998 resultados para Cordeiro traçador


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Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a eficiência de pontas de pulverização com diferentes vazões e tamanhos de gotas na deposição e na dessecação de plantas de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, além da quantificação das perdas da calda de pulverização para o solo. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Cada unidade experimental constituiu-se de três linhas de 5 m de comprimento, espaçadas de 1 m. A aplicação dos tratamentos foi realizada 16 meses após a semeadura da braquiária; 40 dias antes da aplicação foi realizada uma roçagem para uniformização da área. Foram avaliadas as pontas de pulverização de jato plano XR 11001 VS (100 L ha-1) e XR 11002 VS (200 L ha-1), jato cônico TX-4VS (100 L ha-1) e TX-8 VK (200 L ha-1), ponta com indução de ar AI 11002 VS (200 L ha-1) e jato plano duplo TJ60 11002 VS (200 L ha-1). A calda foi aplicada com o herbicida glyphosate na dose de 1.800 g ha-1, mais um traçador (FD&C nº1 2.000 ppm). Foram coletados imediatamente após a aplicação da calda 25 perfilhos por repetição, sendo lavadas separadamente as folhas e caules de cada perfilho em 150 ml de água destilada, para posterior quantificação do traçador em espectrofotômetro. Os dados foram ajustados à curva de regressão pelo modelo de Gompertz. Todas as pontas utilizadas foram eficientes na dessecação das plantas de B. brizantha, independentemente do volume utilizado, o que evidencia a possibilidade de redução do volume de aplicação e da dosagem do herbicida na dessecação de pastagens, considerando-se a utilização de herbicidas sistêmicos. Ressalta-se que houve diferença na quantidade e na uniformidade de distribuição da calda pulverizada nos alvos avaliados em função da ponta testada e, conseqüentemente, do volume utilizado.

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Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a quantidade e qualidade da deposição da calda de pulverização em plantas de Commelina diffusa, considerando volumes de aplicação, pontas de pulverização e o ângulo dos bicos na barra de pulverização. Foram utilizadas cinco hastes de plantas por vaso. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com 20 repetições. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação, e a aplicação da calda foi efetuada após 40 dias do transplantio das hastes, quando estavam com 30 a 40 cm de comprimento (em pleno desenvolvimento). Foram avaliadas cinco pontas de pulverização: TX-VK 6 (100 L ha-1), TX-VK 8 (200 L ha-1), XR 11001 VS (100 L ha-1), XR 11002 VS (200 L ha¹) e TJ60 11002 VS (100 e 200 L ha-1), as quais foram testadas com diferentes ângulos de aplicação (0º e +30º), exceto a TJ60 11002 VS. Foi utilizado como traçador o corante Azul Brilhante FDC-1 na concentração de 500 ppm, na determinação da deposição da calda de pulverização. Imediatamente após a aplicação, 20 hastes foram coletadas e, em seguida, lavadas em 100 mL de água destilada, para posterior quantificação do traçador em espectrofotômetro. Os dados foram transformados em valores de depósitos por grama de massa seca e ajustados à curva de regressão pelo modelo de Gompertz. Independentemente da ponta utilizada, o volume de 200 L ha-1 proporcionou os maiores depósitos nas plantas, destacando-se a ponta TJ60. A ponta XR 11001 VS (100 L ha-1) proporcionou a melhor uniformidade quando se utilizou o ângulo de +30º.

