Physiological cost of induced resistance in cotton plants at different nitrogen levels

Resistance induction through the use of chemical inducers often results in physiological costs to the plant. In this study, induced resistance in cotton plants was evaluated with regard to physiological costs in a cultivar susceptible to Colletotrichum gossypii var. cephalosporioides (CNPA GO 2002 - 7997). Plants were cultivated in substrates with two levels of nitrogen and received two applications of acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), jasmonic acid (JA) and Agro-Mos® (AM) disease resistance inducers. Plant height (H), internodal length (IL), shoot fresh weight (SFW), root fresh weight (RFW), shoot dry weight (SDW) and root dry weight (RDW) were evaluated. The activity of the phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and peroxidase (POX) was also determined. The plants treated with ASM presented high physiological costs with an accentuated reduction in H, SFW and SDW, whereas those treated with JA exhibited a significant increase in SDW, and did not significantly differ from H and IL. In the potting mix supplemented with nitrogen, all inducers differed from the control treatment regarding to internodal length, whereas only ASM and AM presented a significant difference between one another in the potting mix without the addition of nitrogen. Significant correlations (P=0.05) were found for most of the variables analyzed, with greater correlations observed between SFW and SDW (0.94); IL and H (0.74); SFW and H (0.70); and SDW and H (0.70). ASM induced the least amount of PAL activity, significantly differing from the remaining treatments. Greater POX activity was observed in ASM, which significantly differed from the control. AM and JA, however, presented lower activity than the control with regard to these enzymes, and it was not possible to confirm induction resistance in these two treatments.

Ramularia areola sporulation potential in Brazilian cotton

Ramularia blight, caused by Ramularia areola, is one of the most important diseases affecting cotton crop in Brazil. For its effective control, 5-9 fungicide applications on susceptible cultivars are necessary. The aim of the present study was to evaluate, in vitro and in vivo, the sporulation potential of R. areolaisolates from different Brazilian regions at distinct temperatures. Spore production was assessed in the laboratory and under green house conditions by using leaves from plants of eight cotton cultivars. The in vitro results indicated that the potential of spore production was dependent on temperature. Maximum sporulation of the fungus occurred at 17°C for isolates from São Paulo State and 23°C for isolates from Goiás and Mato Grosso States. In the in vivo study, there was a variation in spore production according to the cultivar and the isolate. Most isolates showed to be highly aggressive on cultivars FM966 LL and DELTAOPAL. The obtained results suggest a more rational use of fungicides and cultivars with decreased fungal sporulation and can form the basis for further studies of the pathogenic variability of this fungus in cotton crops in Brazil. This is the first report on the sporulation potential of Brazilian R. areola isolates.

A northern summer; or travels round the Baltic, through Denmark, Sweden, Russia, Prussia, and part of Germany in the year 1804 : by John Carr, esq.

Dedicated to: James Mackintosh.

The history of Lapland : containing a geographical description, and a natural history of that country; with an account of the inhabitants, their original, religion, customs, habits, marriages, conjurations, employments, &c. Written by John Scheffer, ... Translated from the last edition in Latin, and illustrated with many curious copper-cutts. To which are added, the travels of the King of Sweden's mathematicians into Lapland: the history of Livonia, and the wars there: also a journey into Lapland, Finland, &c. Written by Dr. Olof Rudbeck in the year 1701

Added engraved title page: The history of Lapland.

Undersökning, om Nyland och Tavastehus län, i anseende til dess, läge, vidd, climat, våhr-floder, sjöar och vatuleder, naturs förmåner och brister, näringar, folkrikhet, politie och cameral författningar. Första delen : ... under ... Pehr Adrian Gadds inseende, utgifven och försvarad för lagerkrantsen af Hans Henric John tavastlänninge. I Åbo Acad. öfre lärosal före m. den 23 Maji 1789.

Bound with: Undersökning, om Nyland och Tavastehus län ... Andra delen / Samuel Gabriel Mellenius, and Undersökning, om Nyland och Tavastehus län ... Tredje delen / Carl Bergman. [Åbo] : tryckt i Frenckellska boktryckeriet, 1789.

The history of Lapland : wherein are shewed the original manners, habits, marriages, conjurations, &c. of that people : written by John Scheffer, professor of law and rhetoric at Upsal in Sweden.

Added engraved title page: The history of Lapland.

