Estrutura populacional de Oeceoclades maculata Lindl. (Orchidaceae), em um mosaico vegetacional (FEENA) da Floresta Estadual Edmundo Navarro de Andrade, Rio Claro, São Paulo

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a estrutura de população de O. maculata, através de sua distribuição espacial e estrutura de habitat, comparando características físicas e biológicas em diferentes fisionomias de Pinus spp. e Eucalyptus spp.. Foram montadas 86 parcelas de 5m por 10m, distribuídas uniformemente entre 4 áreas pré-estabelecidas de fisionomias distintas. Os indivíduos levantados foram separados em duas classes etárias, jovens e adultos, e contabilizou-se a taxa de predação, número de pseudobulbos e número de folhas. Os parâmetros ambientais avaliados foram cobertura herbácea, densidade de dossel, luminosidade e umidade de serrapilheira. A espécie apresentou densidades bastante elevadas nas áreas de plantios de eucalipto (1224 e 1733 indivíduos por hectare) e baixas nos plantios de pinus (88 e 26 individuos por hectare) o que levou as análises a se concentrarem nas fisionomias compostas por eucaliptos. O padrão de distribuição da espécie foi o agregado em todos os ambientes. Indivíduos adultos apresentaram significativamente um número médio de pseudobulbos maior que indivíduos jovens (Mann-Whitney; U = 24248.500; p<0,001), porém a diferença no número de folhas não foi significativa. A taxa de predação foliar em O. maculata entre as áreas de eucaliptos apresentou variação significativa. A variação do total de folhas predadas foi confirmada pelo teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson (X²=115.487; gl=1; p<0.001). A comparação de médias, com base no teste de Kruskal-Wallis, para cobertura de dossel (H(3,N=102)=28,534 p<0,001) e cobertura herbácea H(3,N=94)=28,246, p<0,001, mostrou taxas menores nas áreas de eucalipto. A umidade da serrapilheira foi menor (36,5%) nos locais onde a espécie apresentou agrupamentos, quando comparada aos locais de ausência (47,5%). Oeceoclades maculata Lindl. possui grande capacidade para colonizar ambientes... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)

Os altos spreads bancários no Brasil e seus determinantes

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo compreender os motivos que podem explicar as altas taxas de juros de empréstimos no Brasil no período de 1999 a 2009. O estudo pretende identificar e caracterizar a evolução, a estrutura e determinantes do spread bancário. Na evolução, mostra-se o comportamento do spread no período. Na estrutura, demonstra-se a decomposição contábil efetuada pelo Bacen. Já os determinantes são a taxa Selic, a concorrência e a concentração bancária e o ambiente legal

Estrutura e dinâmica de perfilhamento do capim-marandu submetido a três intensidades de pastejo

Pós-graduação em Zootecnia - FCAV

Composição florística e estrutura vegetacional da mata ciliar de um remanescente florestal em Paraguaçu Paulista, SP

Pós-graduação em Biociências - FCLAS

O capital portador de juros em O Capital ou o sistema de Marx

O presente artigo busca estabelecer o local e a função do capital portador de juros em O Capital, visando com isso jogar luz sobre a estrutura eminentemente sistemática desta obra. Deste modo a obra máxima de Marx aparecerá muito próxima do idealismo alemão (particularmente de Fichte e Hegel), onde a questão da sistematicidade (da filosofia) foi sentida de maneira mais premente.

Fatores institucionais e assimetria informacional: influência na estrutura de capital de empresas brasileiras

