Efeito do tratamento com o extrato hidro-alcoólico do açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) sobre as alterações cardiovasculares em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR)

A hipertensão é uma das mais importantes causas de morte prematura no mundo. Estudos sobre a Euterpe oleracea Mart. (açaí), uma planta típica do Brasil e rica em polifenóis, têm mostrado grande potencial terapêutico contra a hipertensão, uma vez que seus benefícios podem ser associados às ações antioxidante, vasodilatadora e anti-hipertensiva. O rato espontaneamente hipertenso (SHR) é um modelo experimental utilizado para o estudo da hipertensão essencial. Neste estudo, investigamos o efeito do tratamento crônico do extrato hidroalcoólico do caroço de açaí (ASE) sobre a hipertensão de SHR. Animais SHR e Wistar receberam tratamento com ASE (200 mg/Kg/dia) na água de beber, ou veículo, desde 21 dias até 4 meses de idade e tiveram a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) aferida por pletismografia de cauda. Os efeitos vasodilatadores da acetilcolina (ACh) e nitroglicerina (NG) foram estudados em leito arterial mesentérico (LAM) perfundido e pré-contraído com norepinefrina. A atividade das enzimas superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutationa peroxidase (GPx), os níveis de malondialdeído (MDA), a carbonilação de proteínas e os níveis de nitrito foram avaliados em plasma, LAM, coração e rim por espectrofotometria. A expressão das proteínas SOD e eNOS foram avaliadas por western blot em LAM e as alterações vasculares pela espessura da túnica média em aorta. A PAS foi maior (p<0.05) nos animais SHR, e reduzida pelo tratamento com ASE. O efeito vasodilatador reduzido da ACh em SHR foi recuperado pelo ASE e o da NG não foi diferente entre os grupos. Não houve diferença nos níveis de glicose e insulina em SHR comparados aos controles. Entretanto, a insulina se apresentou reduzida no grupo SHR+ASE. O nível de renina foi maior nos SHR e normalizado pelo ASE (p<0.05). Os níveis de MDA não foram diferentes entre SHR e controles, entretanto o tratamento com ASE reduziu esses níveis em rim de SHR (p<0.05). Os níveis de carbonilação de proteínas foram maiores em amostras de rim e coração de SHR e o ASE reduziu o dano sobre proteínas (p<0.05), não tendo diferença em plasma e LAM. A atividade da SOD foi menor em amostras de rim nos animais SHR e aumentada pelo tratamento com ASE (p<0.05). Entretanto, a atividade aumentada da SOD em coração e LAM dos SHR, foi reduzida pelo tratamento com ASE, não havendo diferença em amostras de plasma. Não houve diferença na atividade da GPx em amostras de LAM e coração dos diferentes grupos, porém sua atividade foi aumentada em rim dos SHR, e o tratamento com ASE normalizou essa atividade. Em plasma, a atividade da GPx foi reduzida em SHR e aumentada pelo tratamento (p<0.05). A atividade da enzima CAT foi reduzida em plasma e rim de SHR e o ASE aumentou sua atividade. Não houve diferença em amostras de LAM, entretanto em amostras de coração o tratamento aumentou a atividade da CAT em SHR (p<0.05). Em amostras de plasma, coração e rim, não houve diferença nos níveis de nitrito entre os diferentes grupos, porém em amostras de LAM foram menores em SHR e SHR+ASE (p<0.05). A expressão das proteínas eNOS e SOD apresentaram-se aumentadas em SHR (p<0.05) sem alteração com o tratamento. Os SHR apresentaram um aumento na espessura da camada média da aorta que foi reduzido (p<0.05) pelo ASE. Este estudo demonstrou que o tratamento crônico com ASE em SHR reduziu a hipertensão, preveniu a disfunção endotelial e o remodelamento vascular. O aumento da defesa antioxidante e redução do dano oxidativo devem contribuir para os efeitos benéficos de ASE. Portanto, sugerimos que o ASE pode ser uma ferramenta importante para o tratamento das alterações cardiovasculares associadas à hipertensão essencial.