Uutta tietoa John A. Hobsonista

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Simulation and optimization of IGCC technique for power generation and hydrogen production by using lignite Thar coal and cotton stalk

The purpose of this study was to simulate and to optimize integrated gasification for combine cycle (IGCC) for power generation and hydrogen (H2) production by using low grade Thar lignite coal and cotton stalk. Lignite coal is abundant of moisture and ash content, the idea of addition of cotton stalk is to increase the mass of combustible material per mass of feed use for the process, to reduce the consumption of coal and to increase the cotton stalk efficiently for IGCC process. Aspen plus software is used to simulate the process with different mass ratios of coal to cotton stalk and for optimization: process efficiencies, net power generation and H2 production etc. are considered while environmental hazard emissions are optimized to acceptance level. With the addition of cotton stalk in feed, process efficiencies started to decline along with the net power production. But for H2 production, it gave positive result at start but after 40% cotton stalk addition, H2 production also started to decline. It also affects negatively on environmental hazard emissions and mass of emissions/ net power production increases linearly with the addition of cotton stalk in feed mixture. In summation with the addition of cotton stalk, overall affects seemed to negative. But the effect is more negative after 40% cotton stalk addition so it is concluded that to get maximum process efficiencies and high production less amount of cotton stalk addition in feed is preferable and the maximum level of addition is estimated to 40%. Gasification temperature should keep lower around 1140 °C and prefer technique for studied feed in IGCC is fluidized bed (ash in dry form) rather than ash slagging gasifier

Spatio-temporal modelling of the duration of the cotton cycle in the State Of Goiás, Brazil

The objective of this work was to develop and validate a mathematical model to estimate the duration of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. r. latifolium hutch) cycle in the State of Goiás, Brazil, by applying the method of growing degree-days (GD), and considering, simultaneously, its time-space variation. The model was developed as a linear combination of elevation, latitude, longitude, and Fourier series of time variation. The model parameters were adjusted by using multiple-linear regression to the observed GD accumulated with air temperature in the range of 15°C to 40°C. The minimum and maximum temperature records used to calculate the GD were obtained from 21 meteorological stations, considering data varying from 8 to 20 years of observation. The coefficient of determination, resulting from the comparison between the estimated and calculated GD along the year was 0.84. Model validation was done by comparing estimated and measured crop cycle in the period from cotton germination to the stage when 90 percent of bolls were opened in commercial crop fields. Comparative results showed that the model performed very well, as indicated by the Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.90 and Willmott agreement index of 0.94, resulting in a performance index of 0.85.

Evaluation of cotton stalks destroyers

The destruction of the cotton crop residues (cotton stalks) is a mandatory procedure in Brazil for prophylactic issues, but is a subject unexplored by the research and there are few studies that deal with this issue. However, this is not encouraged in recent decades, studies aimed at developing and evaluating equipment for this purpose. The present study had the objective to evaluate six methods for mechanical destruction of cotton crop residues. Each method was defined based on the principle of operation of the active parts of the equipment, which were tested in medium texture soil and in a clayey one. The variables used to evaluate the efficiency of the equipment were the regrowth rate, the theoretical field capacity and energy demand. The equipment with convergent concave disks (DCC) and flat cutters discs from manufacturer A (CPS-a) showed the best results in cotton stalks destruction in both soil types. The harrow disc (GPD) was efficient only in clay soil. It was concluded that the equipment with convergent concave disks, among those tested, was the most efficient to destroy cotton stalks, regardless of soil type, and that the harrow disc was not included among the best performers.

Yield of cotton/cowpea and sunflower/cowpea crop rotation systems during the reclamation process of a saline-sodic soil

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of subsoiling, gypsum and organic matter associated with the cultivation of cotton, sunflower and cowpea in crop rotation, seeking the reclamation and use of a saline-sodic soil. The treatments were arranged in a randomized block design in split plots with four replications, during two crop cycles (2009/2010 and 2010/2011). The plots were formed by the treatments: T1. Subsoiling (S); T2. S + 20 Mg ha-1 of gypsum; T3. S + 40 Mg ha-1 of organic matter; T4. S + 10 Mg ha-1 of gypsum + 20 Mg ha-1 of organic matter; T5. S + 20 Mg ha-1 of gypsum + 40 Mg ha-1 of organic matter and the sub-plots consisted of the cotton-cowpea (C/CP) and sunflower-cowpea (S/CP) crop rotation. The use of gypsum and organic matter contributed to decrease the soil salinity and sodicity. Cotton was not affected by the treatments, while the sunflower crop was favored by the application of amendments only in the second production cycle. Higher yields of cowpea in T5 treatment, during the 2009/2010 cycle, are indicative that higher doses of gypsum and organic matter applied in this treatment accelerate the reclamation process. For other treatments with amendment application there was a beneficial effect for this crop only in the second cycle, when the values of productivity were similar to T5.