O objetivo principal deste trabalho é analisar se a presença de importantes fatores institucionais brasileiros, como o acesso a fontes e linhas diferenciadas de financiamento, afeta a significância estatística e econômica da assimetria informacional, principal pressuposto da teoria de pecking order, na determinação da estrutura de capital de empresas brasileiras. Para tanto, foram utilizadas variáveis de controle, variáveis representativas de fatores institucionais e de assimetria informacional num painel de dados referente a empresas brasileiras de setores industriais, cujas ações foram negociadas na Bovespa, no período 1997-2007. Como principais resultados encontra-se que as variáveis tamanho, tangibilidade, rentabilidade e risco são importantes determinantes da estrutura de capital das empresas analisadas, sendo também significativa a participação de linhas diferenciadas no endividamento dessas empresas. Em resposta ao objetivo da pesquisa, verifica-se que a assimetria informacional não perde significância estatística e econômica no modelo proposto, após a inclusão de variáveis representativas de fatores institucionais, o que evidencia a importância da assimetria informacional na determinação da estrutura de capital de empresas brasileiras. O sinal negativo encontrado apoia a teoria de pecking order, na qual essas empresas seriam menos endividadas devido à possibilidade de captarem recursos por meio da emissão de ações. Ressalta-se que as proxies utilizadas para representar o atributo assimetria informacional constituem uma limitação da pesquisa. Em razão disso, sugere-se, para trabalhos futuros, a utilização de outras variáveis, com o propósito de verificar a consistência dos resultados aqui encontrados, bem como a análise da influência da assimetria informacional sobre o custo de capital de empresas brasileiras, com o intuito de verificar se empresas consideradas com menor assimetria informacional conseguem captar recursos a taxas de juros mais atrativas.

Tuberculostáticos potenciais planejados com base na estrutura de maltosiltransferase (GlgE) de mycobacterium tuberculosis. Estudo da síntese por meio de micro-ondas

A tuberculose (TB) é uma doença infectocontagiosa, causada por micobactérias do complexo Mycobacterium, principalmente, o M. tuberculosis. Praticamente extinta em países desenvolvidos, antigamente denominados Países de Primeiro Mundo, a tuberculose voltou a ter foco mundial dada a sua crescente taxa de incidência e mortalidade. Segundo a Organização Mundial de Saúde, a TB, hoje, figura como principal causa de morte por doenças infectocontagiosas em todo mundo, com a incidência de 8,6 milhões de novos casos ao ano e cerca de 1,5 milhões de mortes. O principal desafio no tratamento da tuberculose é a multirresistência de M. tuberculosis frente aos fármacos disponíveis. Sendo assim, a busca de novos fármacos antituberculose e o estudo de novos alvos são necessários para superar essa situação. Frente à necessidade de exploração de novos alvos e ante a indicação da maltosiltransferase (GlgE) como novo alvo potencialmente promissor contra M. tuberculosis, este projeto pretendeu viabilizar a síntese de análogos da glicose (análoga do substrato natural da GlgE, a maltose 1-fosfato) por meio de rotas sintéticas que fazem uso do micro-ondas. Essas rotas sintéticas seguem os princípios da click chemistry, que são reações químicas modulares, cujas condições reacionais são simples e resultam em produtos de fácil purificação. O presente trabalho também visou à comparação entre o método convencional de síntese de triazóis e aquele que utiliza o micro-ondas, no que se refere aos os tempos de reação, às condições reacionais e aos rendimentos com derivados sintetizados no Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Quimioterápicos Potencialmente Ativos em Doenças Negligenciadas (LAPEN). Entretanto, não obteve-se sucesso na etapa final da rota sintética, a glicosilação. Nos demais métodos sintéticos o micro-ondas mostrou-se uma valiosa ferramenta para obtenção dos compostos triazólicos.

Free living astigmatid mites (Astigmatina): new taxa, rearing and use for mesostigmatid (Mesostigmata) predatory mite production

The cohort Astigmatina is divided in two major groups: Psoroptidia, composed mainly by feather and fur mites, and Non-psoroptidia, a dominant component of the acarofauna in ephemeral habitats. In these environments Astigmatina usually are saprophages or feed on fungi or bacteria. Astigmatina protonymphs undergo a complete reorganization of the body structure leading to the production of heteromorphic deutonymphs, generally specialized for dispersion through phoresy using arthropods and vertebrates as phoronts. Although most Astigmatina occur in natural environments, some species live in anthropic environments, such as food deposits, where some of them became pests; some Astigmatina infest subterraneous plant organs. Despite their economic and ecological importance, studies on the diversity and taxonomy of Astigmatina in Brazil have been rare over the last decades. The general objective of this thesis was to collaborate to the knowledge of the diversity and to evaluate the potential practical uses of these mites in Brazil. For this, new genera and species were described, method for rearing dust mites was studied and the efficiency of Astigmatina as prey for edaphic predators was evaluated. A new species of Thyreophagus (Astigmatina: Acaridae) was described based on specimens collected in Brazil, the association of three other species of this genus with stored food was reviewed and a key to all species of this genus was prepared. The genus Neotropacarus (Astigmatina: Acaridae), commonly found on plant leaves, was reviewed with the redescription of two species and description of new species collected in Brazil and from the Philippines. Two new genera and seven new species of Acaridae associated with the bee family Apidae was described and a key to Acaridae genera in subfamily Horstiinae was prepared. Several species of Astigmatina were evaluated as prey for predatory mites Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Womersley) (Mesostigmata: Laelapidae) and Protogamasellopsis zaheri Abo-Shnaf, Castilho and Moraes (Mesostigmata: Rhodacaridae), which oviposited on all evaluated astigmatids, with Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) and Aleuroglyphus ovatus (Tropeau) (Acaridae) being the most suitable prey. Seven foods and two development period, 30 and 60 days, after the introduction of 400 females of two important dust mite species, Blomia tropicalis van Bronswijk, de Cock e Oshima and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Trouessart) were evaluate. With the most suitable foods, the population growth were higher than 20.2 and 15.3 for B. tropicalis and D. pteronyssinus, respectively.