Efeito protetor do extrato hidroalcoólico de Euterpe oleracea Mart. (Açaí) nas alterações renais, cardiovasculares e metabólicas induzidas pela restrição protéica materna durante a gestação

Alguns trabalhos demonstraram que a planta, Euterpe oleracea Mart. (açaí) é rica em polifenóis e que uma dieta rica em polifenóis pode estar envolvida na proteção contra o risco cardiovascular. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento com o extrato hidroalcoólico do caroço do açaí (ASE) (200mg/Kg/dia), sobre as alterações renais, cardiovasculares, metabólicas, morfológicas e o estresse oxidativo na prole adulta com dezesseis semanas, cujas mães foram submetidas a uma dieta hipoprotéica durante a gestação. Quatro grupos de ratas foram alimentados com dietas experimentais: controle (20% de proteínas); controle + ASE (20% de proteína + ASE); hipoprotéica (6% de proteína); hipoprotéica + ASE (6% de proteína + ASE) durante a gestação. Após o desmame, todos os filhotes passaram a ser alimentados com uma dieta controle e foram sacrificados com 4 meses de idade. A pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) foi medida por pletismografia de cauda e o efeito vasodilatador da acetilcolina (ACh) e nitroglicerina (NG) foi avaliado em leito arterial mesentérico (LAM) perfundido. Foram determinados o peso corporal, níveis séricos de colesterol total, triglicerídeos, lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL), albumina, uréia, creatinina, glicose, insulina, resistência à insulina (índice de Homa IR), sódio, potássio e a renina plasmática. Foi avaliada a depuração de creatinina, volume de urina, excreção fracionada de sódio (EFNa) e o número de glomérulos renais. O dano oxidativo, níveis de nitrito e a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes: superóxido dismutase, catalase e glutationa peroxidase foram dosados no plasma e homogenato de rim. O peso corporal foi menor no grupo hipoprotéico e recuperado com ASE. A PAS foi aumentada no grupo hipoprotéico e revertida pelo tratamento com ASE. Os níveis de renina plasmática foram aumentados no grupo hipoprotéico e reduzidos com ASE. A resposta vasodilatadora à ACh em LAM estava reduzida no grupo hipoprotéico com ASE houve uma melhora dessa resposta.O efeito vasodilatador da NG não foi diferente entre os grupos. No grupo hipoprotéico também foi observado o aumento dos níveis de triglicerídeos, colesterol total, uréia, creatinina, glicose e insulina, os mesmos foram reduzidos pelo ASE. Não houve diferença nos níveis de HDL, sódio, potássio, depuração de creatinina e volume urinário nos grupos estudados. Os níveis de malondialdeído e carbonilação de proteínas estavam aumentados e os níveis de nitrito reduzidos no grupo hipoprotéico e foram revertidos pelo ASE. As atividades das enzimas antioxidantes no plasma e no rim foram reduzidas no grupo hipoprotéico e aumentadas pelo ASE, com exceção da catalase que não apresentou diferença entre os grupos. Os animais hipoprotéicos apresentaram redução no número de glomérulos renais e aumento da EFNa e o tratamento com ASE preveniu as alterações renais encontradas neste modelo. Em conclusão, o ASE parece proteger a prole, cujas mães foram expostas a uma dieta com pouca proteína durante a gestação, através do efeito anti-hipertensivo, vasodilatador e antioxidante observado neste trabalho.

Studies on phenolase enzymes in prawns. Pt. 1. The distribution and physical properties of phenolases in Penaeid prawns

The distribution of phenolases in certain species of Penaeid prawns has been studied. Attempts were made to locate the regions of maximum enzyme activity in the prawns. The relative dopase activity has been examined in extracts from head, tail, shell with cuticles and muscle. The head juice and tail extracts were found to register very high order of enzyme activity. Metapenaeus affinis, Metapenaeus monoceros and Penaeus indicus record comparatively higher enzyme activity than Parapenaeopsis stylifera and Metapenaeus dobsoni, no definite relationship has been found between the relative activity of the enzyme and size grade at least in one species examined. Experiments were done to determine the pH optima of the enzyme and the influence of pH on its deactivation. Exposure to higher temperatures up to 55°c was shown to activate the crude enzyme considerably. The possible implications of the observations have been discussed.

Purification and properties of Aspartate aminotransferase (E.C. 2.6.1.1) from skeletal muscle of Cirrhina mrigala

Aspartate aminotransferase (E.C. 2.6.1.1.) from the skeletal muscle of fresh water fish Cirrhina mrigala has been purified 40 fold by ammonium sulphate fractionation, adsorption on alumina Csub(8) gel and chromatography using DEAE-cellulose column and the properties of the purified enzyme studied. The pH optimum of the enzyme is 7.8. The Km value of aspartic acid and 2-oxoglutaric acid are found to be 2.8 x 10sub(-3) M and 1.0 x 10sub(-4) M respectively. The activity of enzyme is inhibited by p-chloromercurybenzoate, hydroxylamine hydrochloride and sodium cyanide. The inhibition by pchloromercurybenzoate is reversed by reduced glutathione, B-mercaptoethanol and cysteine. Dicarboxylic acids such as maleic acid, malic acid and succinic acid inhibit the enzyme activity. The enzyme is not activated by any of the metal ions tested and heavy metal ions such as mercury and silver strongly inhibit the enzyme activity.