Spraying systems and traveling speed in the deposit and spectrum of droplets in cotton plant

ABSTRACT Tractor traveling speed can influence the quality of spraying depending on the application technology used. This study aimed to evaluate the droplet spectrum, the deposition and uniformity of spray distribution with different spraying systems and traveling speeds of a self-propelled sprayer in two phenological stages of the cotton plant (B9 and F13). The experimental design was randomized blocks and treatments were three spraying techniques: common flat spray tips; tilted flat jet with air induction, at 120 L ha-1; and rotary atomizer disk, 20 L ha-1, combined with four traveling speeds: 12, 15, 18 and 25 km h-1, with four replications. Spraying deposition was evaluated for both leaf surfaces from the cotton plant apex and base (stage B9) and middle part of the plant (stage F13) with a cupric marker. A laser particle analyzer also assessed the droplet spectrum. The centrifugal power spray system produces more homogeneous droplet spectrum and increased penetration of droplets into the canopy in both phenological stages. Variation on the operating conditions necessary for increased traveling speed negatively influences the pattern of spraying deposits.

Sotilaiden epäviralliset ryhmänormit kolmessa jalkaväkikomppaniaa koskevassa empiirisessä tutkimuksessa (Knut Pipping, Roger Little, John Hockey)

Tutkimuksessa oli tavoitteena selvittää, millaisia sotilaiden epävirallisia ryhmänormeja tutkijat ovat havainneet eräissä sotilasyksiköissä jotka ovat toimineet sodassa tai sodan olosuhteita osittain vastanneissa tilanteissa. Keskeisinä lähteinä käytetään seuraavia kolmea sotilasyksikköön kohdistunutta tutkimusta: - Knut Pipping: "Kompaniet som samhälle Iakttagelser i ett finskt frontförband 1941-1944" (1947), suomenkielinen laitos ”Komppania pienoisyhteiskuntana” (1978), englanninkielinen laitos ”Infantry Company as a Society” (2008) - Roger W. Little: “Buddy Relations and Combat Performance” (1964) ja sen perustana ollut Littlen väitöskirja “A Study of the relationship between collective solidarity and combat role performance” (1955) - John Hockey: "Squaddies Portrait of a Subculture" (1986). Tutkimusongelmat olivat seuraavat: 1) Millaisia sotilaiden epävirallisia ryhmänormeja tai virallisista normeista poikkeavia käyttäytymismuotoja esiintyi kolmessa sodan ajan tai poikkeusolojen sotilasyksikössä Knut Pippingin, Roger Littlen ja John Hockeyn komppanioita koskeneiden tutkimusten mukaan? 2) Esiintyikö ao. tutkimuksissa (sotilasyksiköissä) samansisältöisiä tai edes suunnilleen samansisältöisiä normeja tai virallisista normeista poikkeavia käyttäytymismuotoja? Tutkimusmenetelmänä on Pippingin, Littlen ja Hockeyn tutkimusten ja tutkimustulosten systemaattinen läpikäynti ja vertailu sen selvittämiseksi, millaisia epävirallisia normeja kohteena olleissa sotilasyksiköissä on havaittu. Kohteina olevat tutkimukset käytiin läpi seuraavan skeeman mukaisesti: - sotilasyksikön virallinen organisaatio ml. viralliset johtajat - sotilasyksikön henkilöstö - sotilasyksikön toimintaympäristö ja tehtävät tutkimusajankohtana - sotilasyksikön sosiaaliset ryhmät - sotilasyksikössä havaittuja epävirallisia normeja. Tutkimuksessa tuli ilmi, että tutkituissa sotilasyksiköissä esiintyi joitakin samantyyppisiä epävirallisia normeja siitä huolimatta, että sotilasyksiköt olivat eri maista ja toimivat eri vuosikymmeninä ja erilaisissa sodissa ja tilanteissa. Sotilasyksiköissä havaittiin mm., että: - miehistöön kuuluvat sotilaat katsoivat, että heille annetut vaarallisetkin tehtävät, ainakin järkeviksi katsotut, piti hoitaa ainakin jollakin minimitasolla ja kaikkien piti osallistua tähän - miehistötasolla sotilaiden piti ainakin tietynlaisissa tilanteissa olla lojaaleja toisille samanarvoisille tai ainakin lähipiirissä oleville - lähipiirin sotilaihin kohdistuva lojaalisuus saattoi ohittaa viralliseen organisaatioon kohdistuvat velvoitteet - kaikissa yksiköissä esiintyi taistelussa käyttäytymistä koskevia epävirallisia normeja; esimerkiksi "liiallista rohkeutta" ei hyväksytty - joissakin tilanteissa vaaralliseen tilanteeseen liittyvän normin noudattaminen lisäsi yksittäiseen sotilaaseen kohdistuvaa välitöntä hengenvaaraa - lähipiirissä olevien sotilaiden henkilökohtaiseen omaisuuteen tai varusesineisiin ei saanut kajota - sen sijaan suhtautuminen muuhun valtion omaisuuteen oli liberaalimpaa.