Influência da resistência do betão leve e da taxa de armadura no comportamento da ligação viga-pilar

No dimensionamento de estruturas porticadas em betão armado normalmente a atenção que se dá às ligações viga-pilar não é proporcional à importância que têm no comportamento global da estrutura. Usualmente assume-se que estas ligações são rígidas e que os elementos estruturais têm um comportamento linear elástico. Contudo, ambas as generalizações são inadequadas, dado que, a ligação viga-pilar não é totalmente rígida e o efeito do comportamento das ligações viga-pilar sobre o comportamento global da estrutura também não é considerado. Nos últimos anos têm surgido trabalhos de investigação com o objetivo de clarificar e identificar os principais parâmetros de influência no comportamento das ligações viga-pilar de estruturas porticadas em betão armado, sob o efeito de ações monotónicas. A resistência do betão à compressão e a taxa de armadura são dois desses parâmetros que afetam o comportamento da ligação viga-pilar. No entanto, a informação relativa a este tipo de estudos mas considerando os elementos constituídos por betão com agregados leves é muito reduzida ou mesmo inexistente. Este documento tem por base a análise da influência da resistência à compressão do betão leve e da taxa de armadura de tração na ligação viga-pilar. Como tal, foi desenvolvido um programa experimental que contempla o ensaio de cinco peças, representativas da ligação viga-pilar, em que é imposta uma carga na extremidade da viga até provocar a rotura do nó. Para a produção das peças de ensaio foram usados betões com diferentes classes de resistência à compressão e diferentes taxas de armadura de tração, com o objetivo de se analisar a influência de cada um desses parâmetros através da comparação direta de resultados. Após análise dos dados recolhidos durante os ensaios foi possível observar que, a ligação viga-pilar não deve ser considerada como uma extensão das vigas e pilares adjacentes mas sim como elemento estrutural independente. A ligação deve ser analisada de forma detalhada, nomeadamente, a pormenorização das armaduras longitudinais e transversais, e o volume de betão nas zonas comprimidas. O dimensionamento incorreto do nó pode condicionar a segurança global da estrutura. Nas peças produzidas e ensaiadas com betões de menor resistência, o aumento da taxa de armadura não se refletiu num acréscimo da capacidade de carga, havendo portanto um subaproveitamento da capacidade resistente das armaduras. Todavia, quando se utilizou betões de maior resistência, o aumento da taxa de armadura já se refletiu num acréscimo da capacidade resistente da subestrutura.

Desenvolvimento de material BaCexPr1-xO3 (0 ≤ X ≤ 1) com estrutura perovskita para oxidação catalítica do CO a CO2 em reator de leito fixo