Denaturation of Labeo rohita (Rohu) actomyosin on frozen storage: preventive effect of carbohydrates

The preventive effect of sucrose and glucose on the denaturation of frozen rohu actomyosin at -20°C for 7 weeks was examined using an in vitro test model. The rate of denaturation was followed by estimating percentage salt extractability, Ca¹²+ ATPase activity and the clearing response test. Sucrose and glucose showed cryoprotective action for all concentration of actomyosin. Higher actomyosin concentration was preserved better than lower concentration. Post-rigor actomyosin was preserved to a greater extent than pre-rigor actomyosin. Correlation between percentage salt extractability and enzyme activity could not be observed in all samples of frozen actomyosin studied.

The unusual adaptive expansion of pancreatic ribonuclease gene in carnivora

Pancreatic ribonuclease (RNASE1) is a digestive enzyme that has been recognized to be one of the most attractive model systems for molecular evolutionary studies. The contribution of RNASE1 gene duplication to the functional adaptation of digestive physio

Duplication and functional diversification of pancreatic ribonuclease (RNASE1) gene

Adaptation is one of the most fundamental issues in the studies of organismal evolution. Pancreatic ribonuclease is a very important digestive enzyme and secreted by the pancreas. Numerous studies have suggested that RNASE1 gene duplication is closely related to the functional adaptation of the digestive system in the intestinal fermentation herbivores. RNASE1 gene thus becomes one of the most important candidate genetic markers to study the molecular mechanism of adaptation of organisms to the feeding habit. Interestingly, RNASE1 gene duplication has also been found in some non-intestinal fermentation mammals, suggesting that RNASE1 gene may have produced novel tissue specificity or functions in these species. In this review, RNASE1 gene and its implications in adaptive evolution, especially in association with the feeding habit of organisms, are summarized.

Liver cytochrome oxidase P4501A1 purification of Acipenser persicus and designing ELISA for measuring

Moon oxygenases related to cytochrome P450s are the molecular Biomarkers which have important role in Biotransformation of endogenous and exogenous compounds and catalazyin of many biological reactions. One of the important isoenzyme is cytochrome P4501A. This isoenzyme involved in metabolism of environment pollutnts such as PAHs. Because of its inducibility, it has a key tool for impact assesment of contaminants in aquatic environment. In this study, at first, that fractions containing Acipenser persicus and Huso huso isoenzyme were purified, and after that Antibodies against them were prepared. For isolation of isoenzyme fraction, Microsomes were prepared from fish liver using differential centrifugation at high speeds. microsomes were solubiized by cholat sodium and Emulgen. Extraction of this isoenzyme was done with the combinatuion of ionexchange chromatography and gelfiltration or chromatofocusing chromatography. Ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration were applied in DEAE sepharose fast flow and sephacryl S200 respectively and chromatofocusing was done at poly buffer 74 and 94 exchanger. The results of SDS-PAGE Showed that the molecular weight of isoenzyme was about 58±1 KDa. Furthermore the inmunoblotting results confirmed this subject. Isoenzyme activigy based on EROD (Ethoxyresorofin o-deethylase) reaction showed about 20-26 fold increase in enzyme activity of treated fish than control fish. The results of Elisa, Using monoclonal anti cod P4501A demonstrated the inducibility and highly elevated of its activity in treated sample more than the control fish. Mean while, the fish sample were showed the strong reaction to polyclonal antibody against beluga P4501A1 prepared in our Lab compared to monoclonal anti body.

