999 resultados para Ensaios experimentais


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The aim of this review is to present and discuss the applications of ultrasound in electrochemical systems such as in sonoelectroanalysis and sonoelectrolysis for the electrochemical combustion of organic compounds. Initially, theoretical and experimental aspects are discussed, particularly those related to the enhancement of mass transport and the surface cleaning effects. Some results are included to illustrate alternative geometries for the experimental measurements and the working electrodes used in these systems. In the sequence, the available publications are presented and discussed to demonstrate that ultrasound combined with electrochemical techniques is a powerful set-up for the detection of analytes such as metals and/or organic compounds in hostile media and for the effective destruction of toxic organic substances. At the end, a table summarizes the results already published in the literature.

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Incidental ingestion of contaminated soils is a major route of Pb uptake by humans, especially by children. Lead speciation in soils controls its bioavailability. Bioavailability assessment requires the determination of the amount of absorbed lead if a contaminated soil is ingested. In vivo tests, which employ animals, are considered the best model to infer absorption of Pb. But they have some logistic limitations and several authors proposed in vitro methods, which simulate conditions of human digestion. Many of them present results which correlate with in vivo essays. Several authors consider in vitro tests a good and reliable alternative to infer lead bioavailability.

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This paper reports on the development of a simple and fast procedure for β-carotene extraction from carrots and its quantification by UV/Vis spectroscopy. Carotenoids extracted from carrots may also be used as alternative reagents for TLC (thin layer chromatography) detection of natural compounds with antioxidant properties, replacing the commercial p.a. grade β-carotene. Although this reagent had around 10% b-carotene, it proved to be as efficient for TLC analysis as the commercial p.a. grade β-carotene. This practice is a useful alternative for teaching undergraduate organic chemistry laboratory classes.

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This works proposes a homemade construction of a lead(II) ISE of solid membrane (Ag2S/PbS) to determine Pb2+ ions in potentiometric titrations, using damaged combined glass electrodes. This electrode can be constructed in teaching laboratories, using it as a learning tool related to the theoretical principle of ISE. The analytical curve obtained (y = 27.056x + 337.58; R = 0.996) was linear on the range of 1 x 10-5 to 1 mol L-1 and has presented a very close behavior of the Nernstian. The homemade ISE has presented a similar selectivity to the commercial electrodes, showing to be a good alternative to the experimental activities on teaching laboratories.

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The use of microwave in chemistry has known benefits over conventional heating methods, e.g. reduced reaction times, chemical yield improvement and the possibility if reducing or eliminating the use of organic solvents. We describe herein a procedure for the nitration of salicylaldehyde in water using a domestic microwave oven, which can be used as an experiment in the undergraduate chemistry laboratory. The experiment involves safe and rapid preparation and identification of the position isomers by thin layer chromatography and 1H NMR, or by their melting points.

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Through the analysis of articles with proposals for experimental activities and with current pedagogical, epistemological and environmental discussion on experimentation by Chemistry professors, this paper investigates ways of highlighting relevant methodological characteristics that can be incorporated in experiments. Based on analysis of the suggestions for experiments it appears that of particular importance are: a concern for students' physical welfare and for the effects of residues; the need to confront an impoverished infrastructure that hinders experimentation; and the valorisation of clarifying student knowledge. It argues in favour of the need to set out the problems of experimentation in educators' professional development.

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Through the analysis of articles with proposals for experimental activities and with current pedagogical, epistemological and environmental discussion on experimentation by Chemistry professors, this paper investigates ways of highlighting relevant methodological characteristics that can be incorporated in experiments. 102 articles from national periodicals were analysed, all of which suggested experiments for use in Chemistry higher education. Based on analysis of the suggestions for experiments it appears that of particular importance are: visions, such as those that explain a belief that experimentation incentivizes motivation and conceptual learning; awareness of observation influenced by empiricism; and "errors" of students, which enrich their knowledge.

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The evaluations of Chorophyll a fluorescence emitted by superior plants carry structural information and photosynthetic apparatus function. Quantitative analysis apparatus of fluorescence kinetic were measured by energy flows (ABS), (TR), (ET) and (DI), known as phenomenological phenomena of OJIP test. Four furocoumarins were isolated from Ruta graveolens (Rutaceae), and chorophyll a (Chl a) fluorescence assays were performed with these compounds to evaluate the photosynthesis inhibition potential. This test was realized in spinach`s leaf discs and in Lolium perenne leaves. The results indicated the herbicide potential mainly for bergapten and chalepin.

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The objective of this manuscript is to describe a practical experiment that can be employed for teaching concepts related to design of experiments using Matlab or Octave computing environment to beginners, undergraduate and graduate students. The classical experiment for determination of Fe (II) using o-phenanthroline was selected because it is easy to understand, and all the required materials are readily available in most analytical laboratories. The approach used in this tutorial is divided in two steps: first, the students are introduced to the concept of multivariate effects, how to calculate and interpret them, and the construction and evaluation of a linear model to describe the experimental domain by using a 2³ factorial design. Second, an extension of the factorial design by adding axial points is described, thereby, providing a central composite design. The quadratic model is then introduced and used to build the response surface.

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In this paper we show how to obtain efficient designs of experiments for fitting Michaelis-Menten and Hill equations useful in chemical studies. The search of exact D-optimal designs by using local and pseudo-Bayesian approaches is considered. Optimal designs were compared to those commonly used in practice using an efficiency measure and theoretical standard errors of the kinetic parameter estimates. In conclusion, the D-optimal designs based on the Hill equation proved efficient for estimating the parameters of both models. Furthermore, these are promising with respect to practical issues, allowing efficient estimation as well as goodness-of-fit tests and comparisons between some kinetic models.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o efeito de fungicidas e da adubação de cobertura na severidade do crestamento gomoso do caule, em melancia (Citrullus lanatus). Foram conduzidos dois ensaios fatoriais em campo, no Projeto Formoso, Tocantins, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, e parcelas experimentais de 30 x 10 m. Para o ensaio I, os tratamentos (fator a) constaram dos seguintes ingredientes ativos de fungicidas/100 l de água ou ha: (1) mancozeb (MANC)-160,2 ml, (2) tiofanato metílico (TM)-49 g, (3) carbendazim-500 ml, (4) tebuconazole-20 g, (5) difenoconazole (DIFE)-75 ml, (6) tiofanato metílico-40 g + clorotalonil-100 g, (7) oxicloreto de cobre-168 g, (8) trifloxistrobina-87,5 g + propiconazole-87,5 g, (9) mancozeb-80 ml + difenoconazole-37,2 ml e (10) testemunha. No fator b, estudou-se a adubação de cobertura (N-K) nos níveis de 30-20 e 90-60 kg/ha. A severidade da doença nas folhas foi avaliada com uma escala de notas de 0 a 9. Para o ensaio II, repetiram-se os tratamentos do fator a, enquanto o fator b (níveis de adubação), foram: 60-40 e 120-80 kg/ha de N-K. Nos dois ensaios as menores Áreas Abaixo da Curva de Progresso de Doença (AACPD) foram obtidas com MANC + DIFE, TM + clorothalonil, MANC, trifloxistrobina + propiconazole e oxicloreto de cobre. A adubação de cobertura não influenciou a severidade da doença. As produtividades mais altas foram obtidas com TM + clorotalonil, MANC + DIFE e MANC que diferiram estatisticamente do DIFE, testemunha e trifloxistrobina + propiconazole.

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A característica mais notável da filosofia renascentista foi também o que tornou sua assimilação pela história da filosofia tão difícil: a interação entre forma e conteúdo, entre ideia e sua expressão. Tal resulta da tentativa de realizar outra inter-relação que lhe é ainda mais essencial: aquela entre teoria e prática, pensamento e ação. Nos Ensaios de Montaigne, o método constitui antes de tudo um estilo de vida: a linguagem é aí o meio pelo qual a implicação entre mundos externos e internos, o eu e a realidade - assim entre intelecto e sensibilidade, arte e natureza, fato e valor, identidade e alteridade etc. - busca tornar-se evidente, permitindo a percepção de seu permanente remodelar recíproco.

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Este trabalho teve por objetivo quantificar os danos no rendimento de grãos, causados pela infecção natural da brusone (Pyricularia grisea), em diferentes cultivares e linhagens de trigo, na safra agrícola de 2004, no Município de Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, isoladamente da ocorrência de outras doenças. Trabalhou-se em condições naturais e sem o emprego de fungicidas, em parcelas experimentais, na Embrapa Agropecuária Oeste e em Indápolis. Após o espigamento, todas as espigas de trigo com sintomas típicos da brusone (ponto preto de infecção na ráquis) foram identificadas e marcadas, em uma área de 1m². As espigas doentes e sadias foram colhidas, contadas e trilhadas separadamente. Os danos foram calculados com base na diferença entre o rendimento real e a estimativa do rendimento potencial. Os resultados mostraram que os danos e a incidência da brusone variaram de acordo com as cultivares/linhagens testadas e a região tritícola avaliada. As menores incidências da brusone foram observadas na cv. BR 18-Terena, com 27% e 42% de espigas infectadas, nos ensaios instalados na Embrapa Agropecuária Oeste e em Indápolis, respectivamente. O dano médio devido à brusone, registrado nos 20 materiais testados, foi de 387kg/ha, o que representou 10,5% do rendimento de grãos, no ensaio instalado na Embrapa Agropecuária Oeste. Em Indápolis, os danos foram maiores, atingindo, em média, 609kg/ha (13,0% do rendimento de grãos). As perdas em peso por espiga foram maiores (63,4%) quando a infecção foi precoce em comparação à infecção tardia (46,0%). Verificou-se que houve uma compensação das perdas causadas pela doença, através do melhor desenvolvimento de grãos produzidos abaixo do ponto de estrangulamento da ráquis. Observou-se, também, que em função das espigas brancas sobressaírem-se das demais, pode-se superestimar as perdas.