Barium Cerate (BaCeO3) is perovskite type structure of ABO3, wherein A and B are metal cations. These materials, or doped, have been studied by having characteristics that make them promising for the application in fuel cells solid oxide, hydrogen and oxygen permeation, as catalysts, etc .. However, as the ceramic materials mixed conductivity have been produced by different synthesis methods, some conditions directly influence the final properties, one of the most important doping Site B, which may have direct influence on the crystallite size, which in turn directly influences their catalytic activity. In this study, perovskite-type (BaCexO3) had cerium gradually replaced by praseodymium to obtain ternary type materials BaCexPr1-xO3 and BaPrO3 binaries. These materials were synthesized by EDTA/Citrate complexing method and the material characterized via XRD, SEM and BET for the identification of their structure, morphology and surface area. Moreover were performed on all materials, catalytic test in a fixed bed reactor for the identification of that person responsible for complete conversion of CO to CO2 at low operating temperature, which step can be used as the subsequent production of synthesis gas (CO + H2) from methane oxidation. In the present work the crystalline phase having the orthorhombic structure was obtained for all compositions, with a morphology consisting of agglomerated particles being more pronounced with increasing praseodymium in the crystal structure. The average crystal size was between 100 nm and 142,2 nm. The surface areas were 2,62 m²g-1 for the BaCeO3 composition, 3,03 m²g-1 to BaCe0,5Pr0,5O3 composition and 2,37 m²g-1 to BaPrO3 composition. Regarding the catalytic tests, we can conclude that the optimal flow reactor operation was 50 ml / min and the composition regarding the maximum rate of conversion to the lowest temperature was BaCeO3 to 400° C. Meanwhile, there was found that the partially replaced by praseodymium, cerium, there was a decrease in the catalytic activity of the material.

Avaliação de qualidade da unidade de diálise no Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes - HUOL

Over the years there has been a broader definition of the term health. At the same time it was found also an evolution of the concept of health care which in turn has led to changes in the approach to delivery of health services and hence in its management. In this regard, currently the nephrology services have been searching for quality technical and social need. In view of these innovations and the quest for quality, it elaborated the general objective: to develop a quality assessment protocol for dialysis service Onofre Lopes University Hospital. It is an intervention project effected through an action research, which consisted of 4 steps. Initially was identified through a literature search in scientific literature, which quality indicators would apply to a dialysis unit being selected as follows: infection rate in hemodialysis access site, microbiological control of water used for hemodialysis and Index User satisfaction. Through critical reflection on the theme researched in the previous step, it was drawn up three data collection instruments, interview form type, applied between the months of October and November 2015. In addition to the information obtained, also made up of the use of information retrieval technique. The results were organized in graphs and tables and analyzed using qualitative and exploratory technical approach. Then a reflective analysis of the data obtained and the diagnosis of reality studied was traced and confronted with the literature was performed. The data produced in this study revealed that the Dialysis Unit of HUOL is much to be desired, considering that some weaknesses have been identified in its structure. Faced with this finding have been proposed, as a contribution and aiming to guide the development of future actions, suggestions for improvement that should be implemented and monitored to be assured overcoming these difficulties, allowing an appropriate organizational restructuring, and resulting in improved service public offered. It was concluded that for hemodialysis treatment results are achieved and positive, it is necessary to have physical structure and adequate infrastructure, multidisciplinary team specialized, trained and in sufficient quantity, well designed processes for professionals to have standards to be followed decreasing the chance to err, and a risk management system to detect and control situations that endanger patient safety.

Avaliação de qualidade da unidade de diálise no Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes - HUOL

Over the years there has been a broader definition of the term health. At the same time it was found also an evolution of the concept of health care which in turn has led to changes in the approach to delivery of health services and hence in its management. In this regard, currently the nephrology services have been searching for quality technical and social need. In view of these innovations and the quest for quality, it elaborated the general objective: to develop a quality assessment protocol for dialysis service Onofre Lopes University Hospital. It is an intervention project effected through an action research, which consisted of 4 steps. Initially was identified through a literature search in scientific literature, which quality indicators would apply to a dialysis unit being selected as follows: infection rate in hemodialysis access site, microbiological control of water used for hemodialysis and Index User satisfaction. Through critical reflection on the theme researched in the previous step, it was drawn up three data collection instruments, interview form type, applied between the months of October and November 2015. In addition to the information obtained, also made up of the use of information retrieval technique. The results were organized in graphs and tables and analyzed using qualitative and exploratory technical approach. Then a reflective analysis of the data obtained and the diagnosis of reality studied was traced and confronted with the literature was performed. The data produced in this study revealed that the Dialysis Unit of HUOL is much to be desired, considering that some weaknesses have been identified in its structure. Faced with this finding have been proposed, as a contribution and aiming to guide the development of future actions, suggestions for improvement that should be implemented and monitored to be assured overcoming these difficulties, allowing an appropriate organizational restructuring, and resulting in improved service public offered. It was concluded that for hemodialysis treatment results are achieved and positive, it is necessary to have physical structure and adequate infrastructure, multidisciplinary team specialized, trained and in sufficient quantity, well designed processes for professionals to have standards to be followed decreasing the chance to err, and a risk management system to detect and control situations that endanger patient safety.

