Taxation of nuclear waste in Spain

Law 15/2012 established in Spain four new environmental taxes and extended the scope objective excise duties on mineral oils to tax the use of natural gas and coal as sources of electricity. One of the newly created taxes falls on all electric power producers, and has as tax base the turnover. The second one tax hydropower production, and the other two fall on the nuclear industry. So, there are two new taxes in Spain on the production of electricity from nuclear sources. The first one is a tax on nuclear waste production; the second one is a tax on the storage of nuclear waste. However, these are not the only levies in the Spanish tax system affecting nuclear waste. At the State level there are already several charges on nuclear waste. At the regional level, on the other hand, two Autonomous Communities were taxing nuclear waste. The creation of these new State taxes will finish with the regional taxes, but the State will be oblige to compensate these regions for losing revenues. The purpose of this work is to carry out a critical analysis of the Spanish system of taxation on nuclear waste.

II Congreso español de gestión integral de deyecciones ganaderas : Barcelona, 9-10 de junio 2010. International workshop on anaerobic digestion of slaughterhouse waste : Barcelona, 11 junio 2010

La fuerte demanda de alimentos que ha tenido lugar a nivel mundial en los últimos años, ha provocadoun cambio en los sistemas de producción agraria y para el caso de la ganadera se ha pasado de lastípicas explotaciones extensivas ligadas al terreno a las granjas intensivas, en donde se ha incrementadola carga ganadera, bien aumentando el número de cabezas en pastoreo o mediante la construcción degranjas intensivas sin suelo

Synthesis, characterization and thermal behaviour of solid-state compounds of benzoates with some bivalent transition metal ions

Solid-state MBz compounds, where M stands for bivalent Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn and Bz is benzoate, have been synthesized. Simultaneous thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared spectroscopy and complexometry were used to characterize and to study the thermal behaviour of these compounds. The procedure used in the preparation of the compounds via reaction of basic carbonates with benzoic acid is not efficient in eliminating excess acid. However the TG-DTA curves permitted to verify that the binary compounds can be obtained by thermosynthesis, because the benzoic acid can be eliminated before the thermal decomposition of these compounds. The results led to information about the composition, dehydration, thermal stability, thermal decomposition and structure of the isolated compounds. On heating, these compounds decompose in two (Mn, Co, Ni, Zn) or three (Fe, Cu) steps with formation of the respective oxide (Mn3O4, Fe2O3, Co3O4, NiO, CuO and ZnO) as final residue. The theoretical and experimental spectroscopic studies suggest a covalent bidentate bond between ligand and metallic center.

Thermal behaviour study of solid state compounds of manganese (II), zinc (II) and lead (II) with cinnamic acid

Compounds of cinnamic acid with manganese, zinc and lead have been prepared in aqueous solution. Thermogravimetry, derivative thermogravimetry (TG, DTG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction and complexometry have been used in the characterization as well as in the study of the thermal stability and interpretation concerning the thermal decomposition.

Preparation and thermal decomposition of solid state cinnamates of alkali earth metals, except beryllium and radium

Solid state compounds of general formula ML2.nH2O [where M is Mg, Ca, Sr or Ba; L is cinnamate (C6H5 -CH=CH-COO-) and n = 2, 4, 0.8, 3 respectively], have been synthetized. Thermogravimetry (TG), derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction powder patterns have been used to characterize and to study the thermal stability and thermal decomposition of these compounds.

Thermal behavior studies of solid state compounds of 4-dimethylaminocinnamylidenepyruvate with alkali earth metals, except beryllium and radium

Solid state compounds of general formula M(DMCP)2.nH2O, where M represents Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and DMCP is 4-dimethylaminocinnamylidenepyruvate, and n = 1, except for Ca, where n = 2.5, have been prepared. Thermogravimetry, derivative thermogravimetry (TG, DTG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction powder patterns and complexometry were used to characterize and to study the thermal decomposition of these compounds.

Thermal behaviour studies of solid state compounds of cinnamylidenepyruvate with trivalent lanthanides and yttrium (III) in an atmosphere of CO2

Solid state cinnamylidenepyruvate of trivalent lanthanides (except for promethium) and yttrium, were prepared. Thermogravimetry, derivative thermogravimetry (TG, DTG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction powder patterns and complexometry were used to characterize and to study the thermal behavior of these compounds in a dynamic CO2 atmosphere. The results obtained showed significative differences on the thermal stability and thermal decomposition of these compounds, with regard to the thermal behavior study in a dynamic air atmosphere.