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Conduziu-se este trabalho, com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade da deposição da calda de pulverização em plantas de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), Bidens pilosa L. e de Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitchc. presentes na linha e entrelinha da cultura. Foi utilizado como traçador o corante Azul Brilhante FDC-1 (500 ppm). Utilizaram-se cinco pontas de pulverização: jato plano (XR 110015 VS e XR 11002 VS), jato plano duplo (TJ60 11002 VS) e jato cônico (TX-6 VS e TX-8 VS) e dois volumes de aplicação 150 e 200 L ha-1. O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com 4 repetições. Foram amostradas 25 plantas em cada parcela/repetição, de plantas de feijão e plantas daninhas presentes na linha e na entrelinha da cultura. Após a aplicação, as plantas foram coletadas e lavadas em água destilada para quantificação do traçador em espectrofotômetro. Os dados ajustaram-se à curva de regressão pelo modelo de Gompertz. Os resultados evidenciaram que: para as plantas de feijão as pontas XR 110015 e TJ60 proporcionaram as deposições mais uniformes, nos volumes de 150 e 200 L ha-1, respectivamente; a ponta TX-6 no volume de 150 L ha-1 apresentou melhor uniformidade de distribuição para ambas as espécies de plantas daninhas presentes na linha da cultura; para as plantas daninhas presentes na entrelinha, no volume de 150 L ha-1, destacaram-se as pontas XR 110015 e TJ60 11002 para B. pilosa e B. plantaginea, respectivamente, no volume de 200 L ha-1 destacou-se a ponta TX-8 para ambas as espécies.

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Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do volume de calda aplicado por um turbopulverizador sobre a deposição e a cobertura em folhas, ramos e frutos de citros. A pulverização foi realizada com um pulverizador tratorizado Arbus 2000/Valência em pomar de laranja 'Natal', com porte médio de 4,0 m, sendo avaliados seis volumes de calda (50; 70; 85; 100; 150 e 200% do volume-padrão utilizado pelo produtor, de 28 L planta-1). Após a pulverização de plantas uniformes com calda contendo cobre e o traçador fluorescente Poliglow 830 YLSS, amostras foram coletadas em nove setores da planta, sendo a avaliação da deposição feita usando-se análise do íon cobre por espectrofotômetro de absorção atômica, e a da cobertura, por meio de imagens digitalizadas analisadas pelo programa para computador IDRISI. A análise estatística mostrou que, na avaliação da cobertura e deposição em citros, a utilização de frutos como estrutura de amostragem tendeu a evidenciar melhor o efeito dos tratamentos. Tanto a deposição quanto a cobertura tenderam a ser maiores nos setores frontal e saia da planta. Tanto a deposição quanto a cobertura não foram prejudicadas pela utilização do volume de 70% (19,6 L planta-1), indicando que tal volume pode substituir o volume de 100% (28 L planta-1) sem prejuízos ao controle de pragas.

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Textile industry deals with a high diversity of processes and generation of wastewaters with a high content of pollutant material. Before being disposed of in water bodies, a pre-treatment of the effluent is carried out, which is sometimes ineffective. In order to be properly treated, physical and chemical properties of the effluent must be known, as well as the pollutant agents that might be present in it. This has turned out to be a great problem in the textile industry, for there is a variety of processes and the pollutant load is very diversified. The characterization of the effluent allows the identification of most critical points and, as a consequence, the most appropriate treatment procedure to be employed, may be chosen. This study presents the results obtained after characterizing the effluent of a textile industry that comprises knitting, dyeing and apparel sections, processing mainly polyester/cotton articles. In this work, twenty samples of the effluent were collected, and related to the changes in production. From the results, a statistical evaluation was applied, determined in function of the rate of flow. The following properties and pollutants agents were quantitatively analysed: temperature; pH; sulfides; chlorine; alcalinity; chlorides; cianides; phenols; color; COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand); TOC (Total Organic Carbon); oil and grease; total, fixed and volatile solids; dissolved, fixed and volatile solids; suspended, fixed and volatile solids; setteable solids and heavy metals such as cadmium, copper, lead, chromium, tin, iron, zinc and nickel. Analyses were carried out according to ABNT NBR 13402 norm, based upon Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. As a consequence, a global treatment proposal is presented, involving clean production practices as contaminant load reducer, followed by conventional (biological) treatment