Functional alkali tantalate 2D structures for microelectronics and related applications

Alkali tantalates and niobates, including K(Ta / Nb)O3, Li(Ta / Nb)O3 and Na(Ta / Nb)O3, are a very promising ferroic family of lead-free compounds with perovskite-like structures. Their versatile properties make them potentially interesting for current and future application in microelectronics, photocatalysis, energy and biomedics. Among them potassium tantalate, KTaO3 (KTO), has been raising interest as an alternative for the well-known strontium titanate, SrTiO3 (STO). KTO is a perovskite oxide with a quantum paraelectric behaviour when electrically stimulated and a highly polarizable lattice, giving opportunity to tailor its properties via external or internal stimuli. However problems related with the fabrication of either bulk or 2D nanostructures makes KTO not yet a viable alternative to STO. Within this context and to contribute scientifically to the leverage tantalate based compounds applications, the main goals of this thesis are: i) to produce and characterise thin films of alkali tantalates by chemical solution deposition on rigid Si based substrates, at reduced temperatures to be compatible with Si technology, ii) to fulfil scientific knowledge gaps in these relevant functional materials related to their energetics and ii) to exploit alternative applications for alkali tantalates, as photocatalysis. In what concerns the synthesis attention was given to the understanding of the phase formation in potassium tantalate synthesized via distinct routes, to control the crystallization of desired perovskite structure and to avoid low temperature pyrochlore or K-deficient phases. The phase formation process in alkali tantalates is far from being deeply analysed, as in the case of Pb-containing perovskites, therefore the work was initially focused on the process-phase relationship to identify the driving forces responsible to regulate the synthesis. Comparison of phase formation paths in conventional solid-state reaction and sol-gel method was conducted. The structural analyses revealed that intermediate pyrochlore K2Ta2O6 structure is not formed at any stage of the reaction using conventional solid-state reaction. On the other hand in the solution based processes, as alkoxide-based route, the crystallization of the perovskite occurs through the intermediate pyrochlore phase; at low temperatures pyrochlore is dominant and it is transformed to perovskite at >800 °C. The kinetic analysis carried out by using Johnson-MehlAvrami-Kolmogorow model and quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrated that in sol-gel derived powders the crystallization occurs in two stages: i) at early stage of the reaction dominated by primary nucleation, the mechanism is phase-boundary controlled, and ii) at the second stage the low value of Avrami exponent, n ~ 0.3, does not follow any reported category, thus not permitting an easy identification of the mechanism. Then, in collaboration with Prof. Alexandra Navrotsky group from the University of California at Davis (USA), thermodynamic studies were conducted, using high temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry. The enthalpies of formation of three structures: pyrochlore, perovskite and tetragonal tungsten bronze K6Ta10.8O30 (TTB) were calculated. The enthalpies of formation from corresponding oxides, ∆Hfox, for KTaO3, KTa2.2O6 and K6Ta10.8O30 are -203.63 ± 2.84 kJ/mol, - 358.02 ± 3.74 kJ/mol, and -1252.34 ± 10.10 kJ/mol, respectively, whereas from elements, ∆Hfel, for KTaO3, KTa2.2O6 and K6Ta10.8O30 are -1408.96 ± 3.73 kJ/mol, -2790.82 ± 6.06 kJ/mol, and -13393.04 ± 31.15 kJ/mol, respectively. The possible decomposition reactions of K-deficient KTa2.2O6 pyrochlore to KTaO3 perovskite and Ta2O5 (reaction 1) or to TTB K6Ta10.8O30 and Ta2O5 (reaction 2) were proposed, and the enthalpies were calculated to be 308.79 ± 4.41 kJ/mol and 895.79 ± 8.64 kJ/mol for reaction 1 and reaction 2, respectively. The reactions are strongly endothermic, indicating that these decompositions are energetically unfavourable, since it is unlikely that any entropy term could override such a large positive enthalpy. The energetic studies prove that pyrochlore is energetically more stable phase than perovskite at low temperature. Thus, the local order of the amorphous precipitates drives the crystallization into the most favourable