contrasting C partitioning strategies between E. grandis and A. mangium monocultures: the 21% lower growth (delta B-w) in A100 compared with E100 was almost entirely explained by a 23% lower GPP, with little or no species difference in ratios such as TBCF/GPP, ANPP/TBCF, delta B-w/ANPP and delta B-w/GPP. In contrast, the 28% lower delta B-w in MS than in E100 was explained both by a 15% lower GPP and by a 15% lower fraction of GPP allocated to wood growth, thus partially supporting our second hypothesis: mixing the two species led to shifts in C allocations from above- to belowground, and from growth to litter production, for both species.

SEASONAL INCREMENT IN TRUNK DIAMETER OF Eucalyptus grandis TREES APPLYING DENDROMETER BANDS

The present work aimed to evaluate the seasonal increment in diameter of Eucalyptus grandis trees for 24 months and its relationship with the climatic variables and fertilization with nitrogen and with sewer mud. The trees were planted in the spacing of 3 x 2 m and fertilized with nitrogen (planting, 6, 12, 18 months) and sewer mud (planting and 8 months). 20 trees were selected by treatment according witch the distribution of basal area and installed dendrometer bands at a 1.3 meter. The results showed a clear effect of the climatic variables on the seasonal increment in diameter of trees, being observed a delay period (lag) of 28 days for the answer of the trees in relation to the climatic variables. Regading to the fertilization effect, it was observed that the increment of trunk diameter was higher in the eucalypt trees with organic in relation to mineral fertilization with nitrogen.