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Stabilization ponds are an effective sewage treatment alternative for the climatic conditions prevailing in Brazil. In the present work, a primary facultative pond was studied, in the city of Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Northeast Brazil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sedimentation dynamics in the facultative pond. The pond was divided in three section or zones along its length starting from the inlet end namely A1, A2 and A3. The research was accomplished in three phases. In the first the mapping of the sludge layer was done, sludge core samples were also collected for analysis for total, fixed and volatile solids and the depth of the sludge layer was determined using a portable echo sounder. In the second solids sedimentation rates were measured using traps placed in the inlet and outlet zones and in the third phase resuspension sludge was evaluate using a tracer. The amount accumulated sludge since the start operation was 13.583 m3. The sedimentation constant averages changed between 0.93 to 2.94 and 3.90 to 5.80 for the depths of 0.5 and 1.0 m respectively. The relationship between volatile and fixed solids (SV/SF) increased along the pond. The removal efficiencies were 52.12%, 36.09%, and 37.50% for BOD, COD and SS, respectively. The sludge accumulation model proposed had a good adjustment with 0.17 m3/hab.year rate. The results presented here demonstrated that the wind had a direct influence on the sedimentation of solids in this pond affecting the efficiency and sludge accumulation

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One of the main impacts to the environment is the water pollution, where the industrial sector is one of the main sources of this problem. In order to search for a solution, the industrial sector is looking forward to new technologies to treat its wastewaters with the goal to reuse the water in the own process. In this mode, the treatment presents a reduction in its costs with the water suply. One of these technologies that are getting more and more applications is the advanced oxidative processes (AOP´s). In this work two industrial wastewaters have been studied, i.e., containing polymers and pharmacus. In the case of the wastewaters with polymers the UV/H2O2 process has been applied with a systematic series of experiments, using irradiation from a mercury lamp and also solar. The following variables of the UV/H2O2 process for the polymers wastewaters have been studied systematically with the lamp reactor: mode of addition of hydrogen peroxide, temperature, time of reaction, hydrogen peroxide concentration and power of the lamp (80, 125, 250 and 400W). The results demonstrated to be satisfactory, obtaining rates of organic charge removal of 100% in 120 minutes of reaction. The studied variables for the experiments with solar irradiation using polymers wastewaters were only the time of reaction, the mode of addition and concentration of the hydrogen peroxide. The results with the solar irradiation demonstrated to be not satisfactory, reaching maximum of 22% of TOC removal in 240 minutes of reaction. This is in accordance with the fact that the solar source has only 5% of low UV irradiation. With respect to the photodegradation of the pharmacus wastewaters, the process UV/H2O2 and photo-Fenton have been applied. As a source of photons, in this case, a mercury UV lamp of 80 W has been used. The studied variables for the experiments with artificial irradiation with the pharmacus wastewaters were: initial concentration of the pollutant, concentration of Fe2+ and time of reaction. The results demonstrated a degree of degradation fairly satisfactory, showing a maximum conversion value of 46% in 120 minutes

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The treatment of colored and alkaline effluent has been a challenge to the textile industry. An alternative to remove the colors of those effluents is applying magnesium chloride as a coagulant agent. The magnesium ion, in high pH, hydrolyzes itself, forming the magnesium hydroxide which has a large adsorptive area and positive electrostatic charges able to act as an efficient coagulant. The bittern wastewater from the salt industries has been studied as a potential font of this magnesium ion. Nowadays, this bittern wastewater is evicted into the sea, without any treatment or other use. This thesis has evaluated the potential of applying the wastewater from the salt industries in the treatment of dyeing effluent containing indigo dye and alkaline pH. All the experiments were made in jar tests simulating the chemical coagulation, flocculation and decantation steps ranging the pH and the concentration of magnesium ion. Were obtained removals between 96% and 76% for turbidity, apparent color, and true color, respectively, using 200mg/L Mg2+. The reduction of costs with acid, when were used the salt industries wastewater, comparing with Al2(SO4)3, was 62%. For the degradation of organic matter remaining in the clarified, around 900 mg/L, was applyed the advanced process of oxidation: photo-Fenton. The preliminary results showed 57% reduction in DOC. According to the results obtained, the salt industries wastewater can be applied, as coagulant, in the physical-chemical treatment of the denim dyeing wastewater, so it is not necessary a previous adjust of pH, efficiently and economically