structure that is the pyrochlore one with similar local organization; the distance between nearest neighbours in the amorphous or short-range ordered phase is very close to that in pyrochlore. Taking into account the stoichiometric deviation in KTO system, the selection of the most appropriate fabrication / deposition technique in thin films technology is a key issue, especially concerning complex ferroelectric oxides. Chemical solution deposition has been widely reported as a processing method to growth KTO thin films, but classical alkoxide route allows to crystallize perovskite phase at temperatures >800 °C, while the temperature endurance of platinized Si wafers is ~700 °C. Therefore, alternative diol-based routes, with distinct potassium carboxylate precursors, was developed aiming to stabilize the precursor solution, to avoid using toxic solvents and to decrease the crystallization temperature of the perovskite phase. Studies on powders revealed that in the case of KTOac (solution based on potassium acetate), a mixture of perovskite and pyrochlore phases is detected at temperature as low as 450 °C, and gradual transformation into monophasic perovskite structure occurs as temperature increases up to 750 °C, however the desired monophasic KTaO3 perovskite phase is not achieved. In the case of KTOacac (solution with potassium acetylacetonate), a broad peak is detected at temperatures <650 °C, characteristic of amorphous structures, while at higher temperatures diffraction lines from pyrochlore and perovskite phases are visible and a monophasic perovskite KTaO3 is formed at >700 °C. Infrared analysis indicated that the differences are due to a strong deformation of the carbonate-based structures upon heating. A series of thin films of alkali tantalates were spin-coated onto Si-based substrates using diol-based routes. Interestingly, monophasic perovskite KTaO3 films deposited using KTOacac solution were obtained at temperature as low as 650 °C; films were annealed in rapid thermal furnace in oxygen atmosphere for 5 min with heating rate 30 °C/sec. Other compositions of the tantalum based system as LiTaO3 (LTO) and NaTaO3 (NTO), were successfully derived as well, onto Si substrates at 650 °C as well. The ferroelectric character of LTO at room temperature was proved. Some of dielectric properties of KTO could not be measured in parallel capacitor configuration due to either substrate-film or filmelectrode interfaces. Thus, further studies have to be conducted to overcome this issue. Application-oriented studies have also been conducted; two case studies: i) photocatalytic activity of alkali tantalates and niobates for decomposition of pollutant, and ii) bioactivity of alkali tantalate ferroelectric films as functional coatings for bone regeneration. Much attention has been recently paid to develop new type of photocatalytic materials, and tantalum and niobium oxide based compositions have demonstrated to be active photocatalysts for water splitting due to high potential of the conduction bands. Thus, various powders of alkali tantalates and niobates families were tested as catalysts for methylene blue degradation. Results showed promising activities for some of the tested compounds, and KNbO3 is the most active among them, reaching over 50 % degradation of the dye after 7 h under UVA exposure. However further modifications of powders can improve the performance. In the context of bone regeneration, it is important to have platforms that with appropriate stimuli can support the attachment and direct the growth, proliferation and differentiation of the cells. In lieu of this here we exploited an alternative strategy for bone implants or repairs, based on charged mediating signals for bone regeneration. This strategy includes coating metallic 316L-type stainless steel (316L-SST) substrates with charged, functionalized via electrical charging or UV-light irradiation, ferroelectric LiTaO3 layers. It was demonstrated that the formation of surface calcium phosphates and protein adsorption is considerably enhanced for 316L-SST functionalized ferroelectric coatings. Our approach can be viewed as a set of guidelines for the development of platforms electrically functionalized that can stimulate tissue regeneration promoting direct integration of the implant in the host tissue by bone ingrowth and, hence contributing ultimately to reduce implant failure.