The role of cell-surface-bound phosphatases in species competition within natural phytoplankton assemblage: an in situ experiment

Despite it is widely acknowledged that the ability to hydrolyze dissolved organic matter using extracellular phosphatases is diverse in fresh water phytoplankton, the competition within single species related to presence and quantity of cell-surface-bound phosphatases has not been examined in natural conditions yet. Here, we studied phytoplankton species competition in a freshwater reservoir during an in situ experiment. A natural plankton community, with the exclusion of large zooplankton, was enclosed in permeable dialysis bags inside two large containers of different bioavailable phosphate concentrations. Phytoplankton species biomass and the abundance of bacteria were determined in purpose to compare the development of enclosed microbial communities. Total and cell-surface-bound phosphatase activities in the phytoplankton were investigated using the Fluorescently Labelled Enzyme Activity (FLEA) technique that allows for direct microscopic detection of phosphatase-positive cells and, with image cytometry, enables quantification of phosphatase hydrolytic capacity. Production of extracellular phosphatases was not completely inhibited or stopped in the phosphate-enriched environment, phytoplankton cells only showed the activity less often. Under the phosphate-nonenriched conditions, the production of phosphatases was enhanced, but active species did not proliferate amongst phytoplankton assemblage. Further, specific growth rates of the phosphatase-positive species in the non-enriched environment were lower than the same phosphatase-positive species in phosphate-enriched environment. Interestingly, the phosphatase-positive cells of Ankyra ancora increased their size in both treatments equally, although the population in phosphate-enriched environment grew much faster and the cell-specific phosphatase activity was lower. We hypothesize that brand new daughter cells had sufficient phosphorus reserves and therefore did not employ extracellular phosphatases until they matured and needed extra bioavailable phosphorus to support their metabolism before cell division. Based on presented in situ experiment, we propose that the ability to hydrolyze organic polymers and particles with cell-surface-hound phosphatases is advantageous for longer persistence of given population in a phosphate-scarce environment; although phosphatase-positive species cannot dominate the reservoir phytoplankton solely because of specific phosphorus-scavenging strategy.

Plasma biochemical responses of the omnivorous crucian carp (Carassius auratus) to crude cyanobacterial extracts

Healthy crucian carp (Carassius auratus) were treated by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of crude cyanobacterial extracts at two doses, 50 and 200 mu g MC-LR equiv kg(-1) BW. High mortality (100%) was observed within 60 h post injection in the high-dose group. In the treated fish, activities of four plasma enzymes, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), all showed substantial increases, with both dose and time-dependent effects. These increases of enzyme activity indicate severe impairment occurred in the liver of crucian carp over time. Plasma concentrations of energy-related biomolecules including glucose (GLU), cholesterol (CHO), triglyceride (TG), and total protein (TP) showed marked changes in the high-dose group, possibly a nutritional imbalance correlated with the liver injury caused by intraperitoneal exposure to crude cyanobacterial extracts.

Sequential ultrastructural and biochemical changes induced in vivo by the hepatotoxic microcystins in liver of the phytoplanktivorous silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

Up to now, in vivo studies on the toxic effects of microcystins (MCs) on the ultrastructures of fish liver have been very limited. The phytoplanktivorous silver carp was injected i.p. with extracted hepatotoxic microcystins (mainly MC-RR and -LR) at a dose of 1000 mu g MC-LReq. kg(-1) body weight, showing a time-dependent ultrastructural change in liver as well as significant increases in enzyme activity of plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). We observed for the first time the occurrence of a large amount of activated secondary lysosomes, which might be an adaptive mechanism to eliminate or lessen cell damage caused by MCs through lysosome activation. Quantitative and qualitative determinations of MCs in the liver were conducted by HPLC and LC-MS2, respectively. MCs concentration in the liver reached the maximum (114.20 mu g g(-1) dry weight) after 3 h post-injection, and then rapidly dropped to 7.57 mu g g(-1) dry weight at 48 h, indicating a deputation of 99% accumulated MC-LReq. On the other hand, a decrease trend in glutathione (GSH) concentration was observed in the liver of silver carp while the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) increased significantly after injection. The high tolerance of silver carp to MCs might be due to the high basic GSH level in their liver, and/or an increased GSH synthesis. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Identification and characterization of a cathepsin L-like cysteine protease from Taenia solium metacestode