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Com o objetivo de estudar a absorção e translocação do fósforo na cultura da mamoneira, instalou-se um ensaio em vasos com os cultivares 'Campinas' e 'Guarani' e empregou-se o fósforo radioativo (32p) como traçador. Os quatro tratamentos constaram da aplicação ao solo de 65 ppm de P contendo 32p, quando as plantas apresentavam seis, nove, doze e quatorze folhas, respectivamente e cortadas com nove, doze e quatorze folhas e as do quarto tratamento após 21 días da aplicação do fertilizante marcado. Através dos dados obtidos, pode-se concluir que, neste solo com baixo teor de fósforo, a aplicação deste elemento, na época da emissão de ínflorescências primárias, não influi no desenvolvimento das inflorescências, uma vez que se formam as expensas de fósforo previamente acumulado no pecíolo e no limbo, e que para lá se desloca a fim de participar do metabolismo de formação e desenvolvimento. em outros termos, o fósforo, quando aplicado tardiamente, não incrementará a produção dos cachos primários e, consequentemente, não pode esperar que o potencial máximo do cultivar seja atingido, pois os cachos primários representam, no mínimo, 30% da produção total da mamoneira.

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Effluent color resulting from textile dyeing processes has been one of the biggest environmental problems faced by the textile industry. In particular, reactive dyes are highly resistant to conventional wastewater treatment methods. New technologies have been contemplated, some of which have been applied in industrial treatment plants, but color removal has not been efficiently attained. Since microemulsion systems provide good results in heavy metals and proteins extraction processes, their use in dyes extraction has been suggested and investigated. In this work, a real textile wastewater from an exhaustion dyebath has been treated, which contains the following reactive dyes: Procion Yellow H-E4R (CI Reactive Yellow 84), Procion Blue H-ERD (CI Reactive Blue 160) and Procion Red H-E3B (CI Reactive Red 120), in addition to auxiliary compounds normally found in dyeing processes with reactive dyes. The dyes Remazol Blue RR and Remazol Turquoise Blue G (Reactive Blue 21) have also been examined in view of the presence of heavy metals in these molecules. The microemulsion system comprised dodecyl ammonium chloride (as a cationic surfactant), water or wastewater as aqueous phase, kerosene as oil phase, and one of the following alcohols as cosurfactant: isoamyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol and n-octyl alcohol. The pseudo-ternary diagrams were constructed in order to define Winsor s equilibrium regions. The influence of parameters such as pH, C/S (cosurfactant/surfactant) ratio, distribution coefficient, initial dye concentration, salinity, temperature, phases relative amounts, loading capacity of the microemulsion phase and dye reextraction rate has also been investigated. An experimental planning (Scheffé Net) was used to optimize the extraction process. The removal of color and metals reached levels as high as 99%

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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The infographics historically experience the process of evolution of journalism, from the incipient models handmade in the eighteenth century to the inclusion of computers and sophisticated software today. In order to face the advent of TV against of the partiality readers of the printed newspaper, or to represent the Gulf War, where not allowed photography, infographics reaches modern levels of production and publication. The technical devices which enabled the infographics to evolve the environment of the internet, with conditions for the manipulation of the reader, incorporating video, audio and animations, so styling of interactive infographics. These digital models of information visualization recently arrived daily in the northeast and on their respective web sites with features regionalized. This paper therefore proposes to explore and describe the processes of producing the interactive infographics, taking the example of the Diário do Nordeste, Fortaleza, Ceará, whose department was created one year ago. Therefore, based on aspects that guide the theory of journalism, as newsmaking, filters that focus on productive routine (gatekeeping) and the construction stages of the news. This research also draws on the theoretical framework on the subject, in concepts essential characteristics of computer graphics, as well as the methodological procedures and systematic empirical observations in production routines of the newsroom who can testify limitations and / or advances