Estrutura e dinâmica de populações de Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (Linnaeus, 1766) (Rodentia) em duas áreas urbanas no norte do Paraná, Brasil

This study aimed to evaluate the population ecology of Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (Linnaeus, 1766) in two urban areas in the north of Paraná, an open and other protected by assessing the effects of these two different types of environments on the structure and dynamics of the population and its implications for conservation of the species. The monitoring of the populations were performed monthly between June 2014 and March 2015 in Jaboti Lake Park (Apucarana / PR) and Conservation Unit Parque Arthur Thomas (Londrina / PR). To conduct the survey population data was used the methodology of total census (direct counting of individuals).They were evaluated ecological parameters of the populations of capybaras, such as ecological density, abundance, age distribution and birth rate, as well as performed the analysis of the landscape. It was applied to analysis of variance (ANOVA) to test the differences between the averages of the abundance of each age group per year of observation, as well as the differences between the average ecological density over the years of observation. The standard relationship between the use of classes and land use in the landscape and the ecological parameters of the capybara populations was evaluated by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The trend of variation of average abundance over time to Thomas Arthur Park revealed abrupt decrease of the population in a short period of time (2014 16 ± 9, 14 ± 1 and 2015 7±1) as well as ecological density in 2015 (0.05 ind./ha). On the other hand, the Jaboti Lake Park, showed an increase in absolute abundance, with marked recovery of the population in the same period (2014 38±8,30 and 2015 45±1,73) and coming up with an ecological density in 2015 (2 ind ./ha). The birth rate found Lake Park Jaboti was superior to Arthur Thomas Park, which had a negative rate between 2012 and 2015. The use and land cover analysis showed significant differences from the point of view of the relative contribution of landscape elements in the spatial heterogeneity. Arthur Thomas Park shows areas of dense vegetation and urban areas relatively higher than those observed in Jaboti Lake Park that revealed relatively higher proportions of the areas of agriculture / field and exposed soil. Thus, the present study revealed that the local population structure is directly related to the spatial characteristics of both studied landscapes, as can be seen by the greater abundance and density seen in Jaboti Lake Park compared to Arthur Thomas Park in recent years of study.

Análise da estrutura e transporte do zooplâncton no estuário do Rio Caravelas (Bahia-Brasil) através do uso do zooscan

Spatial-temporal dynamics of zooplankton in the Caravelas river estuary (Bahia, Brazil). The survey was conducted in order to describe the zooplankton community of the estuary Caravelas (Bahia, Brazil), to quantify and relate the patterns of horizontal and vertical transport with the type of tide (neap and spring) and tidal phase (flood and ebb). Zooplankton samples were collected with the aid of a suction pump (300L), filtered in plankton nets (300μm) and fixed in saline formalin 4%. Samples were collected at a fixed point (A1), near the mouth of the estuary, with samples taken at neap tides and spring tides during the dry and rainy seasons. Samples were collected for 13 hours, at intervals of 1 hour in 3 depths: surface, middle and bottom. Simultaneous collection of biological, we measured the current velocity, temperature and salinity of the water through CTD. In the laboratory, samples were selected for analysis in estereomicroscope, with 25 groups identified, with Copepoda getting the highest number of species. The 168 samples obtained from temporal samples were subsampled and processed on equipment ZooScan, with the aid of software ZooProcess at the end were generated 458.997 vingnettes. 8 taxa were identified automatically, with 16 classified as a semi-automatic. The group Copepoda, despite the limited taxonomic refinement ZooScan, obtained 2 genera and 1 species identified automatically. Among the seasons dry and wet groups Brachyura (zoea), Chaetognatha, and the Calanoid copepods (others), Temora spp., Oithona spp. and Euterpina acutifrons were those who had higher frequency of occurrence, appearing in more than 70% of the samples. Copepoda group showed the largest percentage of relative abundance in both seasons. There was no seasonal variation of total zooplankton, with an average density of 7826±4219 org.m-3 in the dry season, and 7959±3675 org.m-3 in the rainy season, neither between the types and phases of the tides, but seasonal differences were significant recorded for the main zooplankton groups. Vertical stratification was seen for the major zooplankton groups (Brachyura, Chaetognatha, Calanoida (other), Oithona spp, Temora spp. e Euterpina acutifrons). The scale of this stratification varied with the type (square or tide) and tidal phase (flood or ebb). The instantaneous transport was more influenced by current velocity, with higher values observed in spring tides to the total zooplankton, however, there was a variation of this pattern depending on the zooplankton group. According to the data import and export of total zooplankton, the outflow of organisms of the estuary was higher than the input. The results suggest that the estuary of Caravelas may influence the dynamics of organic matter to the adjacent coast, with possible consequences in National Marine Park of Abrolhos