Taenia solium metacestode, a larval pork tapeworm, is a causative agent of neurocysticercosis, one of the most common parasitic diseases in the human central nervous system. In this study, we identified a cDNA encoding for a cathepsin L-like cysteine protease from the T solium metacestode (TsCL-1) and characterized the biochemical properties of the recombinant enzyme. The cloned cDNA of 1216 bp encoded 339 amino acids with an approximate molecular weight of 37.6 kDa which containing a typical signal peptide sequence (17 amino acids), a pro-domain (106 amino acids), and a mature domain (216 amino acids). Sequence alignments of TsCL-1 showed low sequence similarity of 27.3-44.6 to cathepsin L-like cysteine proteases from other helminth parasites, but the similarity was increased to 35.9-55.0 when compared to mature domains. The bacterially expressed recombinant protein (rTsCL-1) did not show enzyme activity; however, the rTsCL-1 expressed in Pichia pastoris showed typical biochemical characteristics of cysteine proteases. It degraded human immunoglobulin G (IgG) and bovine serum albumin (BSA), but not collagen. Western blot analysis of the rTsCL-1 showed antigenicity against the sera from patients with cysticercosis, sparganosis or fascioliasis, but weak or no antigenicity against the sera from patients with paragonimiasis or clonorchiasis. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Purification and characterization of hydrosoluble components from the sap of Chinese lacquer tree Rhus vernicifera

Continuous gradient elution chromatography (CGEC) was employed to purify and separate enzymes and polysaccharides from the sap of Rhus vernicifera Chinese lacquer tree. There are three different molecules with laccase enzyme activity. Two are enzymes of each other (L1, and L2), whereas the third (RL) is an entirely separate entity. Two polysaccharides (GP1 and GP2) were also found. The Rhus laccase (RL), and isoenzymes L1 and L2, have peak molecular masses of 109,100, 120,000, 103,000 respectively; each has four copper atoms per molecule, and the pI values were 8.2, 8.6, and 9.1, respectively. The structure of the laccases was studied by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. The typical amide I (1646 cm(-1)) and amide II (1545 cm(-1)) bands were observed. The results from MALDI-TOF were similar to those from CGEC, but the molecular mass from the MALDI-TOF was significantly different from that obtained from sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Enzymatic activities in constructed wetlands and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) biodegradation

The bioaccumulation of phthalate acid esters (PAEs) from industrial products and their mutagenic action has been suggested to be a potential threat to human health. The effects of the most frequently identified PAE, Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), and its biodegradation, were examined by comparison of two small scale plots (SSP) of integrated vertical-flow constructed wetlands. The influent DBP concentration was 9.84 mg l(-1) in the treatment plot and the control plot received no DBP. Soil enzymatic activities of dehydrogenase, catalase, protease, phosphatase, urease, cellulase, beta-glucosidase, were measured in the two SSP after DBP application for 1 month and 2 months, and 1 month after the final application. Both treatment and control had significantly higher enzyme activity in the surface soil than in the subsurface soil (P < 0.001) and greater enzyme activity in the down-flow chamber than in the up-flow chamber (P < 0.05). In the constructed wetlands, DBP enhanced the activities of dehydrogenase, catalase, protease, phosphatase and inhibited the activities of urease, cellulase and beta-glucosidase. However, urease, cellulase, beta-glucosidase activities were restored 1 month following the final DBP addition. Degradation of DBP was greater in the surface soil and was reduced in sterile soil, indicating that this process may be mediated by aerobic microorgansims. DBP degradation fitted a first-order model, and the kinetic equation showed that the rate constant was 0.50 and 0.17 d(-1), the half-life was 1.39 and 4.02 d, and the r(2) was 0.99 and 0.98, in surface and subsurface soil, respectively. These results indicate that constructed wetlands are able to biodegrade organic PA-Es such as DBP. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Gut contents of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) and the processing and digestion of algal cells in the alimentary canal

Bighead carp is one of the most important freshwater filter-feeding fish of Chinese aquaculture. In recent decades, there have been a number of contradictory conclusions on the digestibility of algae by bighead carp based on the results from gut contents and digestive enzyme analysis or radiolabelled isotope techniques. Phytoplankton in the gut contents of bighead carp (cultured in a large net cage in Lake Donghu) were studied during March-May. In biomass, the dominant phytoplankters in the fore-gut contents were the centric diatom Cyclotella (average 54.5%, range 33.8-74.3%) and the dinoflagellate Cryptomonas (average 22.8%, range 6.8-55.8%). Phytoplankton in water samples were generally present in proportionate amounts in samples from the fore-guts of bighead carp. The size of most phytoplankton present in the intestine of bighead carp was between 8 and 20 mum in length. Bighead carp was also able to collect particles (as small as 5-6 mum) much smaller than their filtering net meshes, suggesting the importance of mucus in collecting small particles, Examination of the change in the integrity of Cyclotella on passage through the esophagus of bighead carp indicated that disruption of the algal cell walls is principally by the pharyngeal teeth, explaining the previous contradictory conclusions. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.