Synthesis, characterization and thermal behaviour of solid state compounds of 2-chlorobenzylidenepyruvate with trivalent aluminium, gallium, indium and scandium metals

Solid state compounds M-2-Cl-BP, where 2-Cl-BP is 2-chlorobenzylidenepyruvate and M represents Al, Ga, In, and Sc were prepared. X-ray powder diffractometry, infrared spectroscopy and simultaneous thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), have been used to characterize and to study the thermal behavior of these compounds. The results provided information concerning the stoichiometry, crystallinity, thermal stability and thermal decomposition of the compounds.

Synthesis and thermal studies of solid state 2-chloro-benzylidenepyruvic acid and its compounds with sodium, aluminium (III), gallium (III) and indium (III) cations

The synthesis of sodium 2-chlorobenzylidenepyruvate and its corresponding acid as well as binary, binary together with it's acid or hydroxo-2-chorobenzylidenepyruvate of aluminium (III), gallium (III) and indium (III), were isolated. Chemical analysis, thermogravimetry, derivative thermogravimetry (TG/DTG), simultaneous thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) and X-ray powder diffractometry have been employed to characterize and to study the thermal behaviour of these compounds. The results provided information concerning the stoichiometry, crystallinity, thermal stability and thermal decomposition.

Synthesis, characterization and thermal behaviour of solid state compounds of 4-methoxybenzoate with Manganese, Nickel and Copper

Solid state M-L compounds, where M stands for bivalent Mn, Ni, Cu and L is 4-methoxybenzoate, have been synthesized. Simultaneous thermogravimetry - differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), X-ray powder diffractometry, infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis and complexometry were used to characterize and to study the thermal behaviour of these compounds. The results led to information about the composition, dehydration, thermal stability and thermal decomposition of the isolated compounds.

Synthesis, characterization and thermal studies of solid state 4-methylbenzylidenepyruvate of some trivalent metal ions

Solid state compounds of 4-methylbenzylidenepyruvate with Al(III), Ga(III), In(III) and Sc(III) have been synthesized. Complexometry, X-ray powder diffractometry, infrared spectroscopy and simultaneous thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) have been used to characterize and to study the thermal behavior of these compounds. The results provided information concerning the stoichiometry, crystallinity, thermal stability and thermal decomposition of these compounds.

Synthesis, characterization and thermal behaviour of solid-state compounds of 2-methoxybenzoate with some bivalent transition metal ions

Solid-state M-2-MeO-Bz compounds, where M stands for bivalent Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn and 2-MeO-Bz is 2-methoxybenzoate, have been synthesized. Simultaneous thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), thermogravimetry, derivative thermogravimetry (TG/DTG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffractometry, infrared spectroscopy and complexometry were used to characterize and to study the thermal behaviour of these compounds. The results led to have information about the composition, dehydration, thermal stability and thermal decomposition of the isolated compounds.

Synthesis, characterization and thermal behaviour of solid-state compounds of 4-methoxybenzoate with lanthanum (III) and trivalent lighter lanthanides

Solid-state M-4-MeO-Bz compounds, where M stands for trivalent La, Ce, Pr, Nd and Sm and 4-MeO-Bz is 4-methoxybenzoate, have been synthesized. Simultaneous thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffractometry, infrared spectroscopy and complexometry were used to characterize and to study the thermal behaviour of these compounds. The results led to information about the composition, dehydration, polymorphic transformation, ligand's denticity, thermal behaviour and thermal decomposition of the isolated compounds.

Thermal decomposition of solid state compounds of lanthanide and yttrium benzoates in CO2 atmosphere

Solid-state Ln-Bz compounds, where Ln stands for trivalent lanthanides and Bz is benzoate have been synthesized. Simultaneous thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis in a CO2 atmosphere were used to study the thermal decomposition of these compounds.

Synthesis and characterization of solid 2-methoxycinnamylidenepyruvic acid

The 2-methoxycinnamylidenepyruvic acid (2-MeO-HCP) was synthesized and characterized for nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H and 13C NMR), mass spectrometry (MS), Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The application of DSC for purity determination is well documented in literature and is used in the analysis of pure organic compounds. The molecular geometry and vibrational frequencies of 2-MeO-HCP